NAL Saras

{{short description|Indian airliner}} {{Use British English|date=September 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}  {{Infobox aircraft | name = Saras | image = File:HAL Saras.jpg | caption = NAL Saras taking off | type = Business jet / Military transport aircraft | national_origin = India | design_group = National Aerospace Laboratories Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | manufacturer = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited | first_flight = ''Mk1'' - 29 May 2004 ''Mk2'' (~2025, planned)<ref name = "ET 2019">{{Cite news|title = NAL plans design, development of 70-seater aircraft|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/nal-plans-design-development-of-70-seater-aircraft/articleshow/71153821.cms|date = 16 September 2019|access-date = 24 September 2019|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref> | introduction = | retired = | status = In production (Mk1)<ref name="tnie-20jan16">{{cite web|last=Patil|first=Ramu|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/After-16-Years-and-Rs-300-Crore-Civil-Aircraft-Dream-Crashlands/2016/01/20/article3235255.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122094653/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/After-16-Years-and-Rs-300-Crore-Civil-Aircraft-Dream-Crashlands/2016/01/20/article3235255.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2016|title=After 16 Years and Rs 300 Crore, Civil Aircraft Dream Crashlands|date=20 January 2016|work=The New Indian Express|accessdate=7 March 2016}}</ref><ref name = 'UNI'>{{Cite news|title = Ministry of Defence gives nod for proposal to produce Saras civil aircraft developed by NAL|url = http://www.uniindia.com/ministry-of-defence-gives-nod-for-proposal-to-produce-saras-civil-aircraft-developed-by-nal/business-economy/news/1507051.html|date = 21 February 2019|accessdate = 23 March 2019|newspaper = UNI}}</ref> | primary_user = Indian Air Force (intended) | more_users = Indian Army (intended)  | produced = | number_built = 2 prototypes | unit cost = | developed_from = | variants = }}

The '''NAL Saras''' ({{Lit|Crane}}) is the first Indian multi-purpose civilian aircraft in the light transport aircraft category as designed by the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL).

In January 2016, it was reported that the project had been cancelled.<ref name="tnie-20jan16"/> But in February 2017, the project was revived.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urs|first1=Anil|title=NAL to revive SARAS, two other civil passenger aircraft|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sars/article9547354.ece|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=16 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> In February 2019, India's Ministry of Finance approved {{INRConvert|6000|c|lk=on}} for the production of the airliner.<ref name = 'UNI'/>

==Development== [[File:VT-XSD (14011793813).jpg|left|thumb|Saras at Yelahanka Air Force Station for Aero India 2007.]]thumb|NAL Saras flying Overhead In the mid-1980s, the Research Council recommended that the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) should study the civil aviation requirements of India and recommended ways of establishing a viable civil aviation industry. It further recommended that NAL should carry out a formal techno-economical feasibility study of a multi role light transport aircraft (LTA – renamed SARAS in October 1993). The feasibility study (November 1989) showed that there was a significant demand for a 9–14 seat multi-role LTA in the country and estimated a market potential of about 250–350 aircraft in the next 10 years. NAL submitted the feasibility study report to the Research Council in November 1990 and started its search for an industrial partner.

The project began in 1991 as a collaboration with Russia (Myasishchev had a similar project called the Duet), but financial trouble led the Russians to drop out early in the project. The project almost came to a halt when it was hit by US-imposed sanctions in 1998, after India's nuclear tests in Pokhran. The Saras project was sanctioned on 24 September 1999 with initial schedule of its maiden flight by March 2001. The first Saras (PT1) completed its maiden flight at the HAL airport in Bangalore on 29 May 2004.<ref>[http://www.nal.res.in/oldhome/pages/sarasfirstexptflight.htm NAL news report, with pictures, of the First Saras Test Flight] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821175014/http://www.nal.res.in/oldhome/pages/sarasfirstexptflight.htm |date=21 August 2007 }}</ref>

The original design target parameters included a maximum take-off weight of 6,100 kg and a maximum payload of 1,232 kg, a high cruise speed of over 600 km/h, an endurance of six hours, a maximum flight altitude of 12 km (cruise altitude 10.5 km), short take-off and landing distances of about 600 m, a maximum rate of climb of 12 m/s, a low cabin noise of 78 dB, a range of 600 km with 19 passengers, 1,200 km with 14 passengers and 2,000 km with eight passengers, a high specific range of 2.5 km/kg and a low cost of operation of ₹ 5/km.

