{{Short description|Organization for the purpose of playing one or more sports}} {{Confused|sports team}} {{more citations needed|date=November 2022}} [[Image:Clube.JPG|thumb|A sport club in [[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil, showing various paved and painted surfaces for [[futsal]], [[handball]], [[basketball]] and [[volleyball]], with two [[swimming pool]]s in the foreground.]]
A '''sports club''' or '''sporting club''', sometimes an '''athletics club''' or '''sports society''' or '''sports association''', is a group of people formed for the purpose of playing [[sport]]s.
Sports clubs range from organisations whose members play together, unpaid, and may play other similar clubs on occasion, watched mostly by family and friends, to large commercial organisations with [[Professional sports|professional]] players which have [[Sports team|team]]s that regularly compete against those of other clubs and sometimes attract very large crowds of paying [[Sports fan|spectators]]. Clubs may be dedicated to a single sport or to several ('''multi-sport clubs''').
The term "athletics club" is sometimes used for a general sports club, rather than one dedicated to [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] proper.
[[Friedrich Ludwig Jahn]]'s [[Turners|Turner]] movement, first realised at [[Volkspark Hasenheide]] in Berlin in 1811, was the origin of the modern sports clubs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Turnen Around the World |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2023 |isbn=9781666950496 |editor-last=Hofmann |editor-first=Annette R. |page=7 |editor-last2=Gems |editor-first2=Gerald}}</ref>
== Organization == Larger sports clubs are characterized by having professional and amateur departments in various sports such as [[bike polo]], [[association football|football]], [[basketball]], [[futsal]], [[cricket]], [[volleyball]], [[handball]], [[roller hockey (Quad)|rink hockey]], [[bowling]], [[water polo]], [[rugby football|rugby]], [[track and field athletics]], [[boxing]], [[baseball]], [[cycle sport|cycling]], [[tennis]], [[rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[gymnastics]], and others, including less traditional sports such as [[airsoft]], [[billiards]], [[e-sports]], [[orienteering]], [[paintball]], or [[roller derby]]. The teams and [[Sportsperson|athletes]] belonging to a sports club may compete in several different leagues, championships and tournaments wearing the same club colors and using the same club name, sharing also the same club [[fan (person)|fan base]], supporters and facilities.
Many professional sports clubs have an associate system where the affiliated supporters pay an annuity fee. In those cases, supporters become eligible to attend the club's home matches and exhibitions across the entire season, and have the right to practice almost every kind of sport at the club's facilities. Registered associate member fees, attendance receipts, [[sponsor (commercial)|sponsor]]ing contracts, team [[merchandising]], TV rights, and athlete/player [[transfer (football)|transfer fees]], are usually the primary sources of sports club financing. In addition, there are sports clubs, or its teams, which are publicly listed - several professional European [[football club (association football)|football clubs]] belonging to a larger multisports club are examples of this (namely, Portuguese SADs ([[Sociedade Anónima Desportiva]]) such as [[S.L. Benfica|Sport Lisboa e Benfica]] and [[Sporting Clube de Portugal]], or Spanish SADs ([[Sociedad Anónima Deportiva]]) [[Real Zaragoza, S.A.D.]] and [[Real Betis Balompié S.A.D.]], as well as Italian clubs like [[S.S. Lazio|Società Sportiva Lazio S.p.A.]]).
Some sports teams are owned and financed by a single non-sports [[company]], for example the several sports teams owned by [[Red Bull GmbH]] and collectively known as [[Red Bull (disambiguation)#Sports teams owned by Red Bull GmbH|Red Bulls]].<ref>[http://redbulls.com/ Red Bulls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110012353/http://redbulls.com/ |date=2010-11-10 }} redbulls.com</ref> Other examples of this are the several sports teams owned by [[Bayer AG]] and [[Philips]] corporations through the [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen]] and [[PSV Eindhoven]] respectively, that originally were [[works team]]s, the teams owned by the [[Samsung Group]] ([[Samsung_Sports#Amateur|Samsung Sports]]), and the teams owned by the [[Anschutz Entertainment Group]] (AEG). They may compete in several different sports and leagues, being headquartered in some cases across several countries.
==Membership== {{See also|List of sports clubs by membership}} In the field of competitive club sports, an athlete will typically be registered to only one club for a given discipline and will compete for that club exclusively for the duration of a competition or season. Exceptions to this include [[Trade (sports)|player trades]] and transfers, [[Loan (sports)|athlete loan agreements]] and unattached trialists. Where an athlete competes in multiple disciplines, or where club membership has social or training aspects such as local athletic clubs, then athletes may register with multiple clubs.
