{{Short description|Current education policy of India}} {{About|the recent education policy of the Government of India|the bygone policies|National Policy on Education}} {{use Indian English|date=July 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} {{Infobox document | document_name = National Education Policy | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | orig_lang_code = | title_orig = | date_created = 2020 | date_presented = | date_ratified = | date_effective = | date_repeal = | location_of_document = | commissioned = Ministry of Education, Government of India | writer = | signers = | media_type = | subject = Education | purpose = | wikisource = National Education Policy (2020) | image_caption = }}
The '''National Education Policy of India 2020''' ('''NEP 2020'''), which was started by the Union Cabinet of India on 29 July 2020, outlines the vision of 3D new education system of India.<ref name="HTHighlights29July">{{Cite web|editor=Nandini|date=29 July 2020|title=New Education Policy 2020 Highlights: School and higher education to see major changes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/new-education-policy-2020-live-updates-important-takeaways/story-yYm1QaeNyFW4uTTU3g9bJO.html|access-date=30 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730001724/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/new-education-policy-2020-live-updates-important-takeaways/story-yYm1QaeNyFW4uTTU3g9bJO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Education Policy (2020) - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/National_Education_Policy_(2020) |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> The new policy replaces the previous National Policy on Education, 1986.{{efn|name=fn1}}
Shortly after the release of the policy, the government clarified that no one will be forced to study any particular language and that the medium of instruction will not be shifted from English to any regional language.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Vishnoi|first=Anubhuti|date=31 July 2020|title=No switch in instruction medium from English to regional languages with NEP '20: HRD|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/no-switch-in-instruction-medium-from-english-to-mother-tongue/regional-languages-with-nep-20/articleshow/77271164.cms|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715053825/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/no-switch-in-instruction-medium-from-english-to-mother-tongue/regional-languages-with-nep-20/articleshow/77271164.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The language policy in NEP is a broad ''guideline'' and ''advisory'' in nature; and it is up to the states, institutions, and schools to decide on the implementation.<ref name=":1" /> Education in India is a Concurrent List subject.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chopra|first=Ritika|date=2 August 2020|title=Explained: Reading the new National Education Policy 2020|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/reading-new-education-policy-india-schools-colleges-6531603/|access-date=2 August 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801214841/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/reading-new-education-policy-india-schools-colleges-6531603/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The policy has faced criticism from multiple scholars and educationists for its hasty implementation, with some calling it a threat to equitable education. Its implementation has also led to nationwide protests across India.<ref name="r307">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=NEP is a threat equitable education, say educationists | website=The Hindu | date=2023-07-28 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nep-is-a-threat-equitable-education-say-educationists/article67132447.ece | access-date=2024-10-15}}</ref><ref name="y229">{{cite web | last=M | first=Siksha | title=Student Groups To Stage Nationwide Protests Against NEP At Jantar Mantar | website=Free Press Journal | date=2024-01-12 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/student-groups-to-stage-nationwide-protests-against-nep-at-jantar-mantar | access-date=2024-10-15}}</ref>
== Framework == The NEP 2020 replaces the National Policy on Education of 1986.{{Efn|name=fn1|"While the last education policy was announced in 1992, it was considered a re-writing of the 1986 policy."<ref name="HTTransformative30July">{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Amit |title='Transformative': Leaders, academicians welcome National Education Policy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/transformative-leaders-and-academicians-welcome-national-education-policy/story-0mtvLVr8QQPUG3F9ftR11O.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 July 2020 |quote=While the last policy was announced in 1992, it was essentially a rehash of a 1986 one. |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731112954/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/transformative-leaders-and-academicians-welcome-national-education-policy/story-0mtvLVr8QQPUG3F9ftR11O.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=}} In January 2015, a committee under former Cabinet Secretary T. S. R. Subramanian started the consultation process for the New Education Policy. Based on the committee report, in June 2017, the draft NEP was submitted in 2019 by a panel led by former Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan.<ref name="nep20 ref1">{{cite news |title=Kasturirangan-led panel to develop new curriculum for schools |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/government-textbook-revisions-committee-new-national-curriculum-framework-7525579/ |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016025654/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/government-textbook-revisions-committee-new-national-curriculum-framework-7525579/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Draft New Education Policy (DNEP) 2019, was later released by Ministry of Human Resource Development, followed by a number of public consultations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/state-education-boards-to-be-regulated-by-national-body-draft-nep/articleshow/71816449.cms|title=State education boards to be regulated by national body: Draft NEP|website=The Times of India|date=30 October 2019|access-date=21 November 2019|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227121334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/state-education-boards-to-be-regulated-by-national-body-draft-nep/articleshow/71816449.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Draft NEP was 484 pages.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2020|title=Here's Why You Can Rejoice Over the New NEP. And Why You Cannot|url=https://thewire.in/education/nep-higher-education-kasturirangan-education-ministry|access-date=2 August 2020|website=The Wire|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801030815/https://thewire.in/education/nep-higher-education-kasturirangan-education-ministry|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ministry undertook a rigorous consultation process in formulating the draft policy: "Over two lakh suggestions from 2.5 lakh gram panchayats, 6,600 blocks, 6,000 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), 676 districts were received."<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jebaraj|first1=Priscilla|last2=Hebbar|first2=Nistula|date=31 July 2020|title=Rigorous consultations done before framing new National Education Policy, says Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rigorous-consultations-done-before-framing-new-national-education-policy-says-ramesh-pokhriyal-nishank/article32243060.ece|access-date=2 August 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806112425/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rigorous-consultations-done-before-framing-new-national-education-policy-says-ramesh-pokhriyal-nishank/article32243060.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="250"> File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi attends the Conclave on Transformational Reforms in Higher Education under National Education Policy-2020 through video conferencing, in New Delhi on August 07, 2020.jpg|Online conclave on NEP-2020 attended by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 7 August 2020. On the left is K. Kasturirangan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-07|editor-last=Rohatgi|editor-first=Anubha|title=Highlights {{!}} NEP will play role in reducing gap between research and education in India: PM Modi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-s-address-at-conclave-on-transformational-reforms-in-higher-education-under-national-education-policy-highlights/story-dehOW8q8ZRrONbbFSRjg0H.html|access-date=2020-08-08|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809111838/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-s-address-at-conclave-on-transformational-reforms-in-higher-education-under-national-education-policy-highlights/story-dehOW8q8ZRrONbbFSRjg0H.html|url-status=live}}</ref> File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi delevering the inaugural address at the Conclave on Transformational Reforms in Higher Education under NEP-2020 through video conferencing, in New Delhi on August 7.jpg|The NEP 2020 being discussed with educational institutions across the country. Visible are BITS Pilani, Jamia Millia Islamia, Panjab University, Tezpur University Assam and Central University of Kerala. </gallery>
== Provisions == The NEP 2020 enacts numerous changes in India's education policy. It aims to increase state expenditure on education from around 3% to 6% of the GDP as soon as possible.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2020|title=Govt approves plan to boost state spending on education to 6% of GDP|url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/govt-approves-plan-to-boost-state-spending-on-education-to-6-of-gdp-11596024998889.html|access-date=30 July 2020|website=Livemint|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808151031/https://www.livemint.com/education/news/govt-approves-plan-to-boost-state-spending-on-education-to-6-of-gdp-11596024998889.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Languages === The National Education Policy keeps the mother tongue as the medium of instruction till Grade 5 while recommending its continuance till Grade 8 and beyond. Sanskrit and foreign languages will also be given emphasis. The Policy recommends a 'three-language formula', including at least two native Indian languages. It also states that no language will be imposed on the students.
