{{Short description|none}} {{See also|Emperor of Mughal Empire}}{{Distinguish|Mongol emperors}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox former monarchy | royal_title = Emperor | realm = Hindustan | native_name = شہنشاہِ ہند | border = imperial | coatofarms = {{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|[[File:Seal of Bahadur Shah II of India.png|100px]]}} | coatofarmscaption = Imperial seal of Bahadur Shah II<br />(1837–1857) | image2 = {{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|[[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|260px]]}} | caption2 = '''Last to reign'''<br />'''[[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]]'''<br />28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857 | first_monarch = [[Babur]] | last_monarch = [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]] | style = [[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Jahah Panah<br />Alam Panah]] | residence = {{plainlist| * [[Agra Fort]] (1526–1648) * [[Fatehpur Sikri]] (1571–1585) * [[Lahore Fort]] (1586–1598) * [[Red Fort]] (1639–1857)}} | appointer = Hereditary | began = [[First Battle of Panipat|21 April 1526]] | ended = [[Siege of Delhi (1857)|21 September 1857]] }}
The emperors of the [[Mughal Empire]], who were all members of the [[Timurid dynasty]], ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution on 21 September 1857.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC&q=mughals |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |language=en}}</ref> They were monarchs of the Mughal Empire in the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly corresponding to the modern day countries of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Bangladesh]]. They ruled many parts of India from 1526 and by 1707, they ruled most of the subcontinent. Afterwards, they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].
The Mughal dynasty was founded by [[Babur]] ({{Reign|1526|1530}}), a Timurid prince from the [[Fergana Valley]] (modern-day [[Uzbekistan]]). He was a direct descendant of both [[Timur]] and [[Genghis Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babur and His World: A Culture of Books |url=https://asia-archive.si.edu/learn/discovering-baburs-gardens/writing-my-truth-the-mughal-emperor-babur/babur-and-his-world/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art |language=en-US}}</ref>
The Mughal emperors had significant Indian and [[Persian people|Persian]] ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Indian and Persian princesses.<ref>Jeroen Duindam (2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ''Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800'', page 105] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206075722/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |date=6 December 2022 }}, [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Malika|last=Mohammada|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|publisher=Akkar Books|date=1 January 2007|pages=300|isbn=978-8-189-83318-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Mughals and their India|author=Dirk Collier|publisher=[[Hay House]]|year=2016|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|isbn=9789384544980}}</ref>
During the reign of 6th Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], the empire, as the world's largest economy and manufacturing power, worth over 25% of global GDP,<ref>"The World Economy (GDP) : [http://www.theworldeconomy.org/MaddisonTables/MaddisontableB-18.pdf Historical Statistics by Professor Angus Maddison"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805201335/http://www.theworldeconomy.org/MaddisonTables/MaddisontableB-18.pdf |date=5 August 2019 }} . World Economy. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</ref> controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from [[Dhaka]] in the east to [[Kabul]] in the west and from [[Mughal Kashmir|Kashmir]] in the north to the [[Kaveri]] River in the south.<ref> {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals | page=202 }} </ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGwlDgAAQBAJ&q=aurangzeb+gdp |title=Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth |date=2018-02-01 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-0-14-343967-7 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Mughal Genealogical Table.svg|thumb|right|Genealogy of the Mughal dynasty. Only principal offspring of each emperor are provided in the chart.]] Its population at the time is estimated to be around 158,400,000 (a quarter of the world's total population), over a territory of more than 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles).<ref name="Richards1993">{{cite book|last=Richards|first=John F.|title=The Mughal Empire|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521251198|editor1-first=Gordon|editor1-last=Johnson|editor1-link=Gordon Johnson (historian)|editor2-first=C. A.|editor2-last=Bayly|editor2-link=Christopher Alan Bayly|series=The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5|volume=I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries|location=Cambridge|pages=1, 190|date= 1 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The European Union and Global Social Change|isbn = 9781135255800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0SPAgAAQBAJ&q=mughal+empire+population+1700&pg=PA21|access-date=26 June 2017|last1 = Böröcz|first1 = József|date = 10 September 2009| publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]], was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the [[British Raj]] in India.<ref name=spear>{{Harvnb|Spear|1990|pp=147–148}}</ref>
== Background == {{excerpt|Mughal Empire|History|subsections=yes}}
;Titular emperors Over the course of the empire, there were several claimants to the Mughal throne who ascended the throne or claimed to do so but were actually never recognized.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Mughal emperors in India |date=2016-11-18 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315443249-20 |work=The Caliphate |pages=161–164 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315443249-20 |isbn=978-1-315-44324-9 |access-date=2023-01-07|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Here are the claimants to the Mughal throne historians recognise as titular Mughal emperors. # [[Shahryar Mirza]] (1627–1628) # [[Dawar Bakhsh|Dawar Baksh]] (1627–1628) # [[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Jahangir II]] (1719–1720)
