{{Short description|Subkingdom of fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Phycomyces4.jpg | image_caption = ''Phycomyces'' | taxon = Mucoromyceta | authority = Tedersoo et al. 2018 | type_species = | type_species_authority = | subdivision_ranks = Divisions and subdivisions | subdivision = * Calcarisporiellomycota ** Calcarisporiellomycotina * Glomeromycota ** Glomeromycotina * Mortierellomycota ** Mortierellomycotina * Mucoromycota ** Mucoromycotina }}
'''Mucoromyceta''' is a subkingdom of fungi which includes the divisions Calcarisporiellomycota, Glomeromycota, Mortierellomycota and Mucoromycota.<ref name=Tedersoo>{{cite journal |first1=L. |last1=Tedersoo |first2=S. |last2=Sánchez-Ramírez |first3=U. |last3=Kõljalg |first4=M. |last4=Bahram |first5=M. |last5=Döring |first6=D. |last6=Schigel |first7=T. |last7=May |first8=M. |last8=Ryberg |first9=K. |last9=Abarenkov |display-authors=4 |year=2018 |title=High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=90 |pages=135–159|doi=10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0 |doi-access=free |hdl=10138/238983 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This enormous group includes almost all molds.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
Sources published prior to Tedersoo et al. 2018 refer to this taxon as a phylum Mucoromycota, with three subphyla. In a 2016 study using this older treatement of "Mucoromycota" equivalent to current Mucoromyceta, the group appears as sister to Dikarya.<ref name="Spatafora_2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY, O'Donnell K, Roberson RW, Taylor TN, Uehling J, Vilgalys R, White MM, Stajich JE |display-authors=6 |title=A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data |journal=Mycologia |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=1028–1046 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27738200 |pmc=6078412 |doi=10.3852/16-042}}</ref><ref name="Moore2020">{{cite book |vauthors=Moore D, Robson GD, Trinci AP |title=21st Century Guidebook to Fungi |chapter=2.8. The fungal phylogeny |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AB3hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=2nd |date=2020 |pages=29–30 |isbn=978-1-108-74568-0}}</ref>
Informally known as zygomycetes I, Mucoromyceta includes Mucoromycotina, Mortierellomycotina, and Glomeromycotina, and consists of mainly mycorrhizal fungi, root endophytes, and plant decomposers.<ref name="Spatafora_2016" /> Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina can form mycorrhiza-like relationships with nonvascular plants.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Field KJ, Rimington WR, Bidartondo MI, Allinson KE, Beerling DJ, Cameron DD, Duckett JG, Leake JR, Pressel S |display-authors=6 |title=First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages (Haplomitriopsida liverworts) and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2 |journal=The New Phytologist |volume=205 |issue=2 |pages=743–756 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25230098 |pmc=4303992 |doi=10.1111/nph.13024|bibcode=2015NewPh.205..743F }}</ref> Mucoromyceta contain multiple mycorrhizal lineages,<ref name="Redecker_2014">{{cite book |vauthors=Redecker D, Schüßler A |chapter=Glomeromycota |veditors=McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW |title=Systematics and evolution. Part A. |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-642-55318-9 |edition=second |date=2014 |pages=251–270}}</ref> root endophytes,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Terhonen E, Keriö S, Sun H, Asiegbu FO |date=June 2014 |title=Endophytic fungi of Norway spruce roots in boreal pristine mire, drained peatland and mineral soil and their inhibitory effect on Heterobasidion parviporum in vitro |journal=Fungal Ecology |volume=9 |pages=17–26 |doi=10.1016/j.funeco.2014.01.003|bibcode=2014FunE....9...17T }}</ref> and decomposers of plant-based carbon sources.<ref name="Benny_2014">{{cite book |vauthors=Benny GL, Humber RA, Voigt K |veditors=McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW |title=Systematics and evolution. Part A. |chapter=8 Zygomycetous Fungi: Phylum Entomophthoromycota and Subphyla Kickxellomycotina, Mortierellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, and Zoopagomycotina |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |edition=second |date=2014 |pages=251–270 |isbn=978-3-642-55318-9}}</ref> Mucoromycotina species known as mycoparasites, or putative parasites of arthropods are like saprobes.{{Clarify|date=October 2024}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoffmann K, Pawłowska J, Walther G, Wrzosek M, de Hoog GS, Benny GL, Kirk PM, Voigt K |display-authors=6 |title=The family structure of the Mucorales: a synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigene-genealogies |journal=Persoonia |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=57–76 |date=June 2013 |pmid=24027347 |pmc=3734967 |doi=10.3767/003158513X666259 |bibcode=2013PMPEF..30...57H }}</ref> When Mucoromyceta infect animals, they are seen as opportunistic pathogens.<ref name="Spatafora_2016" /> Mucoromycotina are fast-growing fungi and early colonizers of carbon-rich substrates.