{{Short description|15th-century Protestant doctrine held by the Hussites}} {{For|the type of bilingual school|Utraquist school}} {{Use shortened footnotes|date=December 2022}} {{Hussites sidebar}} [[File:Luther und Hus-Abendmahl.jpg|thumb|''Luther and Hus serving communion under both kinds together'', an imaginative woodcut from 16th-century Saxony representing the affinity of Lutherans and Moderate Hussites]] '''Utraquism''' (from the Latin ''sub utraque specie'', meaning "under both kinds"), also called '''Calixtinism''' (from chalice; Latin: ''calix'', borrowed from Greek ''kalyx'', "shell, husk"; Czech: ''kališníci''), was a belief amongst Hussites, a pre-Protestant reformist Christian movement in fifteenth century Bohemia that communion under both kinds (both the consecrated host and the precious blood, as opposed to the consecrated host alone) should be administered to the laity during the celebration of the Eucharist.{{sfn|Wood|1907}} Communion in both kinds was a principal dogma of the Hussites and one of the Four Articles of Prague.{{sfn|Hughes|1915}}

After the Hussite movement split into various factions early in the Hussite Wars, Hussites that emphasized the laity's right to communion under both kinds became known as Moderate Hussites, Utraquist Hussites, or simply Utraquists. The Utraquists were the largest Hussite faction.

== History == [[File:Mucha Na Krizku.jpg|thumb|The Meeting at Křížky: Sub Utraque (1916), by Alphonse Mucha, ''The Slav Epic'']] Utraquism was a Christian dogma first proposed by Jacob of Mies, professor of philosophy at the University of Prague, in 1414.{{sfn|Hughes|1915}} It maintained that the Eucharist should be administered "under both kinds"{{sfn|Wood|1907}} – as both sacred host and precious blood – to all the congregation, including the laity. The practice among Roman Catholics at the time was for only the priests to partake of the consecrated wine, the Precious Blood.{{sfn|Hughes|1915}}

Jacob taught that communion should be provided and taken under both kinds, which as a precept of Christ could not be changed by the church. Only those who received the utraquist (both kinds) communion belong to the church of Christ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cermanová |first1=Pavlína |title=Jakoubek of Stříbro’s Czech Výklad Na Zjevenie and Its Latin Reception in Hussite Exegetical Texts |journal=Listy filologické / Folia philologica |date=2018 |volume=141 |issue=1/2 |pages=45–73 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26539107 |issn=0024-4457}}</ref>{{rp|51}} There is disagreement in sources about whether he, or early Utraquists, taught this was necessary for salvation<ref name=levy>{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Ian Christopher |title=Interpreting the Intention of Christ: Roman Responses to Bohemian Utraquism from Constance to Basel |journal=Europe After Wyclif |date=2017 |pages=173–195 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1f114xz.10 |publisher=Fordham University Press}}</ref>{{rp|180}} (as claimed by Catholic detractors such as Andrew of Brod), or necessary to receive the salvific effect of the eucharist<ref name=levy />{{rp|174}} or an obligation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patapios |first1=Hieromonk |title=Sub Utraque Specie: The Arguments of John Hus and Jacoubek of Stříbro in Defence of Giving Communion to the Laity Under Both Kinds |journal=The Journal of Theological Studies |date=2002 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=503–522 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23969882 |issn=0022-5185}}</ref>{{rp|518}}

The 15th century Utraquists were a moderate faction of the Hussites with strong respect for the sacrament and, generally, endorsed transubstantiation and Catholicity<ref>"Utraquism’s faithfulness to the Prague Use of the Roman rite…(was) an intentional symbol of Utraquism’s self-understanding as a continuing part of the Western Catholic Church." {{cite journal |last1=Holeton |first1=David R. |last2=Vlhová-Wörner |first2=Hana |last3=Bílková |first3=Milena |title=The Trope Gregorius presul meritis in Bohemian Tradition: Its Origins, Development, Liturgical Function and Illustration |journal=Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice |date=2007 |volume=6 |pages=215-246 |url=http://www.brrp.org/proceedings/brrp6/holeton_et_al.pdf |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> (in contrast to the more radical Taborites, Orebites and Orphans who were closer to the beliefs of John Wycliffe). They were also known as the Prague Party or the Calixtines – from ''calix'', Latin for their "emblem", the chalice.{{sfn|Hughes|1915}}

The Utraquists eventually allied themselves with the Catholic forces (following the Council of Basel) and defeated the more radical Taborites and Orphans at the Battle of Lipany in 1434.{{sfn|Hughes|1915}} After that battle, nearly all forms of Hussite revival were Utraquist, as seen with George of Poděbrady, who even managed to cause the town of Tábor, the famous Taborite stronghold, to convert to Utraquism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sedlar |first=Jean W. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwn4cv?