== List of Mughal emperors == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! width="10" | No. ! width="100" | Portrait ! width="150" | Titular Name ! width="250" | Birth Name ! width="150" | Birth ! width="200" | Reign ! width="150" | Death |- | 1 | [[File:Humayun and Babur (Late Shah Jahan Album) Babur detail.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Babur]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|بابر}}''' | Zahir ud-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|ظهیر الدین محمد}} | 14 February 1483<br/>[[Andijan]] | 21 April 1526 – 26 December 1530<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1526|04|21|1530|12|26}})}} | 26 December 1530 (aged 47)<br/>[[Agra]] |- | 2 | [[File:Darbar of Humayun, detail, Humayun. Akbarnama, 1602-4, British Library.png|80px]] | '''[[Humayun]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|همایوں}}''' | Nasir ud-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|نصیر الدین محمد}} | 6 March 1508<br/>[[Kabul]] | 26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1530|12|26|1540|05|17}})}}<hr/>22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1555|02|22|1556|01|27}})}} | 27 January 1556 (aged 47)<br/>[[Delhi]] |- | 3 | [[File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg|80px]] | '''[[Akbar I]] <br/>{{Uninastaliq|اکبر}}''' | Jalal ud-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین محمد}} | 15 October 1542<br/>[[Umerkot]] | 11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1556|02|11|1605|10|27}})}} | 27 October 1605 (aged 63)<br/>Agra |- | 4 | [[File:Jahangircrop.jpeg|80px]] | '''[[Jahangir]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|جهانگیر}}''' | Nur ud-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq| نور الدین محمد}} | 31 August 1569<br/>Agra | 3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1605|11|3|1627|10|28}})}} | 28 October 1627 (aged 58)<br/>[[Bhimber]]<ref name="Allan 1934 p. 398">{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=J. |last2=Haig |first2=Sir T. Wolsely |last3=Dodwell |first3=H. H. |editor-last=Dodwell |editor-first=H. H. |editor-link=H. H. Dodwell |year=1934 |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA398 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=398}}</ref> |- | 5 | [[File:Shah Jahan of Mughal empire.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Shah Jahan I]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|شاه جهان}}''' | Shihab ud-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|شهاب الدین محمد}} | 5 January 1592<br/>[[Lahore]] | 19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1628|01|19|1658|07|31}})}} | 22 January 1666 (aged 74)<br/>Agra |- | 6 | [[File:Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707).jpg (Cropped).jpg|80px]] | '''[[Aurangzeb]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|اورنگزیب }}'''<hr/>'''Alamgir I<br/>{{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر}}''' | Muhi al-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|محی الدین محمد}} | 3 November 1618<br/>[[Dahod]], [[Gujarat]] | 31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1658|07|31|1707|03|03}})}} | 3 March 1707 (aged 88)<br/>[[Ahmednagar]] |- | 7 | [[File:Azam shah (cropped).jpg|80px]] | '''[[Azam Shah]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|اعظم شاه}}''' | Qutb ud-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|قطب الدين محمد}} | 28 June 1653<br/>[[Burhanpur]] | 14 March – 20 June 1707<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1707|03|14|1707|06|20}})}} | 20 June 1707 (aged 53)<br/>Agra |- | 8 | [[File:Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Bahadur Shah I]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|بهادر ش��ہ}}'''<hr/>'''Shah Alam I<br/>{{Uninastaliq|شاه عالم اول}}''' | Mirza Muhammad Mu'azzam<br/>{{Uninastaliq|مرزا محمد معظم}} | 14 October 1643<br/>Burhanpur | 19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1707|06|19|1712|02|27}})}} | 27 February 1712 (aged 68)<br/>Lahore |-bgcolor=#66BB55 | 9 | [[File:Jahandar Shah of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Jahandar Shah]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|جهاندار شاہ}}''' | Muiz ud-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|معز الدین محمد }}<br/>{{small|First Puppet emperor}} | 9 May 1661<br/>[[Deccan]] | 27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1712|02|27|1713|02|11}})}} | 12 February 1713 (aged 51)<br/>Delhi |-bgcolor=#DAF2CE | 10 | [[File:Farrukhsiyar of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Farrukhsiyar]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|فرخ سیر}}''' | Muin al-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|معین الدین محمد}}<br/>{{small|Puppet emperor under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]}} | 20 August 1685<br/>[[Aurangabad]] | 11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1713|1|13|1719|02|28}})}} | style="text-align:center;"|19 April 1719 (aged 33)<br/>Delhi |-bgcolor=#DAF2CE | 11 | [[File:Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Rafi ud-Darajat]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|رفیع الدرجات}}''' | Shams al-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|شمس الدین محمد}}<br/>{{small|Puppet emperor under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]}} | 1 December 1699 | 28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1719|02|28|1719|06|06}})}} | 6 June 1719 (aged 19)<br/>Agra |- bgcolor=#DAF2CE | 12 | [[File:Shah Jahan II of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Shah Jahan II]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|شاہ جهان دوم}}''' | Rafi al-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|رفع الدين محمد}}<br/>{{small|Puppet emperor