Mount Kitanglad

{{Short description|Inactive volcano in Bukidnon, Philippines}}  {{Use Philippine English|date=February 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Mount Kitanglad | image = View from Dulang-dulang Summit.jpg | image_caption = Mt. Kitanglad (left) as seen from [[Mount Dulang-dulang]] | elevation_m = 2899 | elevation_ref = {{#tag:Ref|Elevation information varies between sources. Several sources evaluated as very reliable for this information give the elevation of Mount Kitanglad as 2,899 m.<ref>[http://www.pinoymountaineer.com/2007/09/mt-kitanglad-2899.html "Mt. Kitanglad (2,899+)"] PinoyMountaineer.com. Retrieved March 11, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=A. Townsend Peterson |author2=Thomas Brooks |author3=Anita Gamauf |author4=Juan Carlos T. Gonzalez |author5=Neil Aldrin D. Mallari |author6=Guy Dutson |author7=Sarah E. Bush |author8=Dale H. Clayton |author9=Renato Fernandez |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=The Avifauna of Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao, Philippines |journal=Fieldiana Zoology |issue=114 |pages=1–43 [2] |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |url=http://darwin.biology.utah.edu/PubsHTML/PDF-Files/90.pdf |access-date=March 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902200013/http://darwin.biology.utah.edu/PubsHTML/PDF-Files/90.pdf |archive-date=September 2, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Agnes C. Rola, Antonio T. Sumbalan & Vellorimo J. Suminguit|title =Realities of the Watershed Management Approach: The Manupali Watershed Experience|publisher =Philippine Institute for Development Studies|series =Discussion Paper Series No. 2004-23|year =2004|page=4 (note 6)|url=http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0423.pdf}}</ref> Several sources evaluated as less reliable for this information list a mountain named "Mount Katanglad" (spelled with "Ka" instead of "Ki") with an elevation of 2,938 m.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peakery.com/mount-katanglad/|title=Mount Katanglad|work=Peakery.com|accessdate=March 13, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171821/http://peakery.com/mount-katanglad/|archive-date=November 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=12958|title=Mount Katanglad, Philippines|work=Peakbagger.com|accessdate=March 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/philippines.html|title=PHILIPPINES MOUNTAINS : 29 Mountain Summits with Prominence of 1,500 meters or greater|work=Peaklist.org|accessdate=March 13, 2012}}</ref> Information gathered from the more reliable sources mentioned previously suggests that the elevation information in these sources is in error for Mount Kitanglad, and may refer to the nearby peak of [[Mount Dulang-dulang]]. Since the discovery of this error, Peakbagger (a site previously in error over the confusion between the two peaks) now has a ''verified'' page for "Mount Dulang-dulang",<ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=12958 "Mount Dulang-dulang, Philippines"] Peakagger.com. Retrieved April 25, 2014.</ref> confirming the above information for that peak. Additionally, Peakbagger now also has a page for "Mt. Kitanglad" (with the correct spelling with an "i" and the corrected elevation data)<ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=-21131 "Mt. Kitanglad"] Peakbagger.com. Retrieved September 29, 2013.</ref> explaining the mistake, though the Kitanglad page does contain a disclaimer stating its information is currently unverified.  |group=Note|name=elevation}} | prominence_m = 350 | prominence_ref = | listing = [[List of mountains in the Philippines|Philippines highest peaks]] 4th | location =  | country = [[Philippines]] | region = [[Northern Mindanao]] | region_type = [[Regions of the Philippines|Region]] | state = [[Bukidnon]] | state_type = [[Provinces of the Philippines|Province]] | settlement = | settlement_type = [[Cities of the Philippines|City]]/[[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipality]] | range = [[Kitanglad Mountain Range]] | map = Mindanao mainland#Philippines | map_caption =  | map_size = | coordinates = {{coord|8|8|34|N|124|54|45|E|region:PH_type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | first_ascent = | easiest_route = Intavas, La Fortuna, [[Impasug-ong, Bukidnon|Impasug-ong]], [[Bukidnon province|Bukidnon]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-wikidata = yes }}

