Muhammad Musa (general)

{{short description|4th Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army (1908-1991)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2022}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = General | honorific_suffix = HPk HJ HQA MBE | name = Musa Khan | native_name = {{nq|موسیٰ خان}} | image = Muhammad Musa Khan.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Official military portrait | office = 10th Governor of Balochistan | term_start = 17 December 1985 | term_end = 12 March 1991 | successor = Gul Mohammad Khan Jogezai | predecessor = K. K. Afridi | president = General Zia-ul-Haq {{small|(1985-1988)}} Ghulam Ishaq Khan {{small|(1988-1991)}} | office1 = 4th Governor of West Pakistan | term_start1 = 17 September 1966 | term_end1 = 20 March 1969 | predecessor1 = Nawab of Kalabagh | successor1 = Yusuf Haroon | office2 = 4th Commander-in-Chief Pakistan Army | term_start2 = 28 October 1958 | term_end2 = 17 September 1966 | predecessor2 = General Ayub Khan | successor2 = General Yahya Khan | office3 = Deputy Commander-in-Chief Pakistan Army | term_start3 = 24 January 1958 | term_end3 = 21 May 1958 | party = Independent Pakistan Muslim League {{small|(1985–1991)}} | birth_name = Mohammad Musa Khan | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1908|10|20}} | birth_place = Quetta, Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1991|03|12|1908|10|20}} | death_place = Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan | resting_place = Imam Reza shrine, Mashhad, Iran | children = 6 | education = Indian Military Academy Staff College, Quetta Imperial Defence College | branch = {{army|British Raj}} {{small|(1926-1947)}} {{army|PAK}} {{small|(1947-1966}} | service_years = 1926–1966 | rank = General | unit = 4th Hazara Pioneers | commands = 14th Infantry Division (Pakistan) 8th Infantry Division (Pakistan) East Pakistan Rifles | battles = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = '''See list''' | {{Tree list}} *Waziristan campaign (1936–1939) *World War II **North African campaign **Burma Campaign 1944–1945 *India–Pakistan war of 1947 *Bajaur Campaign *India–Pakistan war of 1965 {{Tree list/end}} }} | father = Yazdan Khan | mawards = '''See list''' | relatives = Sharbat Ali Changezi (son-in-law) Mansoor Ali Khan (grandson) }}

'''Mohammad Musa Khan'''{{efn|Urdu: {{nq|محمد موسیٰ خان}}; Sometimes spelled Mohammed Musa Khan and Muhammad Musa Khan.}} (20 December 1908 — 12 March 1991) was a Pakistani four-star general who served as the fourth Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from 1958 to 1966, for most of the regime of President Ayub Khan. He was then appointed Governor of West Pakistan by President Ayub and served from 1966 to 1969. He was appointed as the 10th Governor of Balochistan in 1985 and died in office in 1991.

Gaining commission as a Second lieutenant in the British Indian Army, Khan served with distinction in the Burma and North African campaigns as part of the Allied effort in World War II. Following the Partition of India in 1947, he opted for the Dominion of Pakistan, subsequently transferring his military service to the newly created Pakistan Army. He led a brigade against India during the First Kashmir War in 1947–1948, and eventually ascended the ranks to become the C-in-C of the Army after the 1958 coup d'état. Khan gained notability and public fame throughout Pakistan when he was in command of the Pakistan Army during the Second Kashmir War with India in 1965.

Khan retired shortly after the 1965 war and embarked on a career in national politics, after which he was appointed to serve as the Governor of West Pakistan, a position he held from 1966 to 1969. In 1985, he was appointed as the Governor of Balochistan and remained in office until his death in 1991.

left|thumb|183x183px|Musa Khan as Hockey player in 1930

== Early life == Musa was born on 20 October 1908 in Quetta, Baluchistan, British India to an ethnic Hazara family.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network">{{cite web|last1=Staff writer|title=Dignitaries buried in the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.)|url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=10847|website=imamreza.net|publisher=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network|access-date=17 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810210118/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=10847|archive-date=10 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Hassan|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|date=26 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317463283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&q=musa+khan+Ayub&pg=PA35|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>

