Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Egypt (1928–1929, 1937–1939)}} {{more citations needed|date=June 2019}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha | native_name = محمد محمود باشا | native_name_lang = ar | birth_date = 1877 | birth_place = Sahel Selim, Egypt | death_date = 1 February 1941 | office = Prime Minister of Egypt | term_start = 29 December 1937 | term_end = 18 August 1939 | monarch = King Farouk | predecessor = Mostafa El-Nahas | successor = Aly Maher Pasha | term_start1 = 27 June 1928 | term_end1 = 4 October 1929 | monarch1 = King Fuad I | predecessor1 = Mostafa El-Nahas | successor1 = Adly Yakan Pasha

{{collapsed infobox section begin | title = Ministerial offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey; }} {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes

| office5 = Minister of Finance | term_start5 = 26 April 1927 | term_end5 = 25 June 1928 | prime_minister5 = Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha Mostafa El-Nahas | predecessor5 = Morcos Hanna Pasha | successor5 = Aly Maher Pasha }} {{collapsed infobox section end}} | image = Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha.PNG | party = Liberal Constitutional Party | other_party = Wafd party | order = 20th }} '''Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha''' ({{langx|ar|محمد محمود باشا}}) also known as '''Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil Pasha''', was an early 20th century Egyptian politician.

== History == [[File:Ch.Schulz&Kugel,_Egyptian_political_prisoners_in_Malta,_12_April_1919_(Mohamed_Mahmoud,_Isma'il_Sidqi,_Saad_Zaghloul,_Hamad_el-Basel).jpg|left|thumb|Egyptian nationalist in Malta. From left to right: Mohamed Mahmoud, Isma'il Sidqi, Saad Zaghloul, Hamad el-Basel]]He was born in Sahel Selim on 1877{{Efn|Another sources gives his birth day as 4 April 1878.{{Sfn|Al-Madani|2024}}}} to a wealthy large landowning Egyptian family.{{Sfn|Goldschmidt Jr|2000|p=118}} His father helped found the Umma party in 1907.{{Sfn|Terry|1982|p=74}} He was later educated Balliol College, Oxford.{{Sfn|Goldschmidt Jr|2000|p=118}} Throughout his political career, he served as governor of Fayyum, the Suez Canal district and Buhayra.{{Sfn|Goldschmidt Jr|2000|p=118}} He was a member of the Wafd party during the 1919 Egyptian revolution, and was exiled to the Seychelles alongside the Wafd party founder Saad Zaghloul.{{Sfn|Goldschmidt Jr|2000|p=118}} In the Wafd, he was a member of the original high command and of the second high command following the deportation of the first one.<ref>Quraishi 1967, ''Appendix B: Leadership of the Wafd Party'' pg 217, 220</ref> He later split from the Wafd in 1921 due to his support for Adly Yakan and helped found the Liberal Constitutional Party, serving as its first vice-president.{{Sfn|Deeb|1979|pp=53, 76}} He later became leader of the party in 1926, formally becoming president in 1928.{{Sfn|Al-Sayyid-Marsot|1977|p=112}}

He served in a few cabinets until becoming prime minister from 1928 to 1929. He dissolved parliament on 19 July 1928 and suspended the constitution, choosing to rule by decree.{{Sfn|Gifford|2021|p=151}} During his premiership, his government entered into negotiations with the British to seek more domestic Egyptian political control of the country. The draft treaty provided for the withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal, British agreement to help Egypt abolish the Capitulations system and Sudan reverting to the status quo of 1924.{{Sfn|Bikhazi|1968|loc=Appendix IV The Negotiations, 1920-1936|p=xxxi}} For the Sudan, the Anglo-Egyptian Convention of 1899 was reaffirmed, with one Egyptian battalion sent to Sudan to satisfy public opinion.{{Sfn|Gifford|2021|p=155}} He was also able to secure the 1929 Nile waters agreement, codifying Egyptian rights to the Nile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lumumba |first=Patrick Loch Otieno |date=2007 |title=The Interpretation of the 1929 Treaty and its Legal Relevance and Implications for the Stability of the Region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24487583 |journal=African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=10–24 |issn=1027-4332}}</ref> However, the British believed that any permanent treaty with Egypt required the Wafd in power, since the Wafd was the only party capable of winning free elections. In the meanwhile, the Wafd lead a campaign against Mahmoud's government; Mahmoud in response banned several newspapers including Ruz al Yusuf.{{Sfn|Terry|1982|p=217}} These events led to Mahmoud's resignation and a Wafd victory in the 1929 Egyptian parliamentary election.{{Sfn|Gifford|2021|pp=161–162}}