While the designed empty weight of the aircraft is around 4,125 kg, the first prototype weighed in around 5,118 kg. This issue is sought to be addressed by including composite wings and tail by the third prototype. The airframe of Saras-PT2 was built with lighter composites to reduce its overall weight by about 400 kg from its first prototype, which was overweight by about 900 kg. The aircraft is powered by two Canadian Pratt & Whitney turbo-prop engines mounted in the pusher configuration.

The first prototype will be upgraded to meet the latest design criteria including higher-power 1,200 hp (895 kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-67A engines and improvements to the flight control and flight operations systems. The upgraded PT1 is due to make its first flight by the end of 2011 leading to certification and first deliveries in 2013 and 2014 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rao|first=Radhakrishna|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/saras-back-from-the-brink-again-as-nal-targets-2013-353501/|title=Saras back from the brink again as NAL targets 2013 certification|work=Flight International|publisher=Flight Global|date=25 February 2011|accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Revised version === [[File:VT-XSD NAL SARAS (8414590604).jpg|thumb|Saras during flight with pusher configuration. ]] As of 20 January 2016 National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) had stopped all work on Saras as the funding for the project stopped by end of 2013. Engineers who were working on NAL Saras got redeployed to other ongoing similar projects with higher strategic importance.<ref name="tnie-20jan16"/>

The second prototype of the aircraft was overweight by 500 kg against the specified design weight of 4125 kg. The third prototype has yet to take flight. NAL was hoping to revive funding for the project.<ref>{{cite news|last=Waldron|first=Greg|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/nal-hopeful-of-funding-to-revive-saras-423225/|title=NAL hopeful of funding to revive Saras|date=17 March 2016|work=Flight Global}}</ref>

In October 2016, it was reported that government is mulling a revival plan. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), that had almost shelved the plan, is on a rethink mode with additional funding in the pipeline.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/news/india/iaf-plans-for-dedicated-satellite-on-track-sukhoi-to-fire-brahmos-in-3-months-aste--1.1402970|title=IAF plans for dedicated satellite on track; Sukhoi to fire BrahMos in 3 months|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|date=4 October 2016|archive-date=25 August 2017|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825233205/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/news/india/iaf-plans-for-dedicated-satellite-on-track-sukhoi-to-fire-brahmos-in-3-months-aste--1.1402970|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of 14 February 2017, the reconfigured first prototype had been handed over to the IAF's Aircraft & Systems Testing Establishment (ASTE), which had conducted a few low-speed ground runs. The National Aerospace Lab's (NAL) director Jitendra J. Jadhav is said to be looking at putting the Saras back into the air by June–July, though officers on the programme seem to think August–September was a more likely timeframe.

An upgraded Saras undertook high speed taxi trial on 2 January 2018 at Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bangalore/others/nals-saras-pt1n-teaser-hints-take-off-time-is-near/articleshow/62328552.cms|title=NAL's Saras PT1N teaser hints take-off time is near|author=Hemanth C S|date=2 January 2018|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

The revised version with 14 seats instead of 19, Saras-PTN1, has improved avionics, radar, linear wing flap actuator, environmental control system, engine flap actuators and flight control system.