'''Mount Kitanglad''' is an inactive volcano<ref>[http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/VolInactive.htm PHIVOLCS' List of Inactive Volcanoes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515200224/http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/VolInactive.htm |date=May 15, 2008 }}</ref> located in the [[Kitanglad Mountain Range]] in [[Bukidnon]] province on [[Mindanao]] island. It is the fourth highest mountain in the [[Philippines]] and has an approximate height of {{convert|2899|m}}.<ref name=elevation group=Note /> It is located between [[Malaybalay]] and the municipalities of [[Lantapan]], [[Impasugong]], [[Sumilao]] and [[Libona]]. It is home to one of the Philippines' few remaining rainforests.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=December 15, 2010|title=The spirits, flora, fauna thrive in Mount Kitanglad|url=https://www.mindanews.com/feature/2010/12/the-spirits-flora-fauna-thrive-in-mount-kitanglad/|access-date=June 21, 2020|work=MindaNews|language=en-US}}</ref> It is part of the ancestral domain of the [[Higaonon people|Higaonon]], the [[Talaandig people|Talaandig]], and the [[Bukidnon people]].<ref name="Canoy"/>

Due to its high elevation, several communications and broadcasting companies constructed [[Broadcast relay station|relay station]]s at the summit.

==Etymology and folklore== Mount Kitanglad is part of the ancestral lands of three [[Lumad]] groups: the [[Higaonon people|Higaonon]], the [[Talaandig people|Talaandig]], and the [[Bukidnon people]]. In their common oral legend of ''Olaging'', there was once a [[great flood]] that submerged the area leaving only the tips of the mountains visible (a story shared by neighboring [[Mount Kalatungan]]). During the flood, the visible portion of Mount Kitanglad resembled a patch of ''tanglad'' ([[lemongrass]]), an important medicinal plant, and was thus named "Kitanglad" (also spelled "'''Katanglad'''") by the legendary ''[[datu]]'' Agbibilin.<ref name="Canoy">{{cite journal |last1=Canoy |first1=Easterluna Luz S. |last2=Suminguit |first2=Vellorimo J. |title=The Indigenous Peoples of Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park |journal=Social Watch Annual Report 2001 |date=2001 |pages=62-74 |url=https://www.socialwatch.org/sites/default/files/pdf/en/articlef2001_phi.pdf}}</ref>

Agbibilin is said to have four sons, each of the sons were the ancestors of the modern-day [[Manobo people|Manobo]]; the [[Maranao people|Maranao]]; the [[Maguindanao people|Maguindanao]]; and finally the three groups native to Kitanglad: the Higaonon, Talaandig, and Bukidnon. The four brothers and their tribes were constantly at war with each other over territory, until Agbibilin commanded them to settle their dispute by delineating their territories. They met at a house in Barabyas, Tikalaan (in [[Talakag]], southwest of Kitanglad) and performed the peace pact ritual (''Tampuda ho Balagon''). In the pact, the brothers marked territories to prevent further war, using rivers and peaks of mountain ranges (''tagaytay''). Mount Kitanglad as well as northern Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental went to the Higaonon-Talaandig-Bukidnon group.<ref name="Canoy"/>

According to the [[Mines and Geosciences Bureau]] Lands Geological Survey Division, Mount Kitanglad was also known to the Spanish as '''Mount Alanguilan''', from an 1850 Spanish military sketch of a Moro encampment in the summit overlooking the "Rio de Cumaycay" (which is the Kumaykay River in [[Manolo Fortich|Dahilayan, Manolo Fortich]]) during the [[Spanish-Moro Wars]].<ref name="replace fb source">{{cite web |title=Featured Document of the Month for October 2022 |url=https://nationalarchives.gov.ph/featured-document-of-the-month-for-october-2022/ |website=National Archives of the Philippines |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> The name is from [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] {{lang|tl|[[wikt:alangilan|alangilan]]}}, referring to the [[ylang-ylang]] tree (''[[Cananga odorata]]'').<ref>{{cite web |title=alangilan |url=https://www.tagalog.com/dictionary/alangilan |website=Tagalog.com |access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref>