Shortly after the release of the policy, the government clarified that the language policy in NEP is a broad guideline; and that it was up to the states, institutions and schools to decide the implementation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Gohain|first=Manash Pratim|date=31 July 2020|title=NEP language policy broad guideline: Government|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/nep-language-policy-broad-guideline-government/articleshow/77272709.cms|access-date=31 July 2020|website=The Times of India|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731031259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/nep-language-policy-broad-guideline-government/articleshow/77272709.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A more detailed language strategy would be released in the National Curriculum Framework in 2021.<ref name=":1" /> Note was also made that there were already institutions which had implemented this language policy 60 years ago such as the Sardar Patel Vidyalaya.<ref name=":1" /> Both the Education Policy of 1986 and the Right to Education Act, 2009 promoted usage of the mother tongue too as an advisory guideline.<ref name=":4" />
=== School education === <!-- Deleted image removed: thumb|right|alt=Structure of School Education in NEP 2020|Structure of School Education in NEP 2020 --> * Focus on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy: The policy accords the "highest priority to achieving universal foundational literacy and numeracy in the primary school by 2025", identifying the goal as the "most basic learning requirement". To this end, it proposes to set up a National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy, and require all State/UT governments to prepare an implementation plan, including identification of stage-wise targets and goals to be achieved by 2025, and measures for proper tracking and monitoring progress of the same.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabinet Approves National Education Policy 2020, paving way for transformational reforms in school and higher education systems in the country|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1642049|access-date=2021-08-08|website=pib.gov.in|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808112231/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1642049|url-status=live}}</ref> It recommends additional recruitment of teachers to ensure a pupil-teacher ratio (PTR) of under 30:1, with a preference for 25:1 in socio-economically disadvantaged areas. Additionally, it proposes the establishment of a national digital repository of high-quality resources, development of "enjoyable and inspirational" books for students at all levels in all local languages, and ensuring easy availability of resources for both teachers and students, via an expanded network of school, public, and digital libraries. Finally, it reinforces the critical need for addressing both the physical and mental health of students, via proper and timely nutrition, and periodic health check-ups. *The "10 + 2" structure will be replaced with "5+3+3+4" model.<ref name="NDTVHighlights">{{cite web|date=29 July 2020|editor-last=Srinivasan|editor-first=Chandrashekar|title=National Education Policy, NEP 2020: Teaching in Mother Tongue Till Class 5: 10 Points On New Education Policy|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-education-policy-nep-2020-mother-tongue-till-class-5-10-points-on-national-education-policy-2020-2270926|access-date=29 July 2020|publisher=NDTV|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143039/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-education-policy-nep-2020-mother-tongue-till-class-5-10-points-on-national-education-policy-2020-2270926|url-status=live}}</ref> This will be implemented as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|first=Sagar|last=Kulkarni|date=2020-07-29|title=New policy offers 5-3-3-4 model of school education|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/new-policy-offers-5-3-3-4-model-of-school-education-867234.html|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Deccan Herald|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801161808/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/new-policy-offers-5-3-3-4-model-of-school-education-867234.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New education policy: The shift from 10+2 to 5+3+3+4 system|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/article/new-education-policy-the-shift-from-102-to-5334-system/629902|first=Shuchita|last=Kumar|date=31 July 2020|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Times Now|archive-date=11 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811102335/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/article/new-education-policy-the-shift-from-102-to-5334-system/629902|url-status=live}}</ref> ** Foundational Stage: This is further subdivided into two parts: 3 years of preschool or ''anganwadi'', followed by classes 1 and 2 in primary school. This will cover children of ages 3–7 years. The focus of studies will be in activity-based learning. ** Preparatory Stage: Classes 3 to 5, which will cover the ages of 8–10 years. It will gradually introduce subjects like speaking, reading, writing, physical education, languages, art, science and mathematics. ** Middle Stage: Classes 6 to 8, covering children between ages 11 and 13. It will introduce students to the more abstract concepts in subjects of mathematics, sciences, social sciences, arts and humanities. ** Secondary Stage: Classes 9 to 12, covering the ages of 14–18 years. It is again subdivided into two parts: classes 9 and 10 covering the first phase while classes 11 and 12 covering the second phase. These 4 years of study are intended to inculcate multidisciplinary study, coupled with depth and critical thinking. Multiple options of subjects will be provided. * Instead of exams being held every academic year, school students will only attend three exams, in classes 2, 5 and 8.<ref name="NDTVHighlights" /> * Board exams will be continued to be held for classes 10 and 12 but will be re-designed. Standards for this will be established by an assessment body, ''PARAKH'' (Performance Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development)<ref name="NDTVHighlights" /> To make them easier, these exams would be conducted twice a year, with students being offered up to two attempts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 November 2019|agency=Press Trust of India New|title=Easier board exams with two attempts a year: HRD suggests in Draft Education Policy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/easier-board-exams-with-two-attempts-a-year-hrd-suggests-in-draft-education-policy-1615465-2019-11-04|access-date=31 July 2020|website=India Today|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154955/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/easier-board-exams-with-two-attempts-a-year-hrd-suggests-in-draft-education-policy-1615465-2019-11-04|url-status=live}}</ref> The exam itself would have two parts, namely the objective and the descriptive.<ref name="HTHighlights29July" /> * This policy aims at reducing the curriculum load of students and allowing them to be more "inter-disciplinary" and "multi-lingual". One example given was "If a student wants to pursue fashion studies with physics, or if one wants to learn bakery with chemistry, they'll be allowed to do so".<ref name="TribuneNEP">{{Cite web|date=29 July 2020|title=Centre announces new National Education Policy|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/centre-announces-new-national-education-policy-119539|access-date=30 July 2020|website=The Tribune|location=India|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730213219/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/centre-announces-new-national-education-policy-119539|url-status=live}}</ref> Report cards will be "holistic", offering information about the student's skills.