under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]}} | 5 January 1696 | 6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1719|06|06|1719|09|17}})}} | 18 September 1719 (aged 23)<br/>Agra |- bgcolor=#DAF2CE | 13 | [[File:Muhammad Shah of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Muhammad Shah]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|محمد شاه}}''' | Nasir al-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|نصیر الدین محمد}}<br/>{{small|Puppet emperor under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]}} | 7 August 1702<br/>[[Ghazni]] | 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1719|09|27|1748|04|26}})}} | 26 April 1748 (aged 45)<br/>Delhi |- | 14 | [[File:Ahmad Shah Bahadur of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|احمد شاہ بهادر}}''' | Mujahid al-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|مجاهد الدین محمد}} | 23 December 1725<br/>Delhi | 29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1748|04|29|1754|06|02}})}} | 1 January 1775 (aged 49)<br/>Delhi |- | 15 | [[File:Alamgir II of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Alamgir II]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر دوم}}''' | Aziz al-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|عزیز اُلدین محمد}} | 6 June 1699<br/>Burhanpur | 3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1754|06|03|1759|11|29}})}} | 29 November 1759 (aged 60)<br/>Delhi |- | 16 | [[File:Shah Jahan III of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Shah Jahan III]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|شاه جهان سوم}}''' | Muhi al-Millat<br/>{{Uninastaliq|محی الملت}} | 1711 | 10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1759|12|10|1760|10|10}})}} | style="text-align:center;"|1772 (aged 60–61) |- | 17 | [[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Shah Alam II]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|شاه عالم دوم}}''' | Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar<br/>{{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین علی گوهر}} | 25 June 1728<br/>Delhi | 10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1760|10|10|1788|07|31}})}} | 19 November 1806 (aged 78)<br/>Delhi |- | 18 | [[File:Mughal Emperor Mahmud Shah Bahadur.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Shah Jahan IV]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|جهان شاه چهارم}}''' | Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Shah Jahan IV<br/>{{Uninastaliq| بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ }} | 1749<br/>Delhi | 31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1788|07|31|1788|10|11}})}} | 1790 (aged 40–41)<br/>Delhi |- bgcolor="#F5DEB3" | 17* | [[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Shah Alam II]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|شا�� عالم دوم}}''' | Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar<br/>{{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین علی گوهر}}<br/>{{small|Puppet emperor under the [[Scindias of Gwalior]]}} | 25 June 1728<br/>Delhi | 16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1788|10|16|1806|11|19}})}} | 19 November 1806 (aged 78)<br/>Delhi |- bgcolor="#F2D4CE" | 19 | [[File:Akbar Shah II of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Akbar II|Akbar Shah II]]<br/>{{Uninastaliq|اکبر شاه دوم}}''' | Muin al-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|میرزا اکبر}}<br/>{{small|Puppet emperor under the [[East India Company]]}} | 22 April 1760<br/>[[Mukundpur]] | 19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1806|11|19|1837|09|28}})}} | 28 September 1837 (aged 77)<br/>Delhi |- | 20 | [[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|80px]] | '''[[Bahadur Shah II]] Zafar<br/>{{Uninastaliq|بهادر شاه ظفر}}''' | Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad<br/>{{Uninastaliq|ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد}} | 24 October 1775<br/>Delhi | 28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857<br/>{{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1837|09|28|1857|09|21}})}} | 7 November 1862 (aged 87)<br/>[[Rangoon]] |}
== Family tree of Mughal emperors == {{Mughal family tree}}
==See also== * [[Timurid family tree]] * [[Mughal-Mongol genealogy]] * [[List of Mughal empresses]]
== References ==
=== Citations === {{Reflist}}
=== Sources === {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |title=India before Europe |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-80904-5 |oclc=61303480}} * {{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974}} * {{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA202 |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |author-link=John F. Richards }} * {{Citation |last=Robb |first=Peter |title=A History of India |year=2011 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-0-230-34424-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJNKEAAAQBAJ}} * {{Citation |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 |authorlink=Burton Stein |access-date=15 July 2019 }} * {{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ |title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5}} * [[John Keay|Keay, John]], ''India, a History'', 2000, HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0002557177}} * {{Citation| last1=Spear| first1=Percival| author-link=Percival Spear| year=1990| orig-year=First published 1965| title=A History of India, Volume 2| publisher=New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298| isbn=978-0-14-013836-8| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2H_v0t5jTkC&pg=PA147}}. * {{Country study}} – [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120714040603/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html |date=14 July 2012 }} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629162528/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html |date=29 June 2015 }} {{refend}}
{{Mughal Empire}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal Emperors}} [[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire| ]] [[Category:India history-related lists]] [[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Mughal]]