{{Short description|Japanese soldier (1918–2003)}} {{Infobox military person | image = Mutsuhiro Watanabe.jpg | caption = | nickname = "The Bird" | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1918|01|18}} | birth_place = Japan | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2003|04|01|1918|01|18}} | death_place = Japan | allegiance = {{flag|Empire of Japan}} | service_years = 1941–1945 | rank = Sergeant | commands = | unit = | battles = World War II | spouse = | children = }}
Sergeant {{nihongo|'''Mutsuhiro Watanabe'''|渡邊睦裕|Watanabe Mutsuhiro|18 January 1918 – 1 April 2003}}, nicknamed "'''The Bird'''" by his prisoners, was a Japanese soldier who served in several prisoner-of-war camps during World War II. Infamous for his mistreatment of Allied prisoners of war, after the surrender of Japan in 1945 American occupational authorities classified Watanabe as a war criminal for his mistreatment and torture of POWs, but he managed to elude arrest and was never tried in court.
== World War II == Watanabe served at POW camps in Omori, Naoetsu (present-day Jōetsu), Niigata, Mitsushima (present-day Hiraoka) and at a civilian POW camp in Yamakita.
While in the military, Watanabe allegedly ordered one man who reported to him to be punched in the face every night for three weeks and practiced judo on an appendectomy patient. One of his prisoners was American track star and Olympian Louis Zamperini. Zamperini reported that Watanabe beat his prisoners often, causing them serious injuries. It is said {{By whom|date=May 2026}} Watanabe made one officer sit in a shack, wearing only a fundoshi undergarment, for four days in winter, and that he tied a 65-year-old prisoner to a tree for days. According to Laura Hillenbrand's book, Watanabe had studied French, in which he was fluent, and had an interest in the French school of nihilist philosophy.
== Later life and death == In 1945, General Douglas MacArthur included Watanabe as number 23 on his list of the 40 most wanted war criminals in Japan.<ref name="cbsnews">{{cite web|last1=Kohn|first1=David|title=Finally, The Ordeal Is Over|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/finally-the-ordeal-is-over/|website=cbsnews.com|publisher=CBS Interactive Inc.|date=24 September 1999|access-date=28 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>
However, Watanabe went into hiding and was never prosecuted when Washington suspended the arrest warrants of suspected war criminals after the San Francisco Peace Treaty went into effect on April 1, 1952.<ref>{{cite web | title=And what of the fate of the torturers | url=https://pows.jiaponline.org/2015/04/and-what-of-fate-of-torturers.html }}</ref> In 1956, the Japanese literary magazine ''Bungeishunjū'' published an interview with Watanabe, titled "I do not want to be judged by America." He later became an insurance salesman.
Prior to the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, the CBS News program ''60 Minutes'' interviewed Watanabe at the Hotel Okura Tokyo as part of a feature on Louis Zamperini who, four days before his 81st birthday, was returning to carry the Olympic Flame torch through Naoetsu ''en route'' to Nagano, not far from the POW camp where he had been held. In the interview, Watanabe acknowledged beating and kicking prisoners, but was unrepentant, saying, "I treated the prisoners strictly as enemies of Japan." Zamperini attempted to meet with Watanabe as he had with his other wartime captors, but Watanabe refused to see him.
Watanabe died on 1 April 2003, at 85 years old.<ref name="nypost-worse-death">{{cite news |last1=Cahalan |first1=Susannah |title='It can't get any worse than this' |url=https://nypost.com/2010/12/26/it-cant-get-any-worse-than-this/ |access-date=6 May 2020 |work=New York Post |publisher=NYP Holdings, Inc. |date=26 December 2010 |language=en}}</ref>
== Legacy == Accounts of Watanabe's abusive behavior are given in Laura Hillenbrand's book about Zamperini titled ''Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption'' (2010).<ref name=hillenbrand2010>{{cite book |last=Hillenbrand|first=Laura |title=Unbroken |url=https://archive.org/details/unbrokenworldwar00hill|url-access=registration|year=2010 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-6416-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/unbrokenworldwar00hill/page/473 473]}}</ref> Watanabe also appears in Alfred A. Weinstein's memoir, ''Barbed Wire Surgeon'', published in 1948.<ref>{{Cite news |last=I.V. |date=1948-05-02 |title=POW's Diary; BARBED-WIRE SURGEON. By Alfred A. Weinstein. 310 pp. New York: The Macmillan Company. $3. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1948/05/02/archives/pows-diary-barbedwire-surgeon-by-alfred-a-weinstein-310-pp-new-york.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
In 2014, Japanese musician Miyavi played Watanabe in Angelina Jolie's ''Unbroken'', the film adaptation of Hillenbrand's book.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Japanese rock singer Miyavi makes debut in 'Unbroken'| url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-ca-sneaks-miyavi-unbroken-20141102-story.html| author=Josh Rottenberg| date=2014-10-31| work=Los Angeles Times| access-date=2014-12-03}}</ref> David Sakurai portrays Watanabe in Harold Cronk's ''Unbroken: Path to Redemption'', a "spiritual successor" to Jolie's film, released in 2018.
== References == {{Reflist}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Watanabe, Mutsuhiro}} Category:1918 births Category:2003 deaths Category:Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II Category:Japanese torturers Category:Japanese war criminals Category:People indicted for war crimes Category:Fugitives wanted by the United States Category:Fugitives wanted on war crimes charges Category:Waseda University alumni Category:Imperial Japanese Army soldiers