<ref name="HTHighlights29July" /> * Coding will be introduced from class 6 and experiential learning will be adopted<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2020|title=New Education Policy: Students To Learn Coding From Class 6|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/new-education-policy-students-to-learn-coding-from-class-6th-onwards|access-date=31 July 2020|website=TheQuint|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927122536/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/new-education-policy-students-to-learn-coding-from-class-6th-onwards|url-status=live}}</ref> * The Midday Meal Scheme will be extended to include breakfasts. More focus will be given to students' health, particularly mental health, through the deployment of counsellors and social workers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Education Policy 2020 Proposes Breakfast For School Children, Besides Mid-day Meals|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-national-education-policy-2020-proposes-breakfast-for-school-children-besides-mid-day-meals/357696|first=Prakash|last=Kumar|date=30 July 2020|access-date=31 July 2020|work=Outlook|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731001021/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-national-education-policy-2020-proposes-breakfast-for-school-children-besides-mid-day-meals/357696/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Higher education === * The policy proposes a 4-year multi-disciplinary bachelor's degree in an undergraduate program with multiple exit options, ranging from a certificate after completing a year in a discipline or field, to a Bachelor's degree 'with research' if the student completes a four-year degree program which includes a 'rigorous' research project in a chosen major area of study. Likewise, the master's program is intended to be flexible in its duration, depending on the prior experience of the student. A Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) has a minimum requirement of a Master’s degree or a 4-year Bachelor’s degree with Research. * The policy proposes to transform the regulatory landscape in higher education by ensuring that the four tasks of regulation, accreditation, funding, and academic standard setting are each performed by "distinct, independent and empowered bodies", and within one umbrella institution viz. the to-be-established Higher Education Commission of India (HECI). It cites the need to "create checks-and-balances in the system, minimize conflicts of interest, and eliminate concentration of power" as the reasons behind the delegation of tasks to independent bodies. The proposed four verticals of HECI are: **National Higher Education Regulatory Council (NHERC): to regulate higher education, including teacher education, while excluding medical and legal education. **National Accreditation Council (NAC): to supervise the work of accrediting institutions and specify "phased benchmarks for all HEIs to achieve set levels of quality, self-governance, and autonomy", i.e. to act as a "meta-accrediting body". **Higher Education Grants Council (HEGC): to fund and finance universities and colleges, based on transparent criteria. This will replace the existing University Grants Commission. **General Education Council (GEC): to create a framework, the National Higher Education Qualification Framework (NHEQF), for charting "graduate attributes" i.e. the expected learning outcomes for higher education programs. * The National Council for Teacher Education will come under the GEC, as a professional standard setting body (PSSB). Other PSSBs will include professional councils such as Veterinary Council of India, Council of Architecture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research and National Council for Vocational Education and Training. * It proposes to fix the fees of both private and public universities. * The National Testing Agency will now be given the additional responsibility of conducting entrance examinations for admissions to universities across the country, in addition to the JEE Main and NEET.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 July 2020|title=National Education Policy: NTA to conduct common entrance exam for higher education institutes|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/nta-to-offer-common-entrance-exam-for-higher-education-institutes-nta-ac-in-6529437/|access-date=30 July 2020|work=The Indian Express|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730183205/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/nta-to-offer-common-entrance-exam-for-higher-education-institutes-nta-ac-in-6529437/|url-status=live}}</ref> * It proposes that higher education institutes like the IITs make changes with regard to the diversity of learning. * It proposes to internationalize education in India by allowing selected foreign universities to set up campuses in India, making the country an attractive destination for foreign students in search of quality education at an affordable cost, and promoting research collaborations and student exchanges between Indian and global institutions.
=== International branch campuses === After a failed attempt to import international branch campuses in 2012,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lane|first=Jason|date=1 July 2013|title=India's New Rules for Foreign Universities Are a 'Missed Opportunity'|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|url=https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/worldwise/indias-new-rules-for-foreign-universities-are-a-missed-opportunity|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124014018/https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/worldwise/indias-new-rules-for-foreign-universities-are-a-missed-opportunity|url-status=live}}</ref> the NEP 2020 renewed the effort by explicitly allowing for foreign universities to establish campuses in India as well as giving permission for IITs to set up campuses overseas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UGC allows top universities to set up campuses abroad|url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20210114093632924|access-date=2022-01-23|website=University World News|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123232117/https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20210114093632924|url-status=live}}</ref> The policy sets a grand goal of utilizing international education to reestablish India as a ''Vishwa Guru'' (or world teacher), which was reiterated by India's vice president, M. Venkaiah Naidu, who expressed a desire to establish India to attract global academic talent.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-09-05|title=Time has come for India to emerge as knowledge hub, become 'vishwa guru' again: Vice President|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/time-has-come-for-india-to-emerge-as-knowledge-hub-become-vishwa-guru-again-vice-prez/article36303157.ece|access-date=2022-01-24|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129232058/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/time-has-come-for-india-to-emerge-as-knowledge-hub-become-vishwa-guru-again-vice-prez/article36303157.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Scholars have raised question about the idea of importing higher education institutions from other countries in order to advance a goal of positioning the country as a world teacher.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lane|first1=Jason|last2=Schueller|title=Can international branch campuses aid national identity?|url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20220119141500610|access-date=2022-01-24|website=University World News|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123232108/https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20220119141500610|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Teachers === The NEP 2020 puts forward many policy changes regarding teachers and teacher education.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajeev|first=K. R.