{{Short description|Family of mammals belonging to even-toed ungulates}} {{About|the deer|the French commune|Chevrotaine}} {{Distinguish|Chevrotin|Deer mouse}} {{Redirect|Kancil|the car|Perodua Kancil}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Chevrotain | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Eocene | Present}} | image = Mouse-deer_Singapore_Zoo_2012.JPG | image_caption = Lesser mouse-deer<br />(''Tragulus kanchil'') | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Tragulidae | authority = H. Milne-Edwards, 1864 | type_genus = ''Tragulus'' | type_genus_authority = Brisson, 1762 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = * ''Hyemoschus'' * ''Moschiola'' * ''Tragulus'' | range_map = File:Tragulidae distribution.png | range_map_caption = Tragulidae distribution<br/>''Hyemoschus'' in blue, ''Moschiola'' in red, and ''Tragulus'' in green }}
'''Chevrotains''', or '''mouse-deer''', are small, even-toed ungulates that make up the family '''Tragulidae''', and are the only living members of the infraorder Tragulina. The 10 extant species are placed in three genera,<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3|id=14200123}}</ref><ref name=MoschiolaTaxonomy>{{cite journal |author1=Groves, C. |author2=Meijaard, E. |year=2005 |title=Intraspecific variation in Moschiola, the Indian chevrotain |journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=Supplement 12 |pages=413–421}}</ref> but several species also are known only from fossils.<ref name=extinct>{{cite journal |author1=Farooq, U. |author2=Khan, M.A. |author3=Akhtar, M. |author4=Khan, A.M. |year=2008 |url=http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-08-32-1/zoo-32-1-14-0612-5.pdf |title=Lower dentition of Dorcatherium majus (Tragulidae, Mammalia) in the Lower and Middle Siwaliks (Miocene) of Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928075033/http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-08-32-1/zoo-32-1-14-0612-5.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |journal=Tur. J. Zool. |volume=32 |pages=91–98}}</ref> The extant species are found in forests in South and Southeast Asia; a single species, the water chevrotain, is found in the rainforests of Central and West Africa.<ref name=walker>{{cite book |editor=Nowak, R.M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |edition=6th |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |place=Baltimore, MD}}</ref> In November 2019, conservation scientists announced that they had photographed silver-backed chevrotains (''Tragulus versicolor'') in a Vietnamese forest for the first time since the last confirmed sightings in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chappell |first1=Bill |title=Silver-Backed Chevrotain, with Fangs and Hooves, Photographed In Wild for First Time |website=NPR |date=11 November 2019 |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/11/11/778312670/silver-backed-chevrotain-with-fangs-and-hooves-photographed-in-wild-for-first-ti |publisher=NPR.org |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nguyen |first1=An |title=Camera-trap evidence that the silver-backed chevrotain Tragulus versicolor remains in the wild in Vietnam |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1027-7 |publisher=Nature.com |date=11 November 2019 |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tiny deer-like animal spotted after 25 years|website=CNN|date=11 Nov 2019|format=Video|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2019/11/11/mouse-deer-vietnam-rediscovered-orig-na-cz.cnn}}</ref>
They are solitary, or live in loose groupings or pairs, and feed almost exclusively on plant material.<ref name=walker/> Chevrotains are the smallest hoofed mammals in the world. The Asian species weigh between {{convert|1|-|4|kg|lb|frac=2|abbr=on}}, while the African chevrotain is considerably larger, at {{convert|7|-|16|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=erythrocytes9/><ref>{{cite web |website=Ultimate Ungulate |url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Hyemoschus_aquaticus.html |title=''Hyemoschus aquaticus'' |access-date=12 October 2010}}</ref> With an average length of {{Convert|45|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} and an average height of {{Convert|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, the Java mouse-deer is the smallest surviving ungulate (hoofed) mammal, as well as the smallest artiodactyl (even-toed ungulate).<ref name=erythrocytes9>{{cite journal|last1=Fukuta|first1=K.|last2=Kudo|first2=H|last3=Jalaludin|first3=S.|year=1996|title=Unique pits on the erythrocytes of the lesser mouse-deer, Tragulus javanicus|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=189|issue=1|pages=211–213|pmc=1167845|pmid=8771414}}</ref> Despite their common name of "mouse-deer", they are not closely related to true deer, hence the orthographic distinction by means of the hyphen.