His family was ''sardar'' (lit. chief) of the Sang-e-Masha administration of Jaghori Hazara tribe and Musa was the eldest son of Yazdan Khan, who was the local Hazara tribal chief and himself a descendant of Sher Ali Khan, a Hazara elder from Jaghori, Ghazni.<ref name="Hazara The Best">{{cite web|last1=Hazara The Best|title=Great General Mussa Khan|url=http://hazarathebest.weebly.com/great-general-mussa-khan.html|website=Hazara The Best|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jan2013-weekly/nos-20-01-2013/spr.htm#2|title=The first priority is security|work=The News|access-date=12 June 2023|first=Rahimullah|last=Yusufzai|authorlink=Rahimullah Yusufzai}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhEfDAAAQBAJ|title=War and Migration: Social Networks and Economic Strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan|first=Alessandro|last=Monsutti|authorlink=Alessandro Monsutti|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=2005|isbn=9781135486761|page=90|quote=Sardar Yazdan Khan and his sons, General Musa Khan, Sardar Isa Khan and Sardar Isaq Khan, who long dominated political life among the Hazaras of Quetta, also originated in that tribal section.}}</ref>

==Personal life== Musa's younger brother, Mohammad Isa, was born in 1911 and died in September 1963. His third brother, Mohammad Ishaq, was born in 1914 and died in September 1974. Ishaq started his career as a Sub-Inspector Police and was promoted as an Inspector and resigned of Polce Service and started his own business.

Musa married his first cousin, Gulshah and they had six children. Their first child, Mohammad Ismail, was born in the spring of 1930 and died of pneumonia at eight months old. Their second son, Mohammad Ibrahim, was born in June 1932 and died in Karachi on 19 July 1969. Their eldest daughter, Uzra, was born in Quetta in May 1939 and married Sharbat Ali Changezi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jawan_to_General/orgfAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%221939.+She+was%22+uzra%22|title=Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier|quote=My eldest daughter, Uzra, was born at Quetta in May, 1939. She was educated at St. Xavier School, Dacca, and at Presentation Convent School, Rawalpindi, and is married to Air Vice-Marshal S.A. Changazi, Pakistan Air Force. They have an intelligent, likable and energetic son, Taimur Ali, who is fifteen years old now, and a charming daughter, Nargis, who was born in 1970. Taimur's father proceeded to the United States of America for training a few months after his birth, accompanied by his wife. We looked after him during their absence.|page=46|year=1985}}</ref> Their second daughter, Maryam, was born in the winter of 1946 and the youngest, Zainab, was born in January 1949. Their son, Hassan, was the victim of a target killing in Karachi in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jan2013-weekly/nos-20-01-2013/spr.htm#2|title=The first priority is security|author=Rahimullah Yousafzai|year=2013|newspaper=The News International}}</ref>

In his book, Musa wrote about his son Mohammad Ibrahim and said: "His demise was a great blow to the whole family. It took me and my wife very long to recover from it". Musa further wrote that Ibrahim used to look after his own agricultural land and was a good golf player, having won the Pakistan National Championship in 1962 and two other major tournaments in the country.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jawan_to_General/orgfAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Mohammad%22+%22Ibrahim%22|title=Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier|author=Mohammed Musa|year=1985|quote=My second son, Mohammad Ibrahim, was born in June, 1932. He died in Karachi on July 19, 1969, in the prime of his youth. His demise was a great blow to the whole family. It took me and my wife very long to recover from it. The deceased, who used to look after his own agricultural land, was a good golf player. He won Pakistan National champion- ship in 1962 and two other major tournaments in the country. Abroad, he represented Pakistan in the Eisenhower Trophy (World Amateur Golf Team championship) and in the Asian championship, both of which were played in Japan, and also in other international matches held in Ceylon, now Sri Lanka. He has left behind two sons, Yaqub and Mohammad Javed, and two daughters, Qudsia and Fauzia, who are married respectively to my first cousin's sons, Mohammad Hashim and Abdul Hakim.}}</ref>