|date=31 July 2020|title=Teacher education set for major overhaul|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/teacher-education-set-for-major-overhaul/articleshow/77268952.cms|access-date=31 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801045440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/teacher-education-set-for-major-overhaul/articleshow/77268952.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> To become a teacher, a 4-year Bachelor of Education will be the minimum requirement needed by 2030.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=30 July 2020|agency=PTI|title=4-year BEd degree to be the minimum qualification for teaching by 2030, says new NEP|url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/4-year-bed-degree-to-be-minimum-qualification-for-teaching-by-2030-says-new-nep-11596100700209.html|access-date=31 July 2020|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727123512/https://www.livemint.com/education/news/4-year-bed-degree-to-be-minimum-qualification-for-teaching-by-2030-says-new-nep-11596100700209.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The teacher recruitment process will also be strengthened and made transparent.<ref name=":5" /> The National Council for Teacher Education will frame a National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education by 2021 and a National Professional Standards for Teachers by 2022.<ref name=":5" />
=== EdTech === Under NEP 2020, EdTech companies and startups are provided with necessary guidelines and impetus to develop learning management systems, ERP software, assessment platforms, online labs etc. for schools and universities. National Educational Technology Forum (NETF), an autonomous body is also created to facilitate exchange of ideas on technology usage to improve learning.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2020 |editor-last=Baral |editor-first=Maitree |title=NEP 2020: New Education Policy Moots Formation Of Technology Forum |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/new-education-policy-moots-formation-of-technology-forum |access-date=31 July 2020 |publisher=NDTV |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730102210/https://www.ndtv.com/education/new-education-policy-moots-formation-of-technology-forum |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2021, in line with NEP, NITI Aayog partnered with Byju's to provide free access to its tech-driven learning programmes to engineering aspirants from 112 districts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=NITI Aayog ties up with BYJU'S to provide study material to schools |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/niti-aayog-ties-up-with-byjus-to-provide-study-material-to-schools-7514119/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306141558/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/niti-aayog-ties-up-with-byjus-to-provide-study-material-to-schools-7514119/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Indigenous knowledge === The NEP emphasises the importance of India's native knowledge traditions and inspiring 'Indianness' in people; in this vein, various Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) initiatives have been undertaken to guide research and propagate understanding of indigenous knowledge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagavad Geeta to be taught in NCERT textbooks: Centre |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/dec/19/bhagavad-geetato-be-taught-in-ncert-textbooks-centre-2529732.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Mamidala Jagadesh |date=2023-07-29 |title=Embrace Indian Knowledge System, enrich higher education |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/opinion/embrace-indian-knowledge-system-enrich-higher-education |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Other changes === Under NEP 2020, numerous new educational institutes, bodies and concepts have been given legislative permission to be formed. These include:<ref name="HTHighlights29July" />
* National Education Commission, headed by the Prime Minister of India<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Deepak|date=29 July 2020|title=New school education policy approved: Grading system, more choice of subjects|url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/new-school-education-policy-grading-system-more-choice-of-subjects-11596001769379.html|access-date=31 July 2020|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730133835/https://www.livemint.com/education/news/new-school-education-policy-grading-system-more-choice-of-subjects-11596001769379.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * Academic Bank of Credits, a digital storage of credits earned to help resume education by utilising credits for further education<ref>{{Cite web|title=To Improve Gross Enrolment Ratio, New Education Policy Proposes Academic Bank of Credit; Multiple Entry, Exit Points|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/to-improve-gross-enrolment-ratio-new-education-policy-proposes-academic-bank-of-credit-multiple-entry-exit-points-2742693.html|date=29 July 2020|access-date=30 July 2020|website=News18|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814210438/https://www.news18.com/news/india/to-improve-gross-enrolment-ratio-new-education-policy-proposes-academic-bank-of-credit-multiple-entry-exit-points-2742693.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * National Research Foundation, to improve research and innovation<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jayan|first=T. V.|title=National Research Foundation to boost research, innovation|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/budget/national-research-foundation-to-boost-research-innovation/article28297523.ece|access-date=30 July 2020|date=5 July 2020|website=@businessline|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423155903/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/budget/national-research-foundation-to-boost-research-innovation/article28297523.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Amandeep|last=Shukla|date=1 October 2019|title=HRD begins process for creation of National Research Foundation|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/hrd-begins-process-for-creation-of-national-research-foundation/story-W37ngkZmNkw6cSYZlXTlIL.html|access-date=30 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412090119/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/hrd-begins-process-for-creation-of-national-research-foundation/story-W37ngkZmNkw6cSYZlXTlIL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * Special Education Zones, to focus on the education of underrepresented group in disadvantaged regions<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Amandeep|date=30 July 2020|title=Govt unveils sweeping changes for education|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-unveils-sweeping-changes-for-education/story-zSewHWq7IiCaOOLNXUiRcK.html|access-date=31 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730235148/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-unveils-sweeping-changes-for-education/story-zSewHWq7IiCaOOLNXUiRcK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * Gender Inclusion Fund, for assisting the nation in the education of female and transgender children<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Ambika|date=30 July 2020|title=Gender Inclusion Fund, Spl Edu Zones in policy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gender-inclusion-fund-spl-edu-zones-in-policy/articleshow/77252728.cms|access-date=31 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730155134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gender-inclusion-fund-spl-edu-zones-in-policy/articleshow/77252728.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
The policy proposes new language institutions such as the Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation and the National Institute/ Institutes for Pali, Persian and Prakrit. Other bodies proposed include the National Mission for Mentoring, National Book Promotion Policy, National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy.
