{{Short description|Sacred mountain in the Hindu Puranas}} {{for-multi|the African mountain range|Mandara Mountains|the Mandar Parvat used during Samudra Manthana|Mandar Hill}} [[Image:Kurma,_the_tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Kurma avatara of Vishnu, below Mount Mandara, with Vasuki wrapped around it, during Samudra Manthana, the churning of the Ocean of milk. ca 1870.]]{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Mandara''' ({{langx|sa|मन्दारः}}; {{IAST|mandārah}}) is the name of the mountain that appears in the Samudra Manthana episode in the Hindu Puranas, where it was used as a churning rod to churn the Ocean of Milk. Shiva's serpent, Vasuki, offered to serve as the rope pulled on one side by a team of asuras (i.e., demons), and on the other, by a team of devas (i.e., gods). It is frequently identified as a residence of the deity Shiva and Parvati, a site of intense spirituality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synopses of Chapters 31 to 52 from The Skandapurāṇa Volume IIb: Adhyāyas 31-52. The Vāhana and Naraka Cycles on JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwvds.8 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.jstor.org |language=en |doi=10.1163/j.ctv2gjwvds.8}}</ref>
== Literature == The primary Puranic significance of Mount Mandara is its use as a churning rod to retrieve amrita, the nectar of immortality, from the depths of the primal ocean.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Pradip |date=1986 |title=Symbols of Immortality in the Mahabharata |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001678 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=106–115 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref> In the narrative, the devas (i.e., gods) and asuras (i.e., demons) were unable to uproot the mountain themselves and required the assistance of the celestial serpent Ananta to move it to the ocean.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=5. Churning the ocean of milk – a historical-comparative study of the Indo-European root menth from Indo-European Ecologies: Cattle and Milk – Snakes and Water on JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/content/oa_chapter_edited/jj.32247978.9 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.jstor.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Joanna |date=1992 |title=The Churning of the Ocean of Milk— Myth, Image and Ecology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23002226 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=1/2 |pages=145–155 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref>
During the churning process, the serpent Vasuki, served as the churning rope, wrapped around the mountain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lenhart |first=Lawrence |date=2016 |title=Too Slow Is How That Tortoise Go: A Carapace in 37 Parts |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/fourthgenre.18.1.0089 |journal=Fourth Genre: Explorations in Nonfiction |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=000–000 |doi=10.14321/fourthgenre.18.1.0089 |issn=1522-3868}}</ref> The asuras held the serpent's head while the devas held its tail.<ref name=":0" /> To prevent the massive mountain from sinking into the ocean floor, the god Vishnu assumed his second avatar as a tortoise Kurma, to act as a pivoting base for the mountain's weight.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Den Bossche |first=Frank |date=1997 |title=Jain Arguments Against Vedānta Monistic Idealism; a Translation of the "Parabrahmotthāpanasthala of Bhuvanasundara Sūri" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23448505 |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=337–374 |issn=0022-1791}}</ref>
The churning of the ocean using Mount Mandara produced fourteen precious treasures, including the goddess Lakshmi, the celestial horse Uchchaihshravas, the white elephant Airavata, Soma (i.e., the moon), and eventually the vessel of amrita.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allchin |first=F. R. |date=1976 |title=The Reconciliation of Jñāna and Bhakti in "Rāmacaritamānasa" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20005314 |journal=Religious Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=81–91 |issn=0034-4125}}</ref> However, the process also released the deadly Kalakuta poison, which Shiva consumed to protect the universe.<ref name=":1" />
