{{Short description|Mausoleums of Ottoman royalty}} {{More citations needed|date=May 2017}} {{Infobox religious building | building_name = Muradiye Complex | native_name = Muradiye Külliyesi | image = Muradiye Complex 01.jpg | caption = | map_type = Turkey | map_size = | map_caption = Location of the Muradiye Complex in Turkey. | location = [[Bursa]], Turkey | coordinates = {{coord|40.190853|N|29.046144|E|region:TR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | latitude = | longitude = | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] | status = | functional_status = | heritage_designation = | leadership = | website = | architecture = yes | architect = | architecture_type = Mosque | architecture_style = [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]], [[Ottoman architecture]] | capacity = | length = | width = | dome_quantity = | dome_height_outer = | general_contractor = | facade_direction = | covered_area = | groundbreaking = | year_completed = {{start date and age|1426}} | minaret_quantity = 2 | minaret_height = | spire_quantity = | spire_height = | materials = | footnotes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child = yes | image = | caption = Muradiye Complex | official_name = | part_of = [[Bursa]] and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the [[Ottoman Empire]] | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i), (ii), (iv), (vi)}}(i), (ii), (iv), (vi) | ID = 1452-007 | year = 2014 | extension = | danger = | area = | buffer_zone = | locmapin = Turkey | map_caption = }} }}
'''The Muradiye Complex''' ({{langx|tr|Muradiye Külliyesi}}) or the '''Complex of Sultan [[Murad II]]''', the [[Ottoman sultan]] (reigned 1421–1451, with interruption 1444–46), is located in [[Bursa]], Turkey. It is part of the historic [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1452/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>
==History== The mosque complex commissioned by Sultan Murad II in [[Bursa]] contains twelve tombs ([[türbe]]), most belonging to relatives of this sultan.<ref name=":1">Overview in: Richard H. Turnbull, “The Muradiye Complex in Bursa and the Development of the Ottoman Funerary Tradition,” PhD dissertation, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, 2004.</ref> Construction of the complex began after the completion of the [[Yeşil Mosque]], which is in the eastern area of Bursa. A large earthquake in 1855 damaged much of the Muradiye complex, and restorations were completed in the late nineteenth century.<ref>On the 19th-century restorations, see: Beatrice St. Laurent, “Léon Parvillée: His Role as Restorer of Bursa’s Monuments after the 1855 Earthquake and his Contribution to the Exposition Universelle of 1867,” in ''l'Empire ottoman, la République de Turquie et la France'', ed. Hâmit Batu and Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont. Istanbul: Isis, 1986, 247–282.</ref> A further restoration project was completed in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bursa.bel.tr/150-yillik-sivanin-altindan-550-yillik-tarih-cikti/haber/12488,|title=150 YILLIK SIVANIN ALTINDAN 550 YILLIK TARİH ÇIKTI {{!}} Haberler|website=www.bursa.bel.tr|language=en|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> [[File:Muradiye Complex, interior.jpg|thumb|left|upright 0.7|Interior view.]] The large complex is composed of the Muradiye [[Mosque]], Muradiye [[Madrasa]], Muradiye [[Public bathing|Bath]], Muradiye [[Hospice]], a fountain, epitaphs, and numerous tombs, among others: Sultan [[Murad II]]'s tomb, [[Şehzade Ahmed]]'s tomb, [[Cem Sultan]]'s tomb,<ref>{{cite web| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/AOQqaQn5ne8| archive-date = 2021-12-05| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOQqaQn5ne8| title = Sehzade Mustafa, Cihangir, Mehmed Tomb, Muhtesem Yuzyil | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Şehzade Mustafa (son of Mehmed II)|Şehzade Mustafa]]'s tomb, [[Mahidevran Hatun]]'s tomb, [[Gülşah Hatun]]'s tomb, [[Hüma Hatun]]'s tomb, [[Sittişah Hatun]]'s tomb, the Saraylilar's tomb, and [[Şirin Hatun]]'s tomb.<ref>Richard H. Turnbull, “The Muradiye Complex in Bursa and the Development of the Ottoman Funerary Tradition,” PhD dissertation, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, 2004.</ref>
The [[Mosque]] was the first project in the complex, completed in 1426. The mosque is built in a simplified inverse T plan with a domed [[portico]] in front, constructed of brick and with four major domes.<ref>Aptullah Kuran, ''The Mosque in Early Ottoman Architecture''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968, 71–72.</ref> Hexagonal tiles in turquoise and dark blue decorate the interior. There are two [[minaret]]s, one that is old and one that is new due to collapse from the 19th century earthquake and was rebuilt in 1904. A fire damaged the mosque in the early 18th century, and so the mihrab was also rebuilt, in the [[rococo]] style.
The [[madrasa]] is located to the west of the mosque. It is composed of a central courtyard surrounded by student rooms and a classroom to the back, covered by a dome. The exterior is brick and stone. The madrasa itself does not have a construction inscription due to numerous restorations. The inscription on the mosque says the madrasa was also constructed in 1426 by Murad II.<ref>Albert Gabriel, Une capitale turque: Brousse, Bursa. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1958, vol. 1, p.111; Robert Mantran, “Les inscriptions arabes de Brousse,” Bulletin d’Etudes Orientales XIV (1954): 87–114, at 94.</ref> Dark blue and turquoise tiles decorate the interior, while brick decorates the exterior entrance.