The revised prototype first flew on 24 January 2018 from HAL Airport for 40 minutes, reaching {{cvt|8,500|ft}} and {{cvt|145|knots|km/h}} before evaluating system performance over 20 flights to freeze the production design.<ref name="airinsight25jan2018">{{cite news|url= https://www.airinsight.com/a-first-flight-in-india/|title= A "first flight" in India|author= Addison Schonland|work= AirInsight|date=25 January 2018}}</ref> In a press conference during Aero India 2019, it was revealed that ₹6,000 crores were released for the production of the aircraft as NAL had got the certification for its improved version recently. Weight was no longer an issue as team was successful in cutting down weight by 0.9 tonnes. The new version will also be fitted with better avionics.<ref name = 'UNI'/> The second test flight lasted for 25 minutes was completed on 21 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-21 |title=Indigenously-built Saras aircraft successfully completes second test flight |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indigenously-built-saras-aircraft-successfully-completes-second-test-flight/story-Lg4NJ1Prpow2Fg13vFHTmO.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Additional improvements include a pair of 1200 shaft horsepower engines and 104-inch diameter propeller to cater the requirement of second segment climb gradient.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padmanabhan |first=Sunderarajan |date=2018-02-21 |title=NAL is working on Mark 2 version of its light transport aircraft Saras: CSIR |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/nal-is-working-on-mark-2-version-of-its-light-transport-aircraft-saras-csir-4361377.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Tech2}}</ref> CSIR will collaborate with Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in developing an indigenous turboprop engine for Saras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Vijay |date=16 January 2020 |title=CSIR, DRDO to join hands to develop Saras engine |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/csir-drdo-to-join-hands-to-develop-saras-engine-26803 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) will manufacture Saras at its Kanpur facility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CS |first=Hemanth |date=28 September 2019 |title=NAL and HAL prepare to take off with short haul flights |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/nal-and-hal-prepare-to-take-off-with-short-haul-flights/articleshow/71342747.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mark 2 === The CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, NAL is also engaged development of Saras Mk2, a 19-seater version of the airliner. Government has given clearance and fund requirement to NAL for development of same.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176701|title=SARAS completes the second test-flight successfully; Indian Air Force commits to induct 15 {{sic|nolink=yes|aircrafts}} initially|website=PIB|date=21 February 2018|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> NAL has completed basic testing for pre-production standard and aims for certification in 4 years to produce first aircraft in following one-and-a-half-year.<ref name="ET 2019" /> Dassault Systèmes announced that NAL will be using 3DEXPERIENCE and DraftSight for cabin design, 2D/3D modelling, prototyping and laser cutting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2021 |title=NAL adopts Dassault Systèmes solutions to design civil aircraft in India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/security-tech/technology/nal-adopts-dassault-systmes-solutions-to-design-civil-aircraft-in-india/articleshow/86229531.cms |access-date=2022-08-19}}</ref> Mark 2 will undergo wind tunnel testing in November 2019 with tractor configuration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadidal |first=Akhil |date=2019-09-16 |title=NAL eyes domestic market with Saras-2 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/nal-eyes-domestic-market-with-saras-2-761843.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) demanded an additional grant of ₹100 crore for 2021–22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CS |first=Hemanth |date=13 March 2021 |title=DSIR seeks Rs 100 cr for SARAS to take off |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/dsir-seeks-rs-100-cr-for-saras-to-take-off/articleshow/81474131.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> NAL is targeting ₹50 crore per unit cost for Saras Mk2 against ₹55 crore for Dornier 228 that has unpressurized cabin with altitude restriction. NAL wants the government to purchase 50-60 units to make manufacturing viable.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Sobhana K. |date=2020-01-05 |title=National Aerospace Laboratory wants govt. push for Saras Mk2 takeoff |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-aerospace-laboratory-wants-govt-push-for-saras-mk2-takeoff/article30487826.ece |access-date=2022-08-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Neha LM |date=2021-09-04 |title=If we don't plan today, we won't be able to produce even a toy plane, says Suresh Prabhu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/if-we-don-t-plan-today-we-won-t-be-able-to-produce-even-a-toy-plane-says-suresh-prabhu-101630776986566.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 March 2022, NAL unveiled 16-seater air ambulance variant of Saras Mk2 at Wings India 2022 in Hyderabad. International Critical Care Air Transfer Team (ICATT) from Bengaluru signed letter of intent to purchase 2 units.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bommakanti |first=Ujwal |date=27 March 2022 |title=Wings India 2022: NAL's 16-seater air ambulance to have ICU facilities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/16-seater-air-ambulance-to-have-icu-facilities/articleshow/90467248.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 May 2022, NAL started taxi trials of locally developed digital anti-skid braking system on Saras PT1N that will help landing on shorter runways. A total of 15-20 trials are planned to check system performance. It is a state-of-art brake-by-wire electro-hydraulic braking system that is controlled by high-performance flight control computer. Upon validation, the system will be transferred on Saras Mk2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-14 |title=Bengaluru: NAL initiates taxi trials for evaluation of indigenously developed digital antiskid braking system for SARAS Mk 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-nal-initiates-taxi-trials-for-evaluation-of-indigenously-developed-digital-antiskid-braking-system-for-saras-mk-2-7917342/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Paras Defence supplied complete glass avionics suite for Saras MK2 in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Manu |date=21 March 2024 |title=How Paras Defence Is Building Itself To Become India's One Stop Shop For Everything Critical |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/how-paras-defence-is-building-itself-to-become-indias-one-stop-shop-for-everything-critical/92151/1 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