== Etymology == The word "chevrotain" comes from the Middle French word ''chevrot'' (kid or fawn), derived from ''chèvre'' (goat).<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Chevrotain|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref>
The single African species is consistently known as "chevrotain".<ref name=msw3/><ref name=walker/><ref name=iucnHaquaticus>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |date=2016 |title=''Hyemoschus aquaticus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T10341A50188841 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T10341A50188841.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The names "chevrotain" and "mouse-deer" have been used interchangeably among the Asian species,<ref name=walker/><ref name=iucnMindica>{{cite iucn |author=Duckworth, J.W. |author2=Timmins, R. |date=2015 |title=''Moschiola indica'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T136585A61979067 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T136585A61979067.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=iucnMkathygre>{{cite iucn |author=Duckworth, J.W. |author2=Timmins, R. |date=2015 |title=''Moschiola kathygre'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T136799A61979620 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T136799A61979620.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=iucnMmeminna>{{cite iucn |author=Duckworth, J.W. |author2=Timmins, R. |date=2015 |title=''Moschiola meminna'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T41779A73575223 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41779A73575223.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> though recent authorities typically have preferred chevrotain for the species in the genus ''Moschiola'' and mouse-deer for the species in the genus ''Tragulus''.<ref name=msw3/> Consequently, all species with pale-spotted or -striped upper parts are known as "chevrotain" and without are known as "mouse-deer".
The Telugu name for the Indian spotted chevrotain is ''jarini pandi'', which literally means "a deer and a pig".{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} The Tamil term is {{lang|ta|சருகு மான்}} ''sarukumāṉ'' "leaf-pile deer". The Sinhala name {{transliteration|si|meeminna}} roughly translates to "mouse-like deer". This was used in the scientific name of the Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain, ''M. meminna''.
==Biology== The family was widespread and successful from the Oligocene (34 million years ago) through the Miocene (about 5 million years ago), but has remained almost unchanged over that time and remains as an example of an archaic ruminant type. They have four-chambered stomachs to ferment tough plant foods, but the third chamber is poorly developed. Unlike other artiodactyls, they lack an carotid rete,<ref name="Fukuta Kudo Sasaki Kimura 2007 pp. 112–1162">{{cite journal |last1=Fukuta |first1=Katsuhiro |last2=Kudo |first2=Hiroshi |last3=Sasaki |first3=Motoki |last4=Kimura |first4=Junpei |last5=Ismail |first5=Dahlan bin |last6=Endo |first6=Hideki |date=2007 |title=Absence of carotid rete mirabile in small tropical ruminants: implications for the evolution of the arterial system in artiodactyls |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=210 |issue=1 |pages=112–116 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00667.x |pmid=17229288 |issn=0021-8782|pmc=2100259 }}</ref> and so cannot heat exchange cool blood entering their brains, a thermoregulatory innovation that allows other artiodactyls to exploit hot arid habitats.<ref name="Mitchell Lust 2008 pp. 415–418">{{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=G |last2=Lust |first2=A |date=2008-08-23 |title=The carotid rete and artiodactyl success |journal=Biology Letters |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=415–418 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2008.0138 |issn=1744-9561 |pmc=2610139 |pmid=18426746}}</ref> Though most species feed exclusively on plant material, the water chevrotain occasionally takes insects and crabs or scavenges meat and fish.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Jonathan Kingdon |author=Kingdon, J. |year=1997 |title=The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-408355-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona }}</ref> Like other ruminants, they lack upper incisors. They give birth to only a single young.