Sources conflict on the date of construction for the tomb of [[Murad II]], either before his death in 1451, or after commissioned by his son [[Mehmed II]] in accordance with Murad II's will.<ref>On the testament, see: Mithat Sertoğlu, “İkinci Murad’ın Vasiyetnamesi,” ''Vakıflar Dergisi'' 8 (1969): 67–69 and İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, . “Sultan II. Murad’ın Vasiyetnamesi,” ''Vakıflar Dergisi'' IV (1958): 1–18.</ref> The building is constructed of brick and stone, in a square plan topped with a dome that is left open at the top. A vaulted gallery surrounds the dome, resting on [[Byzantine]] capitals. A large impressive wooden canopy over the entrance is carved in relief and embellished in star patterns. An annex contains four additional tombs, identified as those of Aladdin Ali (whom the annex is named after, “Mausoleum of Alaaddin”), Şehzade Ahmet,<ref name=":0">Albert Gabriel, ''Une capitale turque: Brousse, Bursa''. 2 vols., Paris: E. de Boccard, 1958, vol. 1, 118</ref> Orhan and Şehzade Hatun.
The remaining eleven tombs belong to the rest of the sultan's family to the south of the mosque and the madrasa. They are decorated with polychrome glazed tiles mostly in blue, except for the tombs of [[Şehzade Mustafa (son of Mehmed II)|Şehzade Mustafa]] and [[Mahidevran Hatun]] which is decorated in painted Iznik tiles from the 16th century in the [[polychrome]] technique.
In the 1950s the madrasa became a tuberculosis clinic and it now houses a medical centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/turkey/bursa/sights/historic/muradiye-complex |title=Muradiye Complex in Bursa, Turkey |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |access-date=2017-05-28}}</ref>
== Gallery == <gallery> File:Cem Sultan tomb 7951.jpg|Front of Cem Sultan tomb File:Cem Sultan tomb 7954.jpg|Interior Cem Sultan tomb File:Cem Sultan tomb 7965.jpg|Interior Cem Sultan tomb File:Cem Sultan Turbesi 9714.jpg|Interior Cem Sultan tomb File:Gulshah Hatun tomb 5978.jpg|Entrance to Gülşah Hatun tomb File:Gulshah Hatun tomb 8023.jpg|Interior Gülşah Hatun tomb File:Huma Hatun tomb 7893.jpg|Hüma Hatun tomb interior File:Mükrime Hatun Türbesi in 2018 7984.jpg|Hüma Hatun tomb decoration File:Mukrime Hatun tomb 7980.jpg|Mükrime Hatun tomb top side mihrab File:Mukrime Hatun tomb 8021.jpg|Mükrime Hatun tomb interior File:Mukrime Hatun tomb 8028.jpg|Mükrime Hatun tomb exterior File:Murad II Turbesi 9704.jpg|Entrance Murad II tomb File:Muradiye Mosque 8041.jpg|Muradiye Mosque exterior File:Muradiye Mosque 9755.jpg|Muradiye Mosque interior File:Murat II tomb 7947.jpg|Mausoleum Sultan Alaaddin c.s. at Murad II tomb File:Murat II tomb 7948.jpg|The grave of Murad II File:Sehzade Mahmut tomb 8019.jpg|Şehzade Mahmud tomb interior File:Sehzade Mahmut tomb 8030.jpg|Şehzade Mahmud tomb exterior File:Saraylar Tomb 7899.jpg|Saraylar Tomb view File:Shezade Ahmet tomb 7873.jpg|Şehzade Ahmed tomb exterior File:Shezade Ahmet tomb 7936.jpg|Şehzade Ahmed tomb interior (detail of decoratrion above mihrab) File:Shezade Ahmet tomb 8005.jpg|Şehzade Ahmed tomb interior File:Shezade Mahmut tomb 7976.jpg|Şehzade Mahmud tomb decoration File:Shezade Mustafa tomb 5995.jpg|Şehzade Mustafa tomb Exterior File:Shezade Mustafa tomb 7991.jpg|Şehzade Mustafa tomb decoration File:Shezade Mustafa tomb 7992.jpg|Şehzade Mustafa tomb decoration File:Shirin Hatun tomb 8014.jpg|Şirin Hatun tomb interior File:Shirin Hatun tomb 8035.jpg|Şirin Hatun tomb interior </gallery>
==See also== * [[Complex of Mehmed I]] * [[Gülruh Hatun]] * [[Şirin Hatun]] * [[Bülbül Hatun]]
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{commonscat}} *"Muradiye Complex." Publications of Bursa Governorship. 2004. *[http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/bursa_turkey Pictures of the complex in detail] *[http://archnet.org/sites/1911 Muradiye Complex, Bursa, Archnet] {{Mosques in Turkey}} {{Ottoman architecture}}
[[Category:15th-century establishments in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in Turkey]] [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Turkey]] [[Category:Mosques in Bursa]] [[Category:Ottoman mosques in Bursa]] [[Category:Mosques completed in the 1420s]] [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1426]] [[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in Turkey]] [[Category:Madrasas in Turkey]]