{{Short description|Magnetic effect}} [[File:MosesEffect.jpg|alt=Direct (A) and inverse (B) Moses Effects are depicted.|thumb|340x340px|Direct (A) and inverse (B) Moses effects.]] In [[physics]], the '''Moses effect''' is a phenomenon of deformation of the surface of a [[Diamagnetism|diamagnetic]] liquid by a [[magnetic field]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Kitazawa|first1=Koichi|last2=Ikezoe|first2=Yasuhiro|last3=Uetake|first3=Hiromichi|last4=Hirota|first4=Noriyuki|date=January 2001|title=Magnetic field effects on water, air and powders|journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter|language=en|volume=294–295|pages=709–714|doi=10.1016/S0921-4526(00)00749-3|bibcode=2001PhyB..294..709K}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Hirota|first1=Noriyuki|last2=Homma|first2=Takuro|last3=Sugawara|first3=Hiroharu|last4=Kitazawa|first4=Koichi|last5=Iwasaka|first5=Masakazu|last6=Ueno|first6=Shoogo|last7=Yokoi|first7=Hiroyuki|last8=Kakudate|first8=Yozo|last9=Fujiwara|first9=Shuzo|date=1995-08-01|title=Rise and Fall of Surface Level of Water Solutions under High Magnetic Field|url=http://stacks.iop.org/1347-4065/34/L991|journal=Japanese Journal of Applied Physics|volume=34|issue=Part 2, No. 8A|pages=L991–L993|doi=10.1143/JJAP.34.L991|bibcode=1995JaJAP..34L.991H|s2cid=250847546 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The effect was named after the biblical figure [[Moses]], inspired by the mythological [[Crossing the Red Sea|''crossing of the Red Sea'']] in the [[Old Testament]].<ref name=":1" />

The rapid progress in the development of [[neodymium magnet]]s, supplying magnetic fields as high as {{circa}} 1 [[Tesla (unit)|T]], allows simple and inexpensive experiments related to the Moses effect and its visualization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laumann|first=Daniel|date=September 2018|title=Even Liquids Are Magnetic: Observation of the Moses Effect and the Inverse Moses Effect|journal=The Physics Teacher|language=en|volume=56|issue=6|pages=352–354|doi=10.1119/1.5051143|bibcode=2018PhTea..56..352L|issn=0031-921X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Zijun|last2=Dahlberg|first2=E. Dan|date=March 2011|title=Deformation of Water by a Magnetic Field|journal=The Physics Teacher|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=144–146|doi=10.1119/1.3555497|bibcode=2011PhTea..49..144C|issn=0031-921X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Jun|last2=Miao|first2=Runcai|last3=Qi|first3=Jianxia|date=2006-12-15|title=Visualization of the curved liquid surface by means of the optical method|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|language=en|volume=100|issue=12|pages=124914–124914–5|doi=10.1063/1.2401315|bibcode=2006JAP...100l4914D|issn=0021-8979}}</ref> The application of magnetic fields on the order of magnitude of 0.5-1 T results in the formation of the near-surface "well" with a depth of dozens of micrometers. In contrast, the surface of a [[Paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] liquid is raised by the magnetic field. This effect is called as the inverse Moses effect.<ref name=":0" /> It is usually latently suggested that the shape of the well arises from the interplay of magnetic force and [[gravity]] and the shape of the near-surface well is given by the following equation:

:<math>h(r)= \frac{\chi |\mathbf{B}(r)|^2}{2\rho g\mu_0} </math>

where ''χ'' and ''ρ'' are the [[magnetic susceptibility]] and [[density]] of the liquid respectively, '''B''' is the magnetic field, ''g'' is the [[Standard gravity|gravity acceleration]], and ''μ<sub>0</sub>'' is the [[magnetic permittivity]] of vacuum.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Electrodynamics of continuous media|last1=Landau|first1=L. D.|date=1984|publisher=Pergamon|others=[[E. M. Lifshitz|Lifshit︠s︡, E. M.]] (Evgeniĭ Mikhaĭlovich), [[L. P. Lifshitz|Pitaevskiĭ, L. P.]] (Lev Petrovich)|isbn=9781483293752|edition=2nd ed., rev. and enl.|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|oclc=625008916}}</ref> Actually, the shape of the near surface well depends also on the [[surface tension]] of the liquid. The Moses effect enables trapping of floating diamagnetic particles and formation of [[Micropatterning|micro-patterns]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kimura|first1=Tsunehisa|last2=Yamato|first2=Masafumi|last3=Nara|first3=Akihiro|date=February 2004|title=Particle Trapping and Undulation of a Liquid Surface Using a Microscopically Modulated Magnetic Field|journal=Langmuir|language=en|volume=20|issue=3|pages=572–574|doi=10.1021/la035768m|pmid=15773077|issn=0743-7463}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Uemura|first1=T.|last2=Kimura|first2=T.|last3=Sugitani|first3=M.|last4=Kumakura|first4=M.|date=2006-06-19|title=Formation of Contact Holes on Bumps on Semiconductor Chip by Micro-Moses Effect|journal=Advanced Materials|language=en|volume=18|issue=12|pages=1549–1551|doi=10.1002/adma.200600085|bibcode=2006AdM....18.1549U |s2cid=137545091 |issn=0935-9648}}</ref> The application of a magnetic field (''B''≅0.5 T) on diamagnetic liquid/vapor [[Interface (matter)|interfaces]] enables the driving of floating diamagnetic bodies and soap bubbles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frenkel|first1=Mark|last2=Danchuk|first2=Viktor|last3=Multanen|first3=Victor|last4=Legchenkova|first4=Irina|last5=Bormashenko|first5=Yelena|last6=Gendelman|first6=Oleg|last7=Bormashenko|first7=Edward|date=2018-06-05|title=Toward an Understanding of Magnetic Displacement of Floating Diamagnetic Bodies, I: Experimental Findings|journal=Langmuir|language=en|volume=34|issue=22|pages=6388–6395|doi=10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00424|issn=0743-7463|pmid=29727191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Legchenkova|first1=Irina|last2=Chaniel|first2=Gilad|last3=Frenkel|first3=Mark|last4=Bormashenko|first4=Yelena|last5=Shoval|first5=Shraga|last6=Bormashenko|first6=Edward|date=September 2018|title=Magnetically inspired deformation of the liquid/vapor interface drives soap bubbles|journal=Surface Innovations|language=en|volume=6|issue=4–5|pages=231–236|doi=10.1680/jsuin.18.00022|issn=2050-6252|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== References == {{reflist}}

[[Category:Magnetism]] [[Category:Moses]] [[Category:Magnetic anomalies]] [[Category:Crossing the Red Sea]]