In other respects, however, they have primitive features, closer to nonruminants such as pigs. All species in the family lack antlers and horns, but both sexes have elongated canine teeth. These are especially prominent in males, where they project out on either side of the lower jaw, and are used in fights.<ref name=walker/> Their legs are short and thin, which leave them lacking in agility, but also helps to maintain a smaller profile to aid in running through the dense foliage of their environments. Other pig-like features include the presence of four toes on each foot, the absence of facial scent glands, premolars with sharp crowns,<ref name=EoM/> and the form of their sexual behaviour and copulation.<ref name="Geist1998">{{cite book|author=Valerius Geist|title=Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcWZX-IMEVkC|year=1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-0496-0}}</ref><ref name=EoM>{{cite book |editor=Macdonald, D. |author=Dubost, G. |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/516 516–517] |isbn=978-0-87196-871-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/516 }}</ref>
[[Image:Rare mating photograph of 'Mouse Deers' at Singapore Zoo(23-10-07).JPG|thumb|Mating mouse-deer]] They are solitary or live in pairs.<ref name=walker/> The young are weaned at three months of age, and reach sexual maturity between 5 and 10 months, depending on species. Parental care is relatively limited. Although they lack the types of scent glands found in most other ruminants, they do possess a chin gland for marking each other as mates or antagonists, and, in the case of the water chevrotain, anal and preputial glands for marking territory. Their territories are relatively small, on the order of {{convert|13|–|24|ha}}, but neighbors generally ignore each other, rather than compete aggressively.<ref name=EoM/>
Some of the species show a remarkable affinity with water, often remaining submerged for prolonged periods to evade predators or other unwelcome intrusions. This has also lent support to the idea that whales evolved from water-loving creatures that looked like small deer.<ref name="Walker2010">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8137000/8137922.stm |last=Walker |first=M. |work=BBC News |title=Aquatic deer and ancient whales |date=2009-07-07 |access-date=2010-03-26 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Meijaard2010">{{cite journal |last1=Meijaard |first1=E. |last2=Umilaela |last3=de Silva Wijeyeratne |first3=G. |title=Aquatic escape behaviour in mouse-deer provides insight into tragulid evolution |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=471–473 |date=September 2010 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2009.05.007|bibcode=2010MamBi..75..471M }}</ref>
==Taxonomy== Tragulidae's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram:<ref>{{cite journal|year=2006|title=A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals|journal=BMC Evol Biol|volume=6|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-93|pmc=1654192|pmid=17101039|last= Beck|first= N.R.|page=93 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="O'Leary2013">{{cite journal|last1= O'Leary|first1= M.A.|last2= Bloch|first2= J.I.|last3= Flynn|first3= J.J.|last4= Gaudin|first4= T.J.|last5= Giallombardo|first5= A.|last6= Giannini|first6= N.P.|last7= Goldberg|first7= S.L.|last8= Kraatz|first8= B.P.|last9= Luo|first9= Z.-X.|last10= Meng|first10= J.|last11= Ni|first11= X.|last12= Novacek|first12= M.J.|last13= Perini|first13= F.A.|last14= Randall|first14= Z.S.|last15= Rougier|first15= G.W.|last16= Sargis|first16= E.J.|last17= Silcox|first17= M.T.|last18= Simmons|first18= N.B.|last19= Spaulding|first19= M.|last20= Velazco|first20= P.M.|last21= Weksler|first21= M.|last22= Wible|first22= J.R.|last23= Cirranello|first23= A.L.|title= The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals|journal= Science|volume= 339|issue= 6120|year= 2013|pages= 662–667|doi= 10.1126/science.1229237|pmid= 23393258|bibcode= 2013Sci...339..662O|s2cid= 206544776|hdl= 11336/7302|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref name="Song2012">{{cite journal|last1= Song|first1= S.|last2= Liu|first2= L.|last3= Edwards|first3= S.V.|last4= Wu|first4= S.|title= Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model|journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume= 109|issue= 37|year= 2012|pages= 14942–14947|doi= 10.1073/pnas.1211733109|pmid= 22930817|pmc= 3443116|bibcode= 2012PNAS..10914942S|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name="dos Reis2012">{{cite journal|last1=dos Reis|first1= M.