== Reception == Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan, chairperson of the National Education Policy (NEP) drafting panel, commented "No language is being imposed. Multi-lingual flexibility is still the basis for the new NEP 2020".<ref>{{cite news|url =https://www.indiatoday.in/education/story/no-language-imposition-new-education-policy-drafting-panel-chief-1705975-2020-07-30|title =No language imposition in new education policy, says drafting panel chief|location =New Delhi|date =30 July 2020|website =India Today|access-date =30 July 2020|archive-date =31 July 2020|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200731171821/https://www.indiatoday.in/education/story/no-language-imposition-new-education-policy-drafting-panel-chief-1705975-2020-07-30|url-status =live}}</ref> The UGC has asked that awareness about the policy should be spread among students and teachers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-06|title=UGC ask varsities to create awareness about new education policy among students, teachers|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ugc-ask-varsities-to-create-awareness-about-new-education-policy-among-students-teachers/story-XjDXDw978SXD0VUPUmxhvL.html|access-date=2020-08-06|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806183310/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ugc-ask-varsities-to-create-awareness-about-new-education-policy-among-students-teachers/story-XjDXDw978SXD0VUPUmxhvL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that the policy focuses on 'how to think' rather than 'what to think'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-07|title=PM Narendra Modi speech live on NEP: Policy to shift focus from 'what to think' to 'how to think'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/pm-narendra-modi-speech-live-new-education-policy-inaugural-education-conclave-1708665-2020-08-07|access-date=2020-08-09|website=India Today|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809224041/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/pm-narendra-modi-speech-live-new-education-policy-inaugural-education-conclave-1708665-2020-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
The IIT Kanpur Director, Abhay Karandikar, supported the new policy, while the IIT Delhi director, V. Ramgopal Rao, compared the new education policy with the Morrill Land-Grant Acts of the United States by calling it a "Morril Moment" for India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/iit-directors-laud-the-new-education-policy-call-it-an-important-milestone-and-a-morril-moment-for-india/629291|title=IIT Directors laud the New Education Policy, call it an Important Milestone and a 'Morrill Moment' for India|first=Papri|last=Chanda|date=30 July 2020|publisher=Times Now|access-date=30 July 2020|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731211314/https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/iit-directors-laud-the-new-education-policy-call-it-an-important-milestone-and-a-morril-moment-for-india/629291|url-status=live}}</ref> He emphasized that the policy promotes educational opportunities for all, aiding the country's development by removing barriers and increasing accessibility to education. Both the chancellor and the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) called the policy a "positive step forward", while Najma Akhtar, the vice-chancellor of Jamia Milia Islamia, called the policy "ground-breaking".<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2020|title=JNU, Jamia V-Cs: National Education Policy move groundbreaking, positive|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/jnu-jamia-v-cs-national-education-policy-move-groundbreaking-positive-6530019/|access-date=30 July 2020|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731065518/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/jnu-jamia-v-cs-national-education-policy-move-groundbreaking-positive-6530019/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=29 July 2020|agency=PTI|title=National Education Policy evokes mixed reactions among academicians|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/national-education-policy-evokes-mixed-reactions-among-academicians/1905418|access-date=30 July 2020|website=Outlook India}}</ref> Former Delhi University vice-chancellor Dinesh Singh, said "the policy lays down the road map pretty nicely".<ref name=":2" /> Venkaiah Naidu, the Vice President of India, welcomed the policy's flexibility and appreciated its "loftier" goal of bringing out-of-school children into the school system and reducing dropouts.<ref>{{Cite web|first=M. Venkaiah|last=Naidu|author-link=Venkaiah Naidu|date=2020-08-08|title=The New Education Policy 2020 is set to be a landmark in India's history of education|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/the-new-education-policy-2020-is-set-to-be-a-landmark-in-indias-history-of-education/|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Times of India Blog|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809052147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/the-new-education-policy-2020-is-set-to-be-a-landmark-in-indias-history-of-education/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Lok Sabha MP and Congress leader Shashi Tharoor welcomed the decision but stated his concerns about the implementation of the new policy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/much-to-welcome-in-national-education-policy-but-shashi-tharoor-highlights-some-challenges/story-W86DVZPz0adXwrcs0SaUMO.html |title='Much to welcome in National Education Policy but...': Shashi Tharoor highlights some challenges |location=New Delhi |date=30 July 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |first=Amit |last=Chaturvedi |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730063339/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/much-to-welcome-in-national-education-policy-but-shashi-tharoor-highlights-some-challenges/story-W86DVZPz0adXwrcs0SaUMO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A report by the Observer Research Foundation stated the same.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jain|first=Sangeet|date=6 August 2020|title=The National Education Policy 2020: A policy for the times|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/national-education-policy-2020-policy-times/|access-date=2020-08-09|website=ORF|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123053740/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/national-education-policy-2020-policy-times/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Dhiraj Kumar Nite from Ambedkar University Delhi stated that the removal of the MPhil course was not in harmony with the principles of the NEP. While multiple exit points are offered at the undergraduate level, those interested in a Ph.D. do not have a quick exit point, which the MPhil could have provided if it had been repurposed.<ref name="WeekMPhil30July">{{Cite web|title=In defence of MPhil: Why the degree should not be discontinued|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/07/30/in-defence-of-mphil-why-the-degree-should-not-be-discontinued.html|first=Sneha|last=Bhura|date=30 July 2020|access-date=30 July 2020|website=The Week|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423053723/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/07/30/in-defence-of-mphil-why-the-degree-should-not-be-discontinued.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The JNU Student's Union (JNUSU) and Delhi University Teacher's Association criticized the government for approving the policy amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in India, stating that they had opposed the policy since its draft stage.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Kainat|last=Sarfaraz|date=29 July 2020|title=Mixed response to new education policy, Sisodia welcomes move to rename MHRD as ministry of education|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mixed-response-to-new-education-policy-sisodia-welcomes-move-to-rename-mhrd-as-ministry-of-education/story-u0VPRe5neHeolo4iRuC4mL.html|access-date=31 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731021125/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mixed-response-to-new-education-policy-sisodia-welcomes-move-to-rename-mhrd-as-ministry-of-education/story-u0VPRe5neHeolo4iRuC4mL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> CPI(M) leader Sitaram Yechury alleged that suggestions made by academicians were not taken into account, while the politburo of the party condemned the commercialization encouraged by the policy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-30|title=NEP will transform millions of lives, says Modi; CPM terms it unilateral drive to destroy education|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/nep-will-transform-millions-of-lives-says-modi-cpm-terms-it-unilateral-drive-to-destroy-education-8654181.html|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Firstpost|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810122351/https://www.firstpost.com/india/nep-will-transform-millions-of-lives-says-modi-cpm-terms-it-unilateral-drive-to-destroy-education-8654181.