As of April 2024, NAL plans to have the Mark-2's maiden flight by late 2027, which is a delay from the target of 2026–27. NAL had reportedly bought most of the materials and fabrication would start only after release of drawings. While most of the components will be developed by NAL some would be outsourced to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (metallic parts) and other vendors (fuselage sections). Avionics is being sourced from Genesis. Two prototypes are to be built whose first flight will follow one year-long taxi trials, or ground-based runs at various speeds. The Saras prototype PT1N will serve as a technology demonstrator from which NAL's brake management and environmental control will be derived.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2025-04-12 |title=First test flight of Saras Mk2 plane expected in December 2027: official |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/first-test-flight-of-saras-mk2-plane-expected-in-december-2027-official/article69443472.ece/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Orders ==

The IAF has signed up with National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore for the purchase of 15 Saras aircraft and may need 45 more.<ref name = "ET 2019"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-14 |title=IAF to induct 15 indigenously-built Saras aircraft |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/8032/iaf-induct-15-indigenously-built.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> "NAL signed a memorandum of understanding with IAF to sell 15 Saras aircraft. The Kanpur unit of Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd will manufacture these planes", The aircraft would be used for coastal surveillance as well as training young cadets on transport flying.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ray|first1=Kalyan|title=Home-spun Saras to train Air Force's trainee pilots|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/190990/home-spun-saras-train-air.html|work=Deccan Herald|agency=DHNS|date=14 September 2011}}</ref>

₹6,000 crores were initially released in early 2019 for the production of aircraft. Initial order of 15 aircraft by IAF may go up to 120–140 in upcoming years.<ref name = 'UNI'/>

==Operators== ;{{IND}} Indian Air Force – 60 aircraft (intended)