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennessen J, Schnürer J, Olsson J, Samson RA, Dijksterhuis J |title=Morphological characteristics of sporangiospores of the tempe fungus Rhizopus oligosporus differentiate it from other taxa of the R. microsporus group |journal=Mycological Research |volume=112 |issue=Pt 5 |pages=547–563 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18400482 |doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2007.11.006}}</ref> Mortierellomycotina are common soil fungi that occur as root endophytes of woody plants and are isolated as saprobes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Summerbell RC |title=Root endophyte and mycorrhizosphere fungi of black spruce, Picea mariana, in a boreal forest habitat: influence of site factors on fungal distributions |journal=Studies in Mycology |volume=53 |pages=121–145 |date=2005 |doi=10.3114/sim.53.1.121|doi-access=free |bibcode=2005StMyc..53..121S }}</ref> Glomeromycotina live in soil, forming a network of hyphae, but depend on organic carbon from host plants. In exchange, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide nutrients to the plant.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lanfranco L, Fiorilli V, Gutjahr C |title=Partner communication and role of nutrients in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4271336 |journal=The New Phytologist |volume=220 |issue=4 |pages=1031–1046 |date=December 2018 |s2cid=44106242 |pmid=29806959 |doi=10.1111/nph.15230|doi-access=free |bibcode=2018NewPh.220.1031L |hdl=2318/1667502 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
== Description == Molds in this group have a stalk which at the top has a caplike structure that includes the spores.<ref name=Tedersoo/>
== Reproduction == Known reproduction states of Mucoromyceta are zygospore production and asexual reproduction. Zygospores can have decorations on their surface and range up to several millimeters in diameter.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee SC, Idnurm A |veditors=Heitman J, Gow NA |title=Fungal Sex: The Mucoromycota |journal=Microbiology Spectrum |volume=5 |issue=2 |article-number=5.2.14 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28332467 |doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0041-2017|pmc=11687471 }}</ref> Asexual reproduction typically involves the production of sporangiospores or chlamydospores.<ref name="Spatafora_2016" /> Multicellular sporcaps are present within Mucoromycotina,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bidartondo MI, Read DJ, Trappe JM, Merckx V, Ligrone R, Duckett JG |title=The dawn of symbiosis between plants and fungi |journal=Biology Letters |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=574–577 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21389014 |pmc=3130224 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.1203}}</ref> Mortierellomycotina<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith ME, Gryganskyi A, Bonito G, Nouhra E, Moreno-Arroyo B, Benny G |title=Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Modicella reveals an independent evolutionary origin of sporocarp-forming fungi in the Mortierellales |journal=Fungal Genetics and Biology |volume=61 |pages=61–68 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24120560 |doi=10.1016/j.fgb.2013.10.001|hdl=11336/10321 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and as aggregations of spore-producing in species of Glomeromycotina.<ref name="Redecker_2014" /> Shown in Mucorales, sexual reproduction is under the control of mating type genes, sexP and sexM, which regulate the production of pheromones required for the maturation of hyphae into gametangia.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Idnurm A, Walton FJ, Floyd A, Heitman J |title=Identification of the sex genes in an early diverged fungus |journal=Nature |volume=451 |issue=7175 |pages=193–196 |date=January 2008 |pmid=18185588 |bibcode=2008Natur.451..193I |s2cid=4411640 |doi=10.1038/nature06453}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The sexP gene is expressed during vegetative growth and matting, while the sexM gene is expressed during mating.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wetzel J, Burmester A, Kolbe M, Wöstemeyer J |title=The mating-related loci sexM and sexP of the zygomycetous fungus Mucor mucedo and their transcriptional regulation by trisporoid pheromones |journal=Microbiology |volume=158 |issue=Pt 4 |pages=1016–1023 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22262094 |doi=10.1099/mic.0.054106-0|doi-access=free }}</ref> Sexual reproduction in Glomeromycotina is unknown, although its occurrence is inferred from genomic studies. However, specialized hyphae produce chlamydospore-like spores asexually; these may be borne at terminal (apical) or lateral positions on the hyphae, or intercalary (formed within the hypha, between sub-apical cells).<ref name="Benny_2014" /> Species of Glomeromycotina produce coenocytic hyphae that can have bacterial endosymbionts.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Torres-Cortés G, Ghignone S, Bonfante P, Schüßler A |title=Mosaic genome of endobacteria in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Transkingdom gene transfer in an ancient mycoplasma-fungus association |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=112 |issue=25 |pages=7785–7790 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25964335 |pmc=4485150 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.7785T |doi=10.1073/pnas.1501540112 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mortierellomycotina reproduce asexually by sporangia that either lack or have a reduced columella, which support the sporangium.<ref name="Spatafora_2016" /> Species of Mortierellomycotina only form microscopic colonies, but some make multicellular sporocarps.<ref name=":3" /> Mucoromycotina sexual reproduction is by prototypical zygospore formation and asexual reproduction and involves the large production of sporangia.<ref name="Spatafora_2016" />