== Early military career == After his schooling, he was recruited to the British Indian Army as a ''Jawan'' in 1926 and eventually joined the 4th Hazara Pioneers after being promoted as the Naik{{snd}} a non-commissioned officer in the British Indian Army.<ref name="Rahimullah Yusufzai">{{cite news|title=The first priority is security|url=http://jang.com.pk/|access-date=27 August 2013|newspaper=The News|date=20 January 2013|author=Rahimullah Yusufzai}}</ref> He was selected to join the Indian Military Academy (IMA) at Dehra Dun as a cadet in October 1932. The first batch of IMA, known as "The Pioneers", also produced India's first Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, and Smith Dun, the future commander-in-chief of the Burmese Army.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> [[File:General Musa, Circa 1935 in a British Uniform.jpg|thumb|left|Musa while in the British Indian Army, {{circa}} 1935|386x386px]] In 1935, he was commissioned from the IMA, Dehradun following a two years and six months long military training.<ref name="Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR)">{{cite web|last1=ISPR|title=General Muhammad Musa|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146|website=pakistanarmy.gov.pk|publisher=Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR)|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107171601/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was said to be an excellent sportsman and played hockey.<ref name="Routledge" /> In 1936, he was posted to the 6th Royal Battalion of the 13th Frontier Force Rifles as a Platoon Commander and saw actions in the violent Waziristan campaign in 1936 until 1938.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /> He participated well in the World War II on the side of the United Kingdom and served well in the Burma Campaign and North African theatre as part of the Norfolk Regiment of the British Indian Army.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In Middle East, he led the company and was listed in mentioned in despatches for "distinguished services in the Middle East during the period February to July 1941" and in the London Gazette 30 December 1941 as a Lieutenant and acting Major.<ref name="Hazara The Best" />

In 1942, his heroic action for valor won him the praise and was appointed as Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for "gallant and distinguished services in the Middle East."<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1945, he was promoted as substantive captain and substantive major in 1946 and was serving with the Machine Gun battalion, 13th Frontier Force Rifles by October 1942.<ref>October 1942 MS Army List</ref>

After the partition of British India that followed the establishment of Pakistan in 1947, he opted for Pakistan and joined the Pakistan Army as a staff officer.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1947 in the acting rank of Brigadier, he commanded the 103rd Infantry Brigade based in Sialkot brigade in Kashmir and served as commander of military units in the first war with India.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1948, he went on to command the 52nd Infantry Brigade positioned in Quetta.<ref name="Army Museum"/>

After the war in 1948, Musa studied and graduated from the Command and Staff College in Quetta and proceeded to attend the Imperial Defence College in United Kingdom prior to his graduation.<ref name="Army Museum">{{cite web|last1=Army Museum|title=GENERAL MUHAMMAD MUSA|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/general-muhammad-musa/|website=pakarmymuseum.com|publisher=Army Museum|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020104742/http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/general-muhammad-musa/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Later military career ==

In 1950s, Musa's commanding assignments included his role as the Commandant of the East Pakistan Rifles, and also having served as GOC of 14th Infantry Division in Dhaka, East Pakistan, in 1951.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /><ref name="Army Museum" /> In 1952, his last field assignment included his role as General Officer Commanding (GOC) of 8th Infantry Division positioned in Quetta before stationed at the GHQ.<ref name="Army Museum" /> Later, he soon became the Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army (then the commander-in-chief of the army's deputy) in the rank of major-general at the Army GHQ.<ref name="Army Museum" /> His career progressed well in the army and he was ascended to Commander-in-Chief by President Ayub Khan in 1958 when the latter deposed President Iskander Mirza and appointed himself Field Marshal.