The Wafd and the Liberals were brought together during the premiership of Ismail Sidqi. Sidqi suspended the 1923 constitution and replaced it with a much more autocratic document; the 1930 constitution greatly strengthen the powers of the king and weakened the parliament. The Wafd and Liberals agreed to form an alliance to fight against Sidqi's government. Both parties agreed to boycott the 1931 Egyptian parliamentary election.{{Sfn|Deeb|1979|p=243}} Mahmoud and Mustafa al-Nahhas, the leader of the Wafd party, toured Egypt to gather support for their cause.{{Sfn|Terry|1982|p=223}} Mahmoud was also involvement in the 1935–1936 protests, rallying support against the regime.

Mahmoud was a member of the Egyptian negotiating team that eventually resulted in the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian treaty.<ref>Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (1936, August 26). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120924110414/http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/treaties/TS1/1937/6 Treaty of Alliance Between His Majesty, in Respect of the United Kingdom, and His Majesty, the King of Egypt]''.</ref> During negotiations, he objected to the condition that the Egyptian government should build roads for British forces and assist Britain in war or "an apprehended international emergency", though accepted the military clauses on the conditions that the capitulations would be completely revoked.{{Sfn|Al-Sayyid-Marsot|1977|p=182}} After a victory of the anti-Wafd parties in the 1938 elections, he became prime minister once again. As prime minister, he was more pro-British than before, due to concern of fascist Italy's expansion policies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gershoni |first=Israel |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Confronting_Fascism_in_Egypt/BXaDYtApXj4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Confronting+Fascism+in+Egypt&printsec=frontcover |title=Confronting Fascism in Egypt: Dictatorship versus Democracy in the 1930s |last2=Jankowski |first2=James |date=2009-10-21 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7255-6 |page=21 |language=en |quote=The public posture of the ministries of Muhammad Mahmud of 1938– 39 also demonstrated no particular sympathy for Fascist Italy or Nazi Germany. Immediately upon taking office, Prime Minister Muhammad Mahmud assured the British ambassador that he was “fully alive” to the danger posed by potential Italian Fascist expansionism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morewood |first=Steve |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_British_Defence_of_Egypt_1935_40/oQ6RAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The British Defence of Egypt, 1935-40: Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean |date=2004-11-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-77667-1 |page=163 |language=en |quote=These developments notwithstanding, the Mahmoud government and the country at large remained well disposed towards the British if only because of the Italian menace.}}</ref> He resigned on 12 August 1939 due to health reasons.{{Sfn|Morewood|2004|p=168}} He died on the 1 February 1941.

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha}} * {{PM20|FID=pe/019319}} * [https://modernegypt.bibalex.org/Types/Persons/Details.aspx?type=minister&ID=CONHo3wJOsfPJbP2kJ0j%2fw%3d%3d Article] on Bibliotheca Alexandrina * {{Cite book |last=Mahmud |first=Mohammed |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112119902093 |title=The Strong Hand in Egypt : a Brief Survey of the Policy of H.E. Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha in Egypt as Outlined in His Speeches 1928-1929 |publisher=P. Barbey's Print |year=1929 |location=Cairo |oclc=26704561}}