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumkum Roy of the Centre for Historical Studies, JNU, stated that the subjects on the studies of Gender Studies, Media, Environment and Development, Culture, Dalit, Discrimination and Exclusion, and Media have not been mentioned for development. In the study of the Constitution, Fundamental Rights have been left out.<ref>{{cite web |first=Kumkum |last=Roy |date=31 July 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/national-education-policy-reservation-6531546/ |title=National Education Policy needs close scrutiny for what it says, what it doesn't |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803155312/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/national-education-policy-reservation-6531546/ |url-status=live }}</ref> President of the DMK, M. K. Stalin, stated that the policy was passed without a discussion in the Parliament and would undermine the Tamil language, due to its "compulsory" option of Sanskrit at every level of education.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2020|title=NEP 2020 "undermines" Tamil, halt its implementation: Stalin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/nep-2020-undermines-tamil-halt-its-implementation-stalin/articleshow/77441931.cms|access-date=2020-08-09|agency=PTI|website=The Times of India|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222144823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/nep-2020-undermines-tamil-halt-its-implementation-stalin/articleshow/77441931.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Aishe Ghosh of the JNUSU tweeted that internships under the policy might lead to legalizing child labour.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aishe Ghosh calls internships 'child labour', Twitter mocks 'freeloader communists'|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/aishe-ghosh-calls-internships-child-labour-twitter-mocks-freeloader-communists-2|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Free Press Journal|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806163905/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/aishe-ghosh-calls-internships-child-labour-twitter-mocks-freeloader-communists-2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Ashish|date=2020-07-30|title=Netizens irked with Modi government's 3-language formula in NEP 2020|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/netizens-irked-modi-governments-3-language-formula-nep-2020-825519|access-date=2020-08-09|website=International Business Times|location=India|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809223659/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/netizens-irked-modi-governments-3-language-formula-nep-2020-825519|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Draft NEP of 2019 was criticized for multiple reasons. A social media campaign protested over the inclusion of Hindi in schools in the south Indian states.<ref>{{Cite news|title=#StopHindiImposition Protest Erupts Against Centre's Draft Education Plan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/stop-hindi-imposition-top-twitter-trend-in-protest-against-education-plan-2046497|first=J Sam Daniel|last=Stalin|editor-first=Divyanshu|editor-last=Dutta Roy|date=1 June 2019|access-date=30 July 2020|publisher=NDTV|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809110201/https://www.ndtv.com/south/stop-hindi-imposition-top-twitter-trend-in-protest-against-education-plan-2046497|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil-Speaking Ministers Join Firefight As Anti-Hindi Uproar Flares|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hindi-imposition-protests-over-nep-2019-nirmala-sitharaman-s-jaishankar-join-firefight-2046912|first=J Sam Daniel|last=Stalin|editor-first=Chandrashekar|editor-last=Srinivasan|date=3 June 2019|access-date=30 July 2020|publisher=NDTV|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729175720/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hindi-imposition-protests-over-nep-2019-nirmala-sitharaman-s-jaishankar-join-firefight-2046912|url-status=live}}</ref> The Student's Federation of India stated that it threatened the federal character of the educational structure, commercialized education and undermined independent research activity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/29/six-reasons-why-sfi-thinks-the-new-education-policy-will-destroy-indian-education-as-we-know-it-2011180.html|title=Six reasons why SFI thinks the New Education Policy will destroy Indian education as we know it|first=Prajanma|last=Das|date=29 July 2019|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107224316/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/29/six-reasons-why-sfi-thinks-the-new-education-policy-will-destroy-indian-education-as-we-know-it-2011180.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Madhu Prasad of ''Frontline'' pointed out how the draft's merit-based college admissions criteria did not take into account reservations and the caste-based discrimination and oppression faced by many in the country.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Prasad|first=Madhu|date=19 July 2019|title=NEP 2019: The devil in the detail|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article28259123.ece|access-date=31 July 2020|magazine=Frontline|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803165227/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article28259123.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> DP Sharma appreciated the current initiative of end to end transformation of Indian education system but expressed his concerns about the implementation with care and honesty and,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-25|title=Dr. D P Sharma On The Challenges In Indian Education Systems|url=https://eduvoice.in/dr-d-p-sharma-on-the-challenges-in-indian-education-systems/|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Eduvoice {{!}} The Voice of Education Industry|language=en-US|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603161435/https://eduvoice.in/dr-d-p-sharma-on-the-challenges-in-indian-education-systems/|url-status=live}}</ref> connected the self-reliant India mission with education transformation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Aatm Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan : स्कूल—कॉलेज से शुरू होना चाहिए आत्मनिर्भरता का जज्बा|url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/aatm-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-dp-sharma-ilo-un-pm-bhardwaj-6309454/|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Patrika News|date=31 July 2020|language=hi|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019155442/https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/aatm-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-dp-sharma-ilo-un-pm-bhardwaj-6309454/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The multiple-exit option for undergraduate programs might lead institutions to view student exits as individual choices that could be ignored, without initiating a case management process to identify and address underlying socioeconomic issues. Some argue that this reform exposes the inadequacy of current supportive measures even more starkly. Some experts argue that internationalization may not benefit the entire country, potentially favoring only the wealthy. To enhance India's position in higher education, partnerships with international academic publishers should be considered. Establishing universities in these publishers' names, providing them with brand value, and offering a percentage of profits gained through the use of their educational solutions, such as textbooks, learning support websites, and assessment tools, could be more beneficial. These publishers can also provide competent program structures based on their extensive subject-specific resources, ensuring that citizens receive internationally recognized education.<ref name=":0" />
Such partnerships could prevent teaching jobs from being outsourced to foreigners through internationalization, closely aligning with Manusmriti Chapter 2, Verse 20, while simultaneously improving the quality of domestic teaching staff due to the rich content and support provided by these publishers. Additionally, this approach might attract more international companies to India, drawn by the availability of high-quality talent at a comparatively lower cost. If all states adopt this model, the cost of education would be significantly lower compared to private university fees. Forming alliances with publishers like Wiley, Routledge, and Pearson, and offering them substantial benefits, could strategically improve the higher education landscape in India.<ref name=":0" />