|last2= Inoue|first2= J.|last3= Hasegawa|first3= M.|last4= Asher|first4= R.J.|last5= Donoghue|first5= P.C.J.|last6= Yang|first6= Z.|title= Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny|journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume= 279|issue= 1742|year= 2012|pages= 3491–3500|doi= 10.1098/rspb.2012.0683|pmid= 22628470|pmc= 3396900|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name="Upham2019">{{cite journal|last1= Upham|first1= N.S.|last2= Esselstyn|first2= J.A.|last3= Jetz|first3= W.|title= Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation|journal= PLOS Biology|volume= 17|issue= 12|year= 2019|article-number= e3000494|doi= 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494|pmid= 31800571|pmc= 6892540|doi-access= free}}(see e.g. Fig S10)</ref>
{{Clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1=Artiodactyla |1={{Clade |1=Tylopoda (camels)50 px |label2=Artiofabula |2={{Clade |1=Suina (pigs)50 px |label2=Cetruminantia |2={{Clade |label1=Ruminantia (ruminants) |1={{Clade |1='''Tragulidae''' (mouse-deer)50 px |2=Pecora (horn bearers)50 px }} |label2=Cetancodonta/Whippomorpha |2={{Clade |1=Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses)50 px |2=Cetacea (whales)50 px }} }} }} }} }}
Traditionally, only four extant species were recognized in the family Tragulidae.<ref name=walker/> In 2004, ''T. nigricans'' and ''T. versicolor'' were split from ''T. napu'', and ''T. kanchil'' and ''T. williamsoni'' were split from ''T. javanicus''.<ref name=TragulusTaxonomy>{{cite journal |author1=Meijaard, I. |author2=Groves, C.P. |year=2004 |title=A taxonomic revision of the Tragulus mouse-deer |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=140 |pages=63–102|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00091.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2005, ''M. indica'' and ''M. kathygre'' were split from ''M. meminna''.<ref name=MoschiolaTaxonomy/> With these changes, the 10 extant species are:
thumb|Indian spotted chevrotain thumb|''Tragulus'' sp.{{efn|Changing taxonomy in the genus Tragulus make exact species identification uncertain, but either ''T. javanicus'' or ''T. kanchil''. Note also the contradicting English and scientific names on the sign on the photo.}} * '''Family Tragulidae''' ** Genus ''Hyemoschus'' *** Water chevrotain, ''Hyemoschus aquaticus'' ** Genus ''Moschiola'' *** Indian spotted chevrotain, ''Moschiola indica'' *** Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain, ''Moschiola meminna'' *** Yellow-striped chevrotain, ''Moschiola kathygre'' ** Genus ''Tragulus'' *** Java mouse-deer, ''Tragulus javanicus'' *** Lesser mouse-deer or kanchil, ''Tragulus kanchil'' *** Greater mouse-deer, ''Tragulus napu'' *** Philippine mouse-deer, ''Tragulus nigricans'' *** Vietnam mouse-deer, ''Tragulus versicolor'' *** Williamson's mouse-deer, ''Tragulus williamsoni''
==Extinct chevrotains== [[Image:Dorcatherium.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of ''Dorcatherium'' by Heinrich Harder.]] The Hypertragulidae were closely related to the Tragulidae.
The six extinct chevrotain genera<ref name=extinct/> include:
*Genus ''Dorcatherium'' **''Dorcatherium minus'' from Pakistan **''Dorcatherium majus'' from Pakistan **''Dorcatherium naui'', from Central Europe<ref>{{cite journal |first=E. |last=Thenius |year=1950 |title=Über die Sichtung und Bearbeitung der jungtertiären Säugetierreste aus dem Hausruck und Kobernaußerwald (O.Ö.) |journal=Verh. Geol. B.-A. |volume=51 |issue=2 |page=56}}</ref> *Genus ''Dorcabune'' **''Dorcabune anthracotherioides'' from Pakistan **''Dorcabune nagrii'' from Pakistan *Genus ''Afrotragulus'' Sánchez, Quiralte, Morales and Pickford, 2010<ref name="Sánchez2010">{{Cite journal |first1=Israel M. |last1=Sánchez |first2=Victoria |last2=Quiralte |first3=Jorge |last3=Morales |first4=Martin |last4=Pickford |year=2010 |title=A new genus of tragulid ruminant from the early Miocene of Kenya|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=177–187 |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app55/app20090087.pdf |doi=10.4202/app.2009.0087|s2cid=303897 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ** ''Afrotragulus moruorotensis'' (previously ''"Dorcatherium" moruorotensis'' Pickford, 2001) (early Miocene) from Moruorot, Kenya ** ''Afrotragulus parvus'' (previously ''"D." parvus'' Withworth 1958) (early Miocene) from Rusinga Island, Kenya *Genus ''Siamotragulus'' **''Siamotragulus sanyathanai'' Thomas, Ginsburg, Hintong and Suteethorn, 1990 (middle Miocene) from Lampang, Thailand **''Siamotragulus haripounchai'' Mein and Ginsburg, 1997 (Miocene) from Lamphun, Thailand *Genus ''Yunnanotherium'' *Genus ''Archaeotragulus''<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00071.x |author1=Métais, G. |author2=Chaimanee, Y. |author3=Jaeger, J.