* Phase 1 – 15 aircraft * Phase 2 – 45 aircraft

==Incidents and accidents==

On 6 March 2009, 2 Indian Air Force test pilots, Wing Commander Praveen Kotekoppa and Wing Commander Dipesh Shah along with a Flight Test Engineer Squadron Leader Ilayaraja, were killed when the second prototype Saras aircraft operating Flight 49, crashed and caught fire in an open field near Bidadi, about 30 km from Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news|title=Three IAF pilots die in trainer plane crash|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/three-iaf-pilots-die-in-trainer-plane-crash/86999-3.html|work=IBNLive|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=6 March 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220170724/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/three-iaf-pilots-die-in-trainer-plane-crash/86999-3.html|archivedate=20 February 2015}}</ref> A court of inquiry found that wrong engine relight drills given to the pilots contributed to the crash,<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ldquoWrong-relight-drills-caused-Saras-crashrdquo/article16559571.ece|title=Wrong relight drills caused Saras crash|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 July 2009|accessdate=23 November 2010}}</ref> concluding that an "Incorrect relight procedure devised by the designer and adopted by the crew at insufficient height leading to rapid loss of altitude and abnormal behaviour of aircraft resulted into accident."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/3-pilots-dead-in-aircraft-crash-near-Bangalore/articleshow/4234783.cms|title=3 pilots dead in aircraft crash near Bangalore|work=The Times of India|date=6 March 2009|accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/VT-XRM.pdf|title=Final Investigation Report on accident to NAL SARAS PT2|publisher=Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Government of India|accessdate=8 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726112257/http://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/VT-XRM.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Specifications (Saras Mk2)== {{Aircraft specs | ref = NAL,<ref>{{cite web |title=SARAS MK2 brochure |url=https://www.nal.res.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/SARAS%20MK2%20brochure.pdf |publisher=CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories}}</ref> |prime units?=met  | crew = 3 (Pilot, Co-Pilot, Flight Engineer) | capacity = 19 passengers / {{cvt|1710|kg|0}} |length m=17.3 |length note= |span m=18 |span note= |height m=5.5 |height note= |wing area sqm=30.4 |wing area note= |aspect ratio= |airfoil=NASA GA(W)-2 mod.<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref> |empty weight kg=5100 |empty weight note= |gross weight kg= |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight kg=7600 |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity=1832 kg |more general=  |eng1 number=2 |eng1 name= Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-67A |eng1 type=turboprop engines |eng1 kw=895 |eng1 note=

|prop blade number=5 |prop name=MT-Propeller |prop dia m=2.65 |prop dia note= constant speed pusher propellers  |max speed kmh=550 |max speed note=at FL250 |cruise speed kmh=485 |cruise speed note= |stall speed kmh=145 |stall speed note=flaps down, power off at sea level |never exceed speed kmh=688 |never exceed speed note= |minimum control speed kmh= |minimum control speed note= |range km=2350 |range note=with 45 min reserves and 8 passengers ::::{{cvt|590|km|mi nmi|0}} with 14 passengers |ferry range km=2400 |ferry range note= |endurance=6 hours * With 45 min reserve |ceiling m=9100 |ceiling note=maximum certified altitude |g limits= |roll rate= |climb rate ms=10.17 |climb rate sigfig=1 |climb rate note= |time to altitude= |wing loading kg/m2=237.4 |wing loading note= |fuel consumption kg/km= |power/mass= |thrust/weight=

|more performance= *'''Takeoff distance:''' {{cvt|670|m}} * '''Landing distance:''' {{cvt|900|m}} |avionics=Integrated digital avionics system using ARINC 429 data bus interfaces Full glass cockpit: EFIS-Four PFD/ ND/ MFDs Comm/Nav suite: VHF-VOR and radio, ADF, DME, ILS TAWS- Terrain Avoidance Warning System FMS: Flight Management System TCAS: Traffic Collision Avoidance System Auto pilot and Weather Radar }}

==See also== {{Portal|India|Aviation}} {{aircontent |related= * NAL NM5 * NAL Hansa * Indian Regional Jet }} {{aircontent |similar aircraft= * Beechcraft 1900 * Beechcraft Model 99 * Beechcraft Super King Air * Dornier 228 * Embraer EMB 110 * Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector * Evektor EV-55 Outback * Piaggio P.180 Avanti |lists= * List of civil aircraft * List of STOL aircraft |see also= }}

==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://nal.res.in/pages/saras.htm NAL Saras page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806003837/http://nal.res.in/pages/saras.htm |date=6 August 2007 }} * [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2113/stories/20040702002408900.htm A Soaring Success] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070501072646/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/18/stories/2007041801131500.htm Saras second Proto-Type Status] * [https://www.livemint.com/2008/08/15002523/HAL-to-make-India8217s-firs.html HAL to make India's first passenger aeroplane]

'''Technical''': * [https://www.nal.res.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/SARAS%20MK2%20brochure.pdf SARAS Mark 2]

Saras Category:2000s Indian civil utility aircraft Category:Twin-turboprop pusher aircraft Saras Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear Category:Low-wing aircraft Category:T-tail aircraft Category:Aircraft first flown in 2004