== Religious Significance == In Hindu cosmology, Mount Mandara is heavily associated with the god Shiva, who is said to have established a golden residence there.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Myth Cycles of Skandapurāṇa 31–52 from The Skandapurāṇa Volume IIb: Adhyāyas 31-52. The Vāhana and Naraka Cycles on JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwvds.4 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.jstor.org |language=en |doi=10.1163/j.ctv2gjwvds.4}}</ref> It is the setting for numerous divine interactions, for example, the Skandapurana recounts Shiva playfully addressing Parvati on the mountain inspiring her to perform tapas (i.e., austerities).<ref name=":2" /> Mandara itself is described to have practiced tapas for five thousand divine years to win Shiva's favor.<ref name=":2" />The Mahabharata describes Mandara as "the best of mountains," rising eleven thousand yojanas upward and descending the same distance downward.<ref>''The Mahabharata'', Book 1: Adi Parva, Section XVIII. Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli. [https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01019.htm Sacred Texts Archive]</ref> According to the Bhagavata Purana, the mountain was used as a churning rod during the Samudra Manthana, with the god Vishnu incarnating as a tortoise to serve as a pivot for its rotation.<ref>''Bhagavata Purana'', Canto 8, Chapter 7, Verse 8. Translated by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.</ref> The Narada Purana describes Mandara as a source of jewels and medicinal herbs, as well as a place of penance for sages.<ref>''Narada Purana'', Chapter 8, Verse 13. Translated by G. V. Tagare (1950). [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/narada-purana-english/d/doc1857999.html WisdomLib.org]</ref>
== Symbolism and Interpretation == Philosophically, Mount Mandara is interpreted as the world axis or stambha, representing a pillar linking different planes of existence and consciousness.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grossato |first=Alessandro |date=1984 |title=Review of Ancient Indian Cosmogony |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756697 |journal=East and West |volume=34 |issue=1/3 |pages=371–376 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> In Tantric and psychological interpretations, the mountain symbolizes the human spine or the physical consciousness that must be "churned" through spiritual practice to achieve the nectar of enlightenment.<ref name=":1" />
Some scholars have looked at this story in different ways. Heinrich Zimmer, for instance, thought the whole churning image was really about how the universe keeps going through the same cycles creation, destruction, then creation again. The Yoga Upanishads take a different angle. They read the churning as a kind of meditation lesson. The mountain staying perfectly still in the middle of all that chaos? That's like a yogi holding a steady posture. And that nectar they're all fighting over amrita, the stuff of immortality that's the whole point of spiritual practice. You sit still, you keep churning through your own mind, and eventually you get there.<ref>Sydnor, Jon Paul (2018). "All is of God: Joy, Suffering, and the Interplay of Contrasts". ''Interreligious Studies and Intercultural Theology''. Equinox Publishing. 2 (1): 83–104. doi:10.1558/isit.32682.</ref><ref>Muthukumaraswamy, M.D. "Churning of the Ocean: The Myth and its Yogic Interpretations". Sahapedia.</ref>
== Depictions == left|thumb|Depiction of Mandara used for the Churning of the Ocean The imagery of Mount Mandara and the Churning of the Ocean is a common motif in Hindu and Buddhist art, seen in India and Southeast Asia:
* '''Angkor Wat:''' The most famous depiction is a massive 12th-century bas-relief in Cambodia showing hundreds of gods and demons pulling Vasuki around the mountain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gratza |first=Agnieszka |date=2010 |editor-last=Ayala |editor-first=Raúl Ortega |editor2-last=Judge |editor2-first=Harminder Singh |editor3-last=Couch |editor3-first=Amanda |title=Spiritual Nourishment: Food and Ritual in Performance Art |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627959 |journal=PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=67–75 |issn=1520-281X}}</ref> * '''Indonesia:''' Archaeological finds in East Java, such as the Sirah Kentjong spot, depict the churning process as part of hydraulic systems where water gushes from the mountain peak, symbolizing the production of auspicious water.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Joanna |date=2001 |title=ESSAY: The Churning of the Ocean of Milk— myth, image and ecology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005744 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=229–235 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref> * '''Indian Temples:''' Narrative reliefs on the Padamata temple in Rajasthan, from the 8th century, depict myths of Parvati and the emergence of warrior goddesses associated with the mountain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=2009 |title=Gaurīśikhara: Temple as an Ocean of Story |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20801624 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=295–315 |issn=0004-3648}}</ref> In South India, tortoise-shaped bases for lamps and wedding platforms (i.e., kalyana mandapams) evoke the stability Mandara provided during the emergence of the world's treasures.<ref name=":3" /> The depiction of the Churning of the Ocean of Milk became very popular in Khmer art, perhaps because their creation myth involved a Nāga ancestor.
== References == {{Reflist}} *''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dallapiccola
{{HinduMythology}}
Category:Places in Hindu mythology Category:Mythological mountains