Multiple membership is more common in the case of individual sports, such as the [[sport of athletics]], where a distance runner may compete for a [[track and field]] team as well as a [[road running]] team, and also have further membership at a local sports club for training purposes. Some national sports bodies require an athlete to state a priority order of their club membership, outlining which club has the higher, or first, claim on the athlete's services.<ref>[https://www.englandathletics.org/clubs-and-facilities/club-affiliation/managing-athlete-registration/ Managing Athlete Registrations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603184450/https://www.englandathletics.org/clubs-and-facilities/club-affiliation/managing-athlete-registration/ |date=2019-06-03 }}. England Athletics. Retrieved 2019-06-03.</ref>
==Sports clubs around the world== In many regions of the world like [[Europe]], [[North Africa]], [[Middle East|West Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]] or [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], sports clubs with several sports departments (multisports clubs) or branches, including highly competitive professional teams, are very popular and have developed into some of the most powerful and representative sports institutions in those places. In general, student sports can be described as composed by multisports clubs, each one representing its educational institution and competing in several sport disciplines.
In the [[United States]] major institutions like the [[New York Athletic Club]] and [[Los Angeles Athletic Club]] serve as athletic clubs that participate in multiple sports. Examples also abound of sports clubs that are in effect one sports team. Each team from the [[National Football League|NFL]] (American football), [[Canadian Football League|CFL]] (Canadian football), [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] (basketball), [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] (baseball), [[National Hockey League|NHL]] (ice hockey) or [[Major League Soccer|MLS]] (association football) North American [[sports league]]s, can be called sports clubs, but in practice, they focus solely on a single sport. There are some exceptions, especially when multiple such teams are under one ownership structure, in which case the club may be referred to as a "sports and entertainment" company; see, for example, the [[Pegula Sports and Entertainment|One Buffalo]] sports club, which fields an NFL team (the [[Buffalo Bills]]), two hockey teams ([[Buffalo Sabres]] and [[Rochester Americans]]), professional lacrosse ([[Buffalo Bandits]]), general athletics and fitness (Impact Sports and Performance), and even [[professional wrestling]] circuits (such as the [[Shahid Khan|Khan]] family's [[Jacksonville Jaguars]], [[Fulham F.C.]], and [[All Elite Wrestling]]). Even in such circumstances, [[collective bargaining agreement]]s and contract laws generally do not allow a player on one sports team within a sports and entertainment company to automatically play for another team in the same company. On the other hand, American [[varsity team]]s are generally organized into a structure forming a true multi-sport club belonging to an educational institution, but varsity collegiate athletics are almost never referred to as clubs; [[college club sports in the United States|"club sports" in American colleges and universities]] refer to sports that are not directly sponsored by the colleges but by student organizations (see [[National Club Football Association]] and [[American Collegiate Hockey Association]] for two leagues consisting entirely of college "club" teams in [[American football]] and [[ice hockey]], respectively).
In the [[United Kingdom]], almost all major sports organisations are dedicated to a single sport. The exception to this is [[Cardiff Athletic Club]] based in [[Cardiff]], Wales, which is the owner of the [[Cardiff Arms Park]] site. It is responsible for much of the premier amateur sporting activities in city with [[cricket]] ([[Cardiff Cricket Club]]), [[rugby union]] (it is the major shareholder of the semi-professional [[Cardiff RFC|Cardiff Rugby Club]]), [[field hockey]] ([[Cardiff & Met Hockey Club]]), tennis ([[Lisvane (CAC) Tennis Club]]) and [[bowls]] ([[Cardiff Athletic Bowls Club]]) sections. Catford Wanderers Sports Club is also a multisports organisation, with [[badminton]], cricket, association football and tennis facilities. In addition, like in several other countries, many universities and colleges develop a wide range of student sport activities including at a professional or semi-professional level. [[Fulham F.C.]] once ran a professional [[rugby league]] team and rowing club, which other football clubs have emulated since. Many football clubs originate from cricket teams. Today, most major cities have separate clubs for each sport (e.g. [[Manchester United]] Football Club and [[Lancashire County Cricket Club]] are based in [[Manchester]]).
Many clubs internationally describe themselves as [[football club]]s ("FC", "Football Club" in British English and "Fußball-Club" in German; "CF", ''Clube de Futebol'' in Portuguese and ''Club de Fútbol'' in Spanish). Generally, British football clubs field only football teams. Their counterparts in several other countries tend to be full multi-sport clubs, even when called football clubs ([[F.C. Porto|Futebol Clube do Porto]]; [[FC Bayern Munich|Fußball-Club Bayern München]]; [[FC Barcelona|Futbol Club Barcelona]]). The equivalent abbreviation "SC" (for "Soccer Club") is occasionally used in North American English (for example, [[Nashville SC]] and [[Orlando City SC]]), but most North American teams (somewhat ambiguously as "football" in [[North American English]] refers to [[Gridiron football|North American gridiron-style football]]) still use "F.C." in their name instead (e.g. [[FC Dallas]] or [[Toronto FC]]).
==See also== *[[Running club]] *[[Community organization]]s *[[Country club]] *[[Health club]] *[[Leisure centre]] *North American Association of Sports Economists *[[Sociedad Anónima Deportiva]] *[[Voluntary Sports Societies of the USSR]]
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Sport}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams| ]] [[Category:Sports organizations|Club]] [[Category:Sports terminology|Club]] [[Category:Clubs and societies]]