Moreover, there are concerns about expanding the responsibilities of the National Testing Agency. Conducting entrance examinations for university admissions has been increasingly viewed as unscientific and impractical in Western countries, where many institutions are phasing out such tests in the post COVID-19 era. These exams are found to be not reflective of a person's true abilities and act only as gatekeepers of higher education due to the significant time and money required to invest. Western universities consider previous academic performance, applied projects or research activities that demonstrate mastery of knowledge and skills, and extracurricular activities as better predictors of success in graduate school. Additionally, on the cusp of artificial general intelligence in the 21st century, categorizing individuals based on their brainpower is increasingly seen as an outdated and ineffective strategy. The credibility of exams like JEE Main and NEET, conducted by National Testing Agency, is further questioned due to frequent test cheating scandals, raising doubts about their effectiveness and viability as entrance tests.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Avinash |date=May 11, 2024 |title=NEET UG 2024 paper leak case: Economic Offences Unit of Bihar Police springs into action, new revelations come to fore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/neet-ug-2024-paper-leak-case-economic-offences-unit-of-bihar-police-springs-into-action-new-revelations-come-to-fore-101715431832762.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Sukrita |last2=Mohan J |first2=Anand |date=2024-02-06 |title=The big all India exam leak: Over 5 years, 1.4 crore job seekers in 15 states bore the brunt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-exclusive/the-big-all-india-exam-leak-over-5-years-1-4-crore-job-seekers-in-15-states-bore-the-brunt-9145910/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Some fear that teaching responsibilities may shift from academic professors to private ed-tech companies, rather than using these companies' resources to support professors and colleges in delivering education. Additionally, the move toward online modules, as opposed to traditional classroom learning, is seen as part of a national vision promoting a distributed learning model focused on mass training and skill development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaid |first=Devanshi |date=2021-03-05 |title=The need to invest in vocational training for youth {{!}} IDR |url=https://idronline.org/the-need-to-invest-in-vocational-training-for-youth-nep2020/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=India Development Review |language=en-US}}</ref> In contrast, some express concerns that direct, socially structured, and traditional learning may increasingly become reserved for the privileged few with higher financial means, through specialized institutes and private universities, which are already becoming more exempt from affirmative action regulations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=D’Souza |first1=Roshan |title=The Coming Disruption in Higher Education in India |journal=The India Forum |date=12 May 2022 |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/disruption-higher-education-india |language=en |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522053241/https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/disruption-higher-education-india |url-status=live }}</ref>
Some also expressed concern of the policy enabling a general trend of nationalist and revivalist agenda overshadowing historical accuracies and academic rigour. For example the draft curriculum for undergraduate mathematics released by UGC as part of NEP, contained Kala Ganpana (traditional Indian time calculation), Bharatiya Bijganit (Indian algebra), Shulba Sutra (maxims of fire-altar measurements), among others while providing limited coverage of core subjects and applied math, and also having a poorly built design of elective course. Indian-origin Field medalist, Manjul Bhargava claimed that "We must own ours (Indian contribution to mathematics) and be proud of them. It acts as an inspiration to the current generation” while critics questioned meaningful impact of these subjects to an Indian mathematician's career while also noting a trend of nationalist agenda in education.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=C. P. |date=2025-10-28 |title=Math is not a tool for cultural nationalism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/math-is-not-a-tool-for-cultural-nationalism/article70212639.ece |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
== Implementation ==
* In early August 2021, Karnataka became the first state to issue an order with regard to implementing NEP.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka becomes first state to issue order implementing National Education Policy|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/aug/07/karnataka-becomes-first-state-to-issue-order-implementingnational-education-policy-2341661.html|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808122530/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/aug/07/karnataka-becomes-first-state-to-issue-order-implementingnational-education-policy-2341661.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025, the new Congress-led state government claimed that NEP has several shortcomings and it has taken bold steps to make certain amendments to it. <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEducation.com |title=Everyone must come over ‘flawed’ NEP 2020: Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/government-policies/everyone-must-come-over-flawed-nep-2020-karnataka-deputy-cm/117983920 |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=ETEducation.com |language=en}}</ref> Later, Karnataka High Court refused to interfere with this decision holding that it won't interfere with policy decisions unless a violation of fundamental or statutory rights is shown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=2025-10-13 |title=Petitions That Didn’t Make It |url=https://onelawstreet.com/petitions-that-didnt-make-it/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=One Law Street |language=en-GB}}</ref> * On 26 August 2021, Madhya Pradesh implemented NEP 2020. * Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath said the National Education Policy-2020 will be implemented in phases by 2022.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=20 November 2020|title=NEP to be implemented in phases by 2022, says UP CM Yogi Adityanath|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/nep-to-be-implemented-in-phases-by-2022-says-up-cm-yogi-adityanath-1742420-2020-11-20|access-date=2021-09-15|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208125830/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/nep-to-be-implemented-in-phases-by-2022-says-up-cm-yogi-adityanath-1742420-2020-11-20|url-status=live}}</ref> * The Telangana State government has decided to implement the newly announced National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) in the State.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Phaniharan|first=V. R. C.|date=2020-08-08|title=Telangana ready to implement National Education Policy 2020|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/telangana-ready-to-implement-national-education-policy-2020-638268|access-date=2021-09-15|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915022712/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/telangana-ready-to-implement-national-education-policy-2020-638268|url-status=live}}</ref> * Maharashtra former CM Uddhav Thackeray directs to appoint experts’ committee for implementation of new education policy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-21|title=NEP 2020: Maharashtra CM directs to appoint experts' committee for implementation of new education policy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/nep-2020-maharashtra-cm-directs-to-appoint-experts-committee-for-implementation-of-new-education-policy/story-S00Tc3fZVGXdoLs1DZaoLN.html|access-date=2021-09-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915021149/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/nep-2020-maharashtra-cm-directs-to-appoint-experts-committee-for-implementation-of-new-education-policy/story-S00Tc3fZVGXdoLs1DZaoLN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * Andhra Pradesh former Chief Minister Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy has directed officials of the Education Department to implement the National Education Policy 2020 in letter and spirit across the State.