Musa's promotion to the four-star appointment came with controversy in the country as many saw that his appointment was based on "dependability rather than merit."<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.">{{cite book|last1=Cloughley|first1=Brian|title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections|date=5 January 2016|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781631440397|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&q=musa+khan+Ayub&pg=PT70|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>Brig A.R. Siddiqui. [https://www.dawn.com/news/1065891/dawn-features-25-april-2004 "Army's top slot: the seniority factor"] ''Dawn'', 25 April 2004</ref> His elevation also meant that he would supersede three of the most senior officers in the Pakistan Army: Gen Adam Khan, Gen Sher Ali Khan Pataudi, and Gen Latif Khan, all of whom were decorated Sandhurst graduates.<ref name="The News, Manzoor">{{cite news|last1=Manzoor|first1=Usman|title=Four of 13 army chiefs were senior-most when appointed|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168018-four-of-13-army-chiefs-were-senior-most-when-appointed|access-date=23 February 2024|publisher=The News, Manzoor|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

President Ayub delegated the military affairs to General Musa when heading the civic government.<ref name="Harvard University Press">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Army and Democracy|date=21 April 2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674419773|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&q=general+muhammad+musa&pg=PA152|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> In 1960, he was appointed to serve as the President of the Pakistan Hockey Federation which he remained in the post until being retired in 1966.<ref name="Pakistan Hockey Federation">{{cite web|last1=PHF|title=Pakistan Hockey Federation|url=http://www.pakistanhockeyfederation.com/history|website=Pakistan Hockey Federation|access-date=18 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019081108/http://www.pakistanhockeyfederation.com/history|archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> It was during his stint as president when the Hockey Team won its first Gold Medal against the Indian Hockey Team in the Summer Olympics in Rome in 1960.<ref name="ABC Publishing House">{{cite book|last1=Musa|first1=Mohammed|title=Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier|date=1985|publisher=ABC Publishing House|pages=240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orgfAAAAMAAJ&q=general+musa+hockey+federation|access-date=18 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>

== Bajaur Campaign == left|thumb|193x193px|Another image of General Musa Khan while he was in the British Indian Army {{Main|Bajaur Campaign}}

In September 1960, Afghan Regular Troops disguised as local tribesmen started border incursions into the NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) province of Pakistan with the goal of starting a local rebellion to capture the Pashtun Inhabited Territory, under General Musa's leadership, Pakistani troops and Local Pashtun tribesmen along with Pakistan Airforce support pushed back the Afghans in 1961 and captured many Afghan soldiers.

== The 1965 War == In 1964, he became aware of covert operation studied by the Foreign ministry led by Foreign Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and presented views against the operation due to no linkage between the covert actions and the conventional backup.<ref name="Dawn, Haider">{{cite news|last1=Haider|first1=Retired Air Commodore Sajjad|title=Straight shooting on the 1965 war|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1204925|access-date=19 October 2016|publisher=Dawn, Haider|date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Gates">{{cite book|last1=Gates|first1=Scott|last2=Roy|first2=Kaushik|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|date=17 February 2016|publisher=Routledge, Gates|isbn=9781317005407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMSXCwAAQBAJ&q=1965+war+musa+khan&pg=PT121|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> General Musa also had the support from President Ayub Khan on his views; however, the war began in 1965.<ref name="Routledge, Gates"/> General Musa did not order the Pakistan Army without the confirmation by President Ayub Khan despite Foreign Minister Bhutto's urging.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro">{{cite book|last1=Hiro|first1=Dilip|title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan|date=24 February 2015|publisher=Nation Books, Hiro|isbn=9781568585031|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan&pg=PA183|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> After the Indian Army moved to the Rann of Kutch, General Musa ordered Army GHQ to respond to the Indian Army by moving the 12th Division.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro"/> After reviewing the aerial view of the area and getting directions from President Ayub to make way for Maj General Yahya Khan, General Musa controversially relieved GOC Major-General Akhtar Hussain Malik and handed over the command of the 12th Division to Major-General Yahya Khan, which resulted in critical time delays of troops movements and eventual failure of the operation.<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig">{{cite book|last1=Baig|first1=Muhammad Anwar; Ebad|title=Pakistan: Time for Change|date=20 December 2012|publisher=AuthorHouse, Baig|isbn=9781477250310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_A5-RABah4C&q=general++musa+khan+yahya&pg=PA24|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>

