{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Speciesbox | image = Myosotis antarctica 17152570.jpg | status = NU | status_system = NZTCS | status_ref =<ref name="NZTCS"/> | genus = Myosotis | species = antarctica | authority = [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]<ref name=":0"/><ref name=hooker>Hooker, J.D. (1844) [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3011395 The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 :under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross: 1: 57]</ref> | synonyms = *''Myosotis drucei'' [[Lucy Moore (botanist)|(L.B.Moore)]] [[Peter de Lange (botanist)|de Lange]] & Barkla *''Myosotis pygmaea'' [[William Colenso|Colenso]] }}
'''''Myosotis antarctica''''' is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Boraginaceae]], [[Native species|native]] to mainland [[New Zealand]], [[Campbell Islands|Campbell Island]] and southern [[Chile]]. [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] described the species in his 19th century work ''[[Flora Antarctica]]''. Plants of this species of [[Forget-me-nots|forget-me-not]] are [[Perennial plant|perennial]] with a prostrate habit, bracteate inflorescences, and white or blue corollas. It is one of two native species of ''Myosotis'' in the [[New Zealand Subantarctic Islands|New Zealand subantarctic islands]], the other being ''[[Myosotis capitata|M. capitata]],'' which also has blue corollas.
== Taxonomy and etymology == ''Myosotis antarctica'' [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] is in the family [[Boraginaceae]] and was described in 1844 by [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] from the [[New Zealand Subantarctic Islands|New Zealand subantarctic islands]].<ref name=hooker>Hooker, J.D. (1844) [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3011395 The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843 :under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross: 1: 57]</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Myosotis antarctica {{!}} New Zealand Plant Conservation Network |url=https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/myosotis-antarctica/ |access-date=2019-11-23 |website=nzpcn.org.nz}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=L.B. |title=Boraginaceae. In 'Flora of New Zealand'. (Ed. HH Allan) Vol. 1, pp. 806–833 |url=https://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_2dd90ab4-331f-4d49-bb31-b0a843e65931&fileName=Flora%201.xml |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=(Government Printer: Wellington, New Zealand) floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz}}</ref> After its original description, others expanded the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of ''M. antarctica'' to include plants from mainland New Zealand. In 1961, Lucy Moore's treatment in the ''Flora of New Zealand'' [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] ''M. antarctica'' to include only plants from [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell Island]] and [[Chile]].<ref name=":2" />
Since then, common usage of the name ''M. antarctica'' has largely followed Moore's treatment, and morphologically similar mainland plants have been referred to as ''M. drucei, M. pygmaea, M. glauca'' and ''M. brevis.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Prebble |first1=Jessica M. |last2=Symonds |first2=V. Vaughan |last3=Tate |first3=Jennifer A. |last4=Meudt |first4=Heidi M. |date=2022-05-05 |title=Taxonomic revision of the southern hemisphere pygmy forget-me-not group (Myosotis; Boraginaceae) based on morphological, population genetic and climate-edaphic niche modelling data |url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/sb/SB21031 |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |language=en |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=63–94 |doi=10.1071/SB21031 |issn=1446-5701 |s2cid=248603363|doi-access=free }}</ref>'' These species constitute the "pygmy subgroup" of New Zealand ''Myosotis'', and the latest taxonomic revision of this subgroup from 2022 recognizes three species: ''M. antarctica'' (with two subspecies), ''[[Myosotis brevis|M. brevis]],'' and ''[[Myosotis glauca|M. glauca]].''<ref name=":15"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=New names for some tiny forget-me-nots |url=https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2022/06/09/new-names-for-some-tiny-forget-me-nots/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Te Papa’s Blog |language=en-NZ}}</ref> In that treatment, ''M. antarctica'' has an expanded circumscription to include plants from Campbell Island and Chile, as well as those from mainland New Zealand previously called ''M. drucei'' and ''M. pygmaea,'' and two subspecies are recognized''.''<ref name=":15"/><ref name=":4" />
The two subspecies of ''M. antarctica'' are [[Myosotis antarctica subsp. antarctica|''M. antarctica'' subsp. ''antarctica'']] (previously ''M. antarctica'' and ''M. drucei'') and [[Myosotis antarctica subsp. traillii|''M. antarctica'' subsp. ''traillii'']] (previously ''M. pygmaea''). The subspecies are largely allopatric, and can be distinguished from one another based on the hairs on the rosette leaves.<ref name=":15"/>
The type specimen of ''Myosotis antarctica'' was collected by Joseph Hooker on Campbell Island and is lodged at [[Kew Herbarium]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myosotis antarctica Hook.f. |url=http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/detailsQuery.do?barcode=K000787899 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=apps.kew.org}}</ref>
The specific epithet, ''antarctica'', derives from its presence on the New Zealand subantarctic islands.