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2021-09-08|title=NEP 2020 will be implemented in letter and spirit: Jagan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nep-2020-will-be-implemented-in-letter-and-spirit-jagan/article36351627.ece|access-date=2021-09-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915021149/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nep-2020-will-be-implemented-in-letter-and-spirit-jagan/article36351627.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> * Rajasthan Governor Kalraj Mishra said that NEP 2020 will be implemented in phased manner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Ayushi |date=2023-11-03 |title=A Closer Look at National Education Policy 2023 (NEP 2023) |url=https://www.idreameducation.org/blog/national-education-policy-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915004704/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/raj-guv-says-new-education-policy-will-be-implemented-in-phased-manner/story-EdS2gZYQKtVW4oTNkq91nJ.html |archive-date=15 September 2021 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=iDream Education |language=en}}</ref> * The Chief Minister of Assam, Himanta Biswa Sarma said that NEP 2020 will be implemented from 1 April 2022.<ref>{{citation|title=NEP will be implemented in Assam from April 1, 2022|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/nep-will-be-implemented-in-assam-from-april-1-2022-cm-biswa-sarma-1843656-2021-08-21|website=Indian Today|author=Indian Today Web Desk|date=21 August 2021|access-date=2021-10-30|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030165034/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/nep-will-be-implemented-in-assam-from-april-1-2022-cm-biswa-sarma-1843656-2021-08-21|url-status=live}}</ref> * In April 2022, the UGC (University Grants Commission) approved simultaneous dual degrees, both in physical and online modes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UGC Allows Students To Pursue 2 Degree Courses Simultaneously |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/students-can-now-pursue-2-degree-courses-simultaneously-ugc-chairman-m-jagadesh-kumar |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=NDTV.com |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505075751/https://www.ndtv.com/education/students-can-now-pursue-2-degree-courses-simultaneously-ugc-chairman-m-jagadesh-kumar |url-status=live }}</ref> * In October 2022, Ministry of Education released New Curriculum Framework for 3–8 years children<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmendra Pradhan launches National Curriculum Framework for 3-8 years children |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/oct/21/dharmendra-pradhan-launches-national-curriculum-framework-for-3-8-years-children-2510276.html |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023145656/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/oct/21/dharmendra-pradhan-launches-national-curriculum-framework-for-3-8-years-children-2510276.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and National Credit Framework<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-22 |title=Centre releases draft policy: How the credit system will work in schools |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/centre-releases-draft-policy-how-the-credit-system-will-work-in-schools-8224180/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023145659/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/centre-releases-draft-policy-how-the-credit-system-will-work-in-schools-8224180/ |url-status=live }}</ref> inline of NEP 2020. * In July 2024, Chhattisgarh govt says that they will soon implement NEP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-07 |title=Chhattisgarh takes big leap forward in implementing NEP 2020 with local dialects |url=https://newsriveting.com/chhattisgarh-takes-big-leap-forward-in-implementing-nep-2020-with-local-dialects/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News Riveting |language=en-US}}</ref> * In July 2024, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) confirms establishment of new centres for Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain studies under the School of Sanskrit and Indic Studies, as part of its efforts to implement NEP 2020 and promote the Indian Knowledge Systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi: JNU To Constitute Centers For Hindu, Buddhist & Jain Studies |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/delhi-jnu-to-constitute-centers-for-hindu-buddhist-jain-studies/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=TheDailyGuardian |language=en}}</ref> * In 2024, the Ministry of Education expanded NEP 2020 initiatives to emphasize skill-based curriculum, hands-on learning, and preparation for global competencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian schools to focus on skill-based curriculum for classes 11 and 12: NEP 2020 drives hands-on learning and global competence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/indian-schools-to-focus-on-skill-based-curriculum-for-classes-11-and-12-nep-2020-drives-hands-on-learning-and-global-competence/articleshow/124041796.cms |website=Times of India |date=2024-05-10 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> * In January 2025, the National Digital University is set to be launched. * In October 2025, the Kerala government has decided to implement the NEP across school's in Kerala by being part of the PM SHRI Project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-10-24 |title=PM SHRI signing a tactical decision: Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pm-shri-signing-a-tactical-decision-minister/article70198736.ece |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-10-23 |title=Kerala government signs up for PM SHRI funds amidst CPI opposition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-signs-up-for-pm-shri-funds-amidst-cpi-opposition/article70195254.ece |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
==See also== * National Policy on Education * Indian Knowledge Systems * Education in India * NCERT textbook controversies
{{Portal bar|Education|India}}
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== * {{cite journal |first1=P. S. |last1=Aithal |first2=Shubhrajyotsna |last2=Aithal |title= Analysis of Higher Education in Indian National Education Policy Proposal 2019 and Its Implementation Challenges |journal=International Journal of Applied Engineering and Management Letters |volume=3 |number=2 |year=2019 |ssrn=3417517 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.47992/IJAEML.2581.7000.0039 |doi-access=free }} * {{citation |first=Smriti |last=Malhotra |title=The Draft National Education Policy: ADistressingAttempt to Redefine India |journal=Journal of the Gujarat Research Society |volume=21 |number=11 |date=November 2019 |url=http://gujaratresearchsociety.in/index.php/JGRS/article/view/827/687}} * {{citation |last=Maniar |first=Vikas |title=Overlooking the Idea of Common School in the Education Policy |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=14 September 2019 |volume=54 |number=37 |pages=18–19 |url=http://publications.azimpremjifoundation.org/2084/1/Overlooking%20the%20Idea%20of%20Common%20School%20in%20the%20Education%20Policy.pdf}} *Puri, Natasha (30 August 2019). [https://ssrn.com/abstract=3472247 A Review of the National Education Policy of the Government of India - The Need for Data and Dynamism in the 21st Century]. SSRN. * Jeebanlata Salam, [http://eprints.nias.res.in/1849/1/2019-JSalam-PeoplesChronicle.pdf Draft National Education Policy (NEP), 2019 and jingoistic nationalism], The People's Chronicle, 27 June 2019. * {{cite journal |last1=Tilak |first1=Jandhyala B. G. |title=Promising but Perplexing Solutions: A Critique of the Draft National Education Policy 2019 |journal=Social Change |volume=49 |issue=4 |year=2019 |pages=686–712 |issn=0049-0857 |doi=10.1177/0049085719876831|s2cid=213369494 }} * {{citation |last=Vedhathiri |first=Thanikachalam |title=Critical Assessment of Draft Indian National Education Policy 2019 with Respect to National Institutes of Technical Teachers Training and Research |journal=Journal of Engineering Education |volume=33 |date=January 2020 |url=http://journaleet.org/index.php/jeet/article/view/150069}}
==External links== * {{cite web |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/cabinet-approves-national-education-policy-2020-paving-way-for-transformational-reforms-in-school-and-higher-education-systems-in-the-country|title =Cabinet Approves National Education Policy 2020, paving way for transformational reforms in school and higher education systems in the country|date =29 July 2020 |website=NarendraModi.in|access-date=29 July 2020}}
Category:2020 in India Category:Education policy in India Category:Modi administration Category:Political controversies in India Category:Controversies in India