==Conservation== Mount Kitanglad was proclaimed a protected area under the natural park category through ''Presidential Proclamation 896'' dated October 24, 1996.<ref name="GovPH-Proc896">{{cite web |title=Proclamation No. 896, s. 1996 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1996/10/24/proclamation-no-896-s-1996/ |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|accessdate=March 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308075325/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1996/10/24/proclamation-no-896-s-1996/ |archive-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> On November 9, 2000, Mount Kitanglad finally became a full-fledged protected area when Congress approved ''Republic Act 8978'' also known as the "Mt. Kitanglad Range Protected Area Act of 2000."<ref>{{cite web |title=R.A. No. 8978: An Act Declaring the Mt. Kitanglad Range in the Province of Bukidnon as a Protected Area and its Peripheral Areas as Buffer Zones, Providing for its Management and for Other Purposes |url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/republic-acts/ra-no-8978.php |website=The Corpus Juris |accessdate=March 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802044115/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/republic-acts/ra-no-8978.php |archive-date=August 2, 2018 |language=en |date=November 9, 2000}}</ref>

Mount Kitanglad hosts over 600 rare and endemic species, including the [[Philippine tarsier]] and the [[Rafflesia schadenbergiana]], the world's second largest flower.<ref name=":1" /> It is a nesting place for the critically endangered [[Philippine eagle]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Panlilio|first=Cai|date=October 7, 2013|title=Tribal folk guard sacred Mount Kitanglad|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/501741/tribal-folk-guard-sacred-mount-kitanglad|access-date=June 21, 2020|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|language=en}}</ref> Other endemic species that are found here are the pygmy fruit bat [[Mindanao pygmy fruit bat|Alionycteris paucidentata]] and two native mice, [[Katanglad shrew-mouse]] and [[Gray-bellied mountain rat]].<ref name=":0" />

In 2009, Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park (MKRNP) was declared as an [[ASEAN Heritage Park]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/227575/mount-kitanglad-named-asean-heritage-park|title=Mount Kitanglad named an ASEAN Heritage Park|last=De Vera|first=Ellalyn B.|date=November 2, 2009|work=Manila Bulletin|accessdate=April 29, 2010}}</ref>

==Ancestral domain== Mount Kitanglad is part of the [[ancestral domain]] of three major Indigenous groups: the [[Lumad|Talaandig, Higaonon, and Bukidnon peoples]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park|url=https://forestry.denr.gov.ph/b+wiser/index.php/sites/mount-kitanglad-range-natural-park|website=Forest Management Bureau}}</ref> Indigenous communities are working to have Mount Kitanglad recognized as [[ICCAs|Indigenous peoples' and community conserved territories and areas]] to enforce Indigenous customary rules on the mountain range.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 5, 2013|title=Proclamation of Mt. Kitanglad (The Philippines) as an ICCA|url=https://www.iccaconsortium.org/index.php/2013/09/05/proclamation-of-mt-kitanglad-the-philippines-as-an-icca/|access-date=June 21, 2020|website=ICCA Consortium|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also== * [[Mount Kalatungan]] * [[List of Southeast Asian mountains]] * [[List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines]]

==Notes== {{reflist|group=Note}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==Further reading== * {{cite book|author=Maria Easterluna Luz S. Canoy and Vellorimo J. Suminguit |title =The Indigenous Peoples of Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park |publisher =Social Watch-Philippines|series =2001 Report|year =2001|page=63|url =http://old.socialwatch.org/es/informeImpreso/pdfs/articlef2001_phi.pdf}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.pinoymountaineer.com/ Pinoy Mountaineer] * [http://www.mountain-forecast.com/peaks/Mount-Kitanglad Mount Kitanglad on Mountain-Forecast]

[[Category:Mountains of the Philippines|Kitanglad]] [[Category:Volcanoes of Mindanao|Kitanglad]] [[Category:Landforms of Bukidnon]] [[Category:Inactive volcanoes of the Philippines]]