== Phylogeny == ''Myosotis'' ''antarctica'' was shown to be a part of the [[monophyletic]] southern hemisphere lineage of ''Myosotis'' in [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analyses of standard DNA sequencing markers ([[Ribosomal DNA|nuclear ribosomal DNA]] and [[chloroplast DNA]] regions).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Meudt |first1=Heidi M. |last2=Prebble |first2=Jessica M. |last3=Lehnebach |first3=Carlos A. |date=2015-05-01 |title=Native New Zealand forget-me-nots (Myosotis, Boraginaceae) comprise a Pleistocene species radiation with very low genetic divergence |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1166-x |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=301 |issue=5 |pages=1455–1471 |doi=10.1007/s00606-014-1166-x |s2cid=254048318 |issn=2199-6881|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Winkworth |first1=Richard C |last2=Grau |first2=Jürke |last3=Robertson |first3=Alastair W |last4=Lockhart |first4=Peter J |date=2002-08-01 |title=The origins and evolution of the genus Myosotis L. (Boraginaceae) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302002105 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=180–193 |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00210-5 |pmid=12144755 |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Within the southern hemisphere lineage, species relationships were not well resolved.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> The sequences of ''M. antarctica'' (including some referred to as ''M. pygmaea'' and ''M. drucei'') grouped with other New Zealand species that are morphologically similar to it, including ''M. brevis''.<ref name=":1" />
== Description == ''Myosotis'' ''antarctica'' plants are single rosettes. The rosette leaves have [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] 1–20 mm long. The rosette leaf blades are 3–26 mm long by 1–11 mm wide (length: width ratio usually 1.0–4.0: 1), narrowly oblanceolate to very broadly obovate, widest at or above the middle, green or brown, with an [[Glossary of leaf morphology#obtuse|obtuse]] apex. The upper surface of the leaf is densely covered in curved or flexuous, patent to erect, evenly-distributed antrorse (forward-facing) hairs, whereas the lower surface of the leaf is similar but with fewer hairs (ranging from glabrous to with sparsely distributed hairs). The hairs on the leaf edges are appressed to spreading. Each rosette has multiple prostrate, bracteate [[inflorescence]]s that are usually up to 15 cm long (rarely up to 31 cm long). The cauline leaves are similar in size and shape to the rosette leaves and usually sessile. Each inflorescence has up to 46 flowers, each borne on a very short [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]], with a bract. The calyx is 1–4 mm long at flowering and 2–7 mm long at fruiting, lobed to one-third to three-quarters its length, and hairs that are sometimes of two different lengths and types. The corolla is white, cream, or blue, up to 4 mm in diameter, with a cylindrical tube, and small yellow scales alternating with the petals. The anthers are very short (usually < 0.3 mm long) and fully included. The four smooth, shiny nutlets are usually 1.2–1.9 mm long by 0.8–1.2 mm wide and are ovoid in shape.<ref name=":15"/>
The chromosome number of ''M. antarctica'' is unknown.
The pollen of ''M. antarctica'' is ''australis'' type pollen.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q113676623}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Myosotis antarctica pollen |url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/10488 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=collections.tepapa.govt.nz}}</ref>
It flowers August–April and fruits September–April, with peak flowering and fruiting December–January.<ref name=":15"/>
== Distribution and habitat == ''Myosotis antarctica'' is a [[forget-me-not]] native to New Zealand, Campbell Island,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prebble |first=Jessie |date=2014-01-08 |title=Subantarctic forget-me-not adventures |url=https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2014/01/08/subantarctic-forget-me-not-adventures/ |access-date=2019-11-24 |website=Te Papa’s Blog |language=en-NZ}}</ref> and southern Chile ([[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]])<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zuloaga |first1=Fernando O |title=Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur : (Argentina, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay) |last2=Morrone |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Belgrano |first3=Manuel J. |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Instituto de Botánica Darwinion |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-930723-70-2 |location=St. Louis, Mo. |oclc=294820637}}</ref> from 0–2200 m ASL.<ref name=":15" /> In mainland New Zealand, it is found in the following islands and ecological districts: [[North Island]] (Auckland, Taranaki, Gisborne, Volcanic Plateau, Southern North Island), [[South Island]] (Western Nelson, Sounds-Nelson, Marlborough, Westland, Canterbury, Otago, Southland, Fiordland) and [[Stewart Island]] (Rakiura).<ref name=":15" /> ''M. antarctica'' is found in habitats ranging from coastal to subalpine, including on turfs, dunes, [[fellfield]]s, scree, cliff faces, and terraces.<ref name=":15" />
== Conservation status == ''M. antarctica'' was listed as At Risk - Naturally Uncommon on the most recent assessment (2017-2018) of the [[New Zealand Threat Classification System|New Zealand Threatened Classification]] for plants. It also has the qualifiers "DP" (Data Poor), "Sp" (Sparse) and "TO" (Threatened Overseas).<ref name="NZTCS">{{Cite journal|last1=Lange|first1=Peter J. de|last2=Rolfe|first2=Jeremy R.|last3=Barkla|first3=John W.|last4=Courtney|first4=Shannel P.|last5=Champion|first5=Paul D.|last6=Perrie|first6=Leon R.|last7=Beadel|first7=Sarah M.|last8=Ford|first8=Kerry A.|last9=Breitwieser|first9=Ilse|last10=Schönberger|first10=Ines|last11=Hindmarsh-Walls|first11=Rowan|date=May 2018|title=Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs22entire.pdf|journal=New Zealand Threat Classification Series|volume=22|pages=1–86|oclc=1041649797}}</ref> This assessment was based on a narrow circumscription of ''M. antarctica'' which included the Campbell Island populations only. As to the other two species now included in a larger circumscription of ''M. antarctica,'' ''M. drucei'' was listed as Not Threatened and ''M. pygmaea'' was listed as At Risk - Declining with the qualifier "Sp" (Sparse) in the same publication.<ref name="NZTCS" />
== Gallery == <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="170px"> File:Myosotis antarctica 17153408.jpg File:Myosotis antarctica 17153360.jpg File:Flora Antarctica Plate XXXVIII.jpg|Plate XXXVIII of Hooker's ''[[Flora Antarctica]]''. </gallery>
== References == {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons}} *[https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=myosotis+antarctica#tab_mapView ''Myosotis antarctica'' occurrence data from Australasian Virtual Herbarium] *{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15595630|from2=Q113484151|from3=Q113484168|from4=Q17416566|from5=Q17416941}}
[[Category:Myosotis|antarctica]] [[Category:Flora of New Zealand]] [[Category:Flora of Chile]] [[Category:Endangered flora of New Zealand]] [[Category:Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker]] [[Category:Plants described in 1844]]