-J. |author4=Ducrocq S. |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.thaiscience.info/Article%20for%20ThaiScience/Article/5/Ts-5%20new%20remains%20of%20primitive%20ruminants%20from%20thailand%20evidence%20of%20the%20early%20evolution%20of%20the%20ruminantia%20in%20asia.pdf |title=New remains of primitive ruminants from Thailand: Evidence of the early evolution of the Ruminantia in Asia |year=2001 |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=30 |issue=4 |page=231 |s2cid=85647031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722000705/http://www.thaiscience.info/Article%20for%20ThaiScience/Article/5/Ts-5%20new%20remains%20of%20primitive%20ruminants%20from%20thailand%20evidence%20of%20the%20early%20evolution%20of%20the%20ruminantia%20in%20asia.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-22 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> **''Archaeotragulus krabiensis'' Metais, Chaimanee, Jaeger and Ducrocq, 2001 (late Eocene) from Krabi, Thailand
The extinct chevrotains might also include<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LD1nDlzXYicC&pg=PA347 |title=Mammalogy |first1=Terry A. |last1=Vaughan |first2=James M. |last2=Ryan |first3=Nicholas J. |last3=Czaplewski |edition=5th |isbn=978-0-7637-6299-5 |access-date=April 4, 2012 |date=2011-04-21 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.4202/app.2009.0087 |title=A new genus of Tragulid ruminant from the Early Miocene of Kenya |year=2010 |last1=Sánchez |first1=Israel M. |last2=Quiralte |first2=Victoria |last3=Morales |first3=Jorge |last4=Pickford |first4=Martin |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=55 |issue=2 |page=177|doi-access=free }}</ref> *Genus ''Krabitherium'' **''Krabitherium waileki'' Metais, Chaimanee, Jaeger and Ducrocq, 2007 (late Eocene) from Krabi, Thailand<ref>{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=116983 |website=Paleobiology Database (Paleodb.org) |title=Krabitherium |access-date=2013-01-18 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> *Genus ''Nalameryx'' **''Nalameryx savagei''<ref>Mennecart, B., Wazir, W.A., Sehgal, R.K., Patnaik, R., Singh, N.P., Kumar, N. and Nanda, A.C., 2021. New remains of Nalamaeryx (Tragulidae, Mammalia) from the Ladakh Himalaya and their phylogenetical and palaeoenvironmental implications. Historical Biology, pp.1-9.https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.2014479</ref> **''Nalameryx sulaimani''
== Mythology == [[File:Coat of arms of Malacca.svg|thumb|right|The supporters of the coat of arms of Malacca are two mouse-deer, alluding to the founding legend of Malacca.]]
According to the ''Malay Annals'', King Parameswara, seeking a place to found a new city, came to a place where he saw a mouse-deer (''kancil'' in Malay) kicking his hunting dog into the river. He thought this boded well, remarking, "This place is excellent. Even the mouse deer is formidable. It is best that we establish a kingdom here". This became the Malacca Sultanate and Malacca its capital.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=C. C. |date= October 1952 |title= The Malay Annals |journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=25 |issue= 2/3 (159) |pages=5–276|jstor=41502950 }}</ref>{{rp|51–52}} In memory of this founding legend, the coat of arms of Malacca depicts two mouse-deer.
The mouse-deer or Sang Kancil is also a well-known trickster of Malay folklore.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=See Hoon Peow<!-- xct nm --> |date= 2016 |title=A Comparative Study of Malay and Chinese Trickster Tales: ''Sang Kancil'', The Rabbit and The Rat |url=http://web.usm.my/km/34(2)2016/km34022016_03.pdf |journal=Kajian Malaysia |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=59–73|doi= 10.21315/km2016.34.2.3 }}</ref>{{rp|61–66}}
==Footnotes== {{Notelist|1}}
==References== {{Reflist|25em}}
==External links== {{Wiktionary}}
*{{cite EB1911|last=Lydekker|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Lydekker|wstitle=Chevrotain |short=x}}
{{Artiodactyla|R.}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q8535351}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Chevrotains Category:Extant Miocene first appearances Category:Mammal families Category:Mammals of Southeast Asia Chevrotain