== Notes == {{Notelist}}

== Further reading ==

=== English Sources === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Al-Sayyid-Marsot |first=Afaf Lutfi |author-link=Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot |title=Egypt's Liberal Experiment: 1922–1936 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1977 |isbn=9780520031098}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Bikhazi |first=Ramzi Jibran |title=The Liberal Constitutional Party of Egypt, 1922-1936 |date=1968 |publisher=American University of Beirut |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2382784019?}} * {{Cite book |last=Deeb |first=Marius |title=Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd & its rivals 1919–1939 |publisher=Ithaca Press |year=1979 |isbn=9780903729406}} * {{Cite book |last=Gifford |first=Jayne |title=Britain in Egypt: Egyptian Nationalism and Imperial Strategy, 1919-1931 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2021 |isbn=9780755636686 |chapter="The Two Ends Just Didn't Meet": the Labour Government and Anglo-Egyptian Treaty Negotiations}} * {{Cite book |last=Goldschmidt Jr |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. |title=Historical Dictionary of Egypt |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8108-6586-0 |edition=5th |page=249 |chapter=MAHMUD, MUHAMMAD (1877–1941)}} * {{cite book |last1=Goldschmidt Jr |first1=Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3J6IS8t74QC |title=Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=9781555872298 |page=118 |chapter=Mahmud, Muhammad |author-mask=10}} * {{Cite book |last=Quraishi |first=Zaheer M. |url=https://archive.org/details/liberalnationali0000qura |title=Liberal Nationalism in Egypt; Rise and Fall of the Wafd Party |publisher=Jamal Printing Press |year=1967 |isbn=9780861990009}} * {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Charles D. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamsearchforso0000smit |title=Islam and the Search for Social Order in Modern Egypt: A Biography of Muhammad Husayn Haykal |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1984 |isbn=9781438420400}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Smith |first=Charles D. |title=Muhammad Husayn Haykal: An Intellectual and Political Biography |date=1968 |publisher=University of Michigan |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/302336653}} * {{Cite book |last=Terry |first=Janice J. |title=The Wafd: Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power |publisher=Publisher: Third World Centre for Research and Publishing |year=1982 |isbn=9780861990009}} {{Refend}}

=== Arabic sources === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=El-Shalak |first=Ahmed Zakaria |url=https://archive.org/details/hezb-ahrar |title=حزب الأحرار الدستوريين |publisher=Dar Shorouq |year=1982 |language=ar |trans-title=Constitutional Liberal Party: 1922 -1953}} * {{Cite book |last=حمود |first=ماجدة محمد |title=المعتدلون في السياسة المصرية: دراسة في دور محمد محمود باشا |year=1992 |url=https://viewer2.bibalex.org/BookViewer/?locale=en&EnableLogin=True&book_id=DAF-Job:132001 |publisher=مكتبة الإسكندرية الرقمية |language=ar}} * {{Cite news |last=Al-Madani |first=Abdullah |date=11 November 2024 |title=محمد محمود باشا.. رئيس وزراء مصري من أصول حجازية |trans-title=Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha... an Egyptian Prime Minister of Hijazi origin. |url=https://www.albayan.ae/opinions/articles/9270 |work=Al-Bayan (newspaper)}} * {{Cite book |last=Gwady |first=Muhammed |author-link=Muhammed Gwady |title=محمد محمود باشا وبناء دولة الأقلية لـ محمد الجوادي |publisher=Dar Shorouq |year=2014 |language=ar |trans-title=Muhammad Mahmud Pasha and the Building of a Minority State}}

{{Refend}}{{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{succession box|title=Prime Minister of Egypt|before=Mostafa en-Nahhas Pasha|after=Adly Yakan Pasha|years=1928–1929}} {{succession box|title=Prime Minister of Egypt|before=Mostafa en-Nahhas Pasha|after=Aly Maher Pasha|years=1937–1939}} {{s-end}} {{EgyptPMs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahmoud, Mohamed Pasha}} Category:1877 births Category:1941 deaths Category:20th-century prime ministers of Egypt Category:Ministers of finance of Egypt Category:Wafd Party politicians Category:Egyptian pashas