About the failure due to command change, General Musa justified his actions that he had not had time to select a commander or staff despite the authority given to him.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc." /> He led and commanded the Pakistan Army in the largest tank battle, which earned him public fame.<ref name="CrimsonChinar">{{cite book|last1=VSM|first1=Brig Amar Cheema|title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective|date=31 March 2015|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9788170623014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan+chawinda&pg=PA245|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> His strategy based on classical trench method supported by armory, artillery and airpower was tactically powerful and successful as it stopped the advancing Indian Army but politically unsuccessful due to the country being party of the peace treaty brokered by the USSR in 1965.<ref name="CrimsonChinar"/>

General Musa's military service is unique due to the fact that he had received two extensions as a Commander-in-chief from the period of 1958 until 1966.<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{cite book|last1=Wiarda|first1=Howard J.|title=Comparative Politics: The politics of Asia|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415330954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXkDtR3vCecC&q=general+musa+extension&pg=PA307|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> Upon his retirement, General Musa did not recommend Yahya Khan's nomination as Commander-in-chief and Yahya's name was not included in the list of nominations sent to President Ayub Khan; nonetheless, General Musa was succeeded by General Yahya Khan as Commander in Chief.

About the war with India in 1965, General Musa provided his views and testimonies in two books written on military history of Pakistan Army: first being the '''My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965'''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQhuAAAAMAAJ|title=My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965 by General (Retd.) Mohammad Musa|isbn=9699988762|author=Mohammad Musa|year=1983|publisher=Wajidalis}}</ref> and the second being the '''Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier''',<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSosAAAAIAAJ|title=Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier by General (Retd.) Mohammad Musa|isbn=9789694073552|last1=Musa|first1=Mohammad|year=1985|publisher=ABC Publishing House}}</ref> the latter was mainly his biography.

== Retirement and Politics == {{See also|Pakistan Muslim League}} thumb|A portrait of Musa Khan taken near to his retirement At the time of his retirement in 1966, General Musa was a famed and popular military figure which led President Ayub Khan to appoint him as the Governor of West Pakistan.<ref name="Milfac">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh|title=The Military Factor in Pakistan|year=2008|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9780981537894|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=popular+musa+west+pakistan+governor&pg=PA50|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> News of the appointment was met with enthusiasm by the West Pakistani people.<ref name="Milfac"/> In 1967, he became Governor of West Pakistan until submitting his resignation on 2 March 1969 when General Yahya Khan imposed martial law to takeover the presidency.<ref name="Harvard University Press, Jalal">{{cite book|last1=Jalal|first1=Ayesha|title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics|date=16 September 2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674744998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ&q=general+musa+west+pakistan+governor+popular&pg=PA136|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>

From 1969 to 1984, he settled in Karachi while receiving a military pension.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network"/> In 1985, he became active in national politics on a Pakistan Muslim League platform led by Prime Minister M. K. Junejo.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network"/> He was appointed as Governor of Balochistan by the President Zia-ul-Haq after the general elections held in 1985.<ref>name="Hazara The Best"</ref> After the general elections held in 1988, Governor Musa controversially dissolved the provincial assembly on the then-Chief Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali's advice.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=19 March 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442241480|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&q=general+musa+dissolved&pg=PR34|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>