== Morphology == Mucoromycotina contain discoidal hemispherical spindle pole bodies. Although spindle pole bodies function as microtubule organizing centers, they lack remnants of the centrioles' characteristic 9+2 microtubule arrangement. Species of Mucoromycotina and Mortierellomycotina produce large-diameter, coenocytic hyphae. Glomeromycotina also form coenocytic hyphae with highly branched, narrow hyphal arbuscules in host cells. When septations occur in Mucoromyceta they are formed at the base of reproductive structures.<ref name="Spatafora_2016" />
== Production of lipids, polyphosphates, and carotenoids == Mucoromyceta's metabolism can utilize many substrates that are from various nitrogen and phosphorus resources to produce lipids, chitin, polyphosphates, and carotenoids. They have been found to co-produce metabolites in a single fermentation process like polyphosphates and lipids.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dzurendova S, Losada CB, Dupuy-Galet BX, Fjær K, Shapaval V |title=Mucoromycota fungi as powerful cell factories for modern biorefinery |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=101–115 |date=January 2022 |pmid=34889982 |hdl=11250/2834712 |s2cid=245013763 |doi=10.1007/s00253-021-11720-1|hdl-access=free }}</ref> The overproduction of chitin from Mucoromyceta fungi can be accomplished by limiting inorganic phosphorus and promoting acidic conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dzurendova S, Zimmermann B, Kohler A, Tafintseva V, Slany O, Certik M, Shapaval V |title=Microcultivation and FTIR spectroscopy-based screening revealed a nutrient-induced co-production of high-value metabolites in oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi |veditors=Virolle MJ |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=6 |article-number=e0234870 |date=22 June 2020 |pmid=32569317 |pmc=7307774 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1534870D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0234870 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mucoromyceta are capable of accumulating high amounts of lipids in their cell biomass, which allows the fungi to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids. They have been found to induce antimicrobial activity from fungal crude total lipids.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohamed H, El-Shanawany AR, Shah AM, Nazir Y, Naz T, Ullah S, Mustafa K, Song Y |display-authors=6 |veditors=lia Domingues L |title=Comparative Analysis of Different Isolated Oleaginous Mucoromycota Fungi for Their ''γ''-Linolenic Acid and Carotenoid Production |journal=BioMed Research International |volume=2020 |article-number=3621543 |date=5 November 2020 |pmid=33204691 |pmc=7665918 |doi=10.1155/2020/3621543 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Volford B, Varga M, Szekeres A, Kotogán A, Nagy G, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T, Takó M |display-authors=6 |title=β-Galactosidase-Producing Isolates in Mucoromycota: Screening, Enzyme Production, and Applications for Functional Oligosaccharide Synthesis |journal=Journal of Fungi |volume=7 |issue=3 |page=229 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33808917 |pmc=8003776 |doi=10.3390/jof7030229 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The high production of lipids from Mucoromyceta have the potential for use in biodiesel production.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kosa G, Zimmermann B, Kohler A, Ekeberg D, Afseth NK, Mounier J, Shapaval V |title=High-throughput screening of Mucoromycota fungi for production of low- and high-value lipids |journal=Biotechnology for Biofuels |volume=11 |issue=1 |article-number=66 |date=December 2018 |pmid=29563969 |pmc=5851148 |doi=10.1186/s13068-018-1070-7 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018BB.....11...66K }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhao H, Lv M, Liu Z, Zhang M, Wang Y, Ju X, Song Z, Ren L, Jia B, Qiao M, Liu X |display-authors=6 |title=High-yield oleaginous fungi and high-value microbial lipid resources from Mucoromycota |journal=BioEnergy Research |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=1196–1206 |date=December 2021 |s2cid=228925586 |issn=1939-1234 |doi=10.1007/s12155-020-10219-3|bibcode=2021BioER..14.1196Z }}</ref>
==Gallery== <gallery> File:Mortierella.Yosemite.jpg|''Mortierella'' from Yosemite File:Mucor spec. - Lindsey 1b.jpg|''Mucor'' </gallery>
== See also == *''Mucor circinelloides''
== References == {{reflist}}
==Further reading== * {{cite bioRxiv |last1=Zhao |first1=Heng |title=Outline and divergence time of subkingdom Mucoromyceta: two new phyla, five new orders, six new families and seventy-three new species |date=2022-07-07 |language=en |biorxiv=10.1101/2022.07.05.498902 |last2=Dai |first2=Yu-Cheng |last3=Liu |first3=Xiao-Yong}} * {{Cite web |title=Mucoromycewta |url=https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/566850 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.mycobank.org}} * {{Cite web |title=Mucoromyceta Taxon |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=498194&is_real_user=1 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=paleobiodb.org}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q54463184}} {{Fungi classification}}
Category:Fungus phyla Category:Fungi by classification Category:Zygomycota Category:Subkingdoms Category:Fungus taxa Category:Taxa described in 2018