However, the Balochistan High Court restored the provincial assembly amid public condemnation of the Governor's move.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki"/> The step towards dissolving the assembly was believed to have been taken with the consent of the President and Prime Minister.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki"/> On 12 March 1991, General Musa died while in office and per accordance to his wishes, he was buried in Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /> In his honour, the provincial Balochistan government established a vocational school, the General Muhammad Musa Inter-College (GMMIC), in Quetta, Pakistan in 1987.<ref name="Musa College">{{cite web|last1=Hussaini|first1=Ali Aosat|title=About College|url=http://musacollege.com/aboutcollege.html|website=musacollege.com|publisher=Musa College|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021070126/http://musacollege.com/aboutcollege.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Post-1965 war == About the war with India in 1965, General Musa provided his views and testimonies in two books written on military history of Pakistan Army: the first being ''My Version'' and the second being ''Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier'' which was also his autobiography. General Mohammad Musa, who commanded the Army in the '65 war, gave his account of how the events unfolded at GHQ, the C-in-C and the Supreme Commander Field Marshal Ayub Khan surprising India on 6 September 1965 in ''My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965''

==Governor of Balochistan (1985-1991)== ===Death=== Musa Khan died in Quetta on 12 March 1991.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pakistan_Affairs/969Ecsf6OGMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22General%20Muhammad%20Musa%20Khan%22|title=Governor Musa Dies|date=1 April 1991|publisher=Pakistan Affairs}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations== {| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" | colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=100}} {{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|width=100}} |- |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=War Medal 1965(Tamgha-e-Jang, A.H.1385).png|width=130}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}} |- |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military).png|width=130}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian Distinguished Service Medal.png|width=130}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=130}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}} |- |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Africa Star 1945.png|width=130}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal & MiD.png|width=130}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=130}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}} |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |'''Hilal-e-Pakistan'''

''(Crescent of Pakistan)''

''(HPk)'' | colspan="2" |'''Hilal-i-Jurat''' ''(Crescent of Courage)''

'''1947''' |'''Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria''' ''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956''' |- |'''Member of the Order of the British Empire''' '''(MBE)'''<ref name="discovery">{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7386198 |title=Recommendation for Award for Mohammad Musa Rank: Acting Major Regiment: 6... |date=1941–1944}}</ref> |'''Indian Distinguished Service Medal''' '''(IDSM)''' |'''India General Service Medal (1936)'''

'''(North West Frontier 1937–39 Clasp)''' |'''1939-1945 Star''' |- |'''Africa Star''' |'''War Medal 1939-1945''' ''(with Mentioned in despatches oak leaf)'' |'''India Service Medal''' |'''Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal''' '''(1953)''' |}

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{reflist}}

{{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{succession box | title=Commander-in-Chief Pakistan Army| before=General Ayub Khan| after=General Yahya Khan|years=1958–1966}} |- {{s-off}} {{succession box | title=President Pakistan Hockey Federation | before= Naseer Ahmed| after=Nur Khan|years=1960–1966}} {{succession box | title=Governor of West Pakistan| before=Amir Mohammad Khan| after=Yusuf Haroon|years=1966–1969}} {{succession box | title=Governor of Balochistan| before=Khushdil Khan| after=Hazar Khan Khoso|years=1985–1991}} {{s-end}} {{Commons category|Muhammad Musa Khan Hazara}}

{{Pakistan Army Staff Chief}} {{Governors of West Pakistan}} {{Governor of Balochistan}} {{Hazara nationalism}} {{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Muhammad Musa}} Category:1908 births Category:1991 deaths Category:Graduates of the Command and Staff College Quetta Category:Pakistani people of Hazara descent Category:People from Quetta Category:Military personnel from Karachi Category:Hazara politicians Category:Hazara military personnel Category:Indian Military Academy alumni Category:Frontier Force Regiment officers Category:British Indian Army officers Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies Category:Pakistani generals Category:Commanders-in-chief of the Pakistan Army Category:Military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1965 Category:Pakistani autobiographers Category:Pakistani memoirists Category:Pakistan Hockey Federation presidents Category:Governors of West Pakistan Category:Governors of Balochistan, Pakistan Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Jur'at Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz Category:Pakistani sports executives and administrators Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1965 Category:20th-century Pakistani memoirists Category:Burials at Imam Reza Shrine Category:Indian Members of the Order of the British Empire Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni Category:Pakistani recipients of the Order of the British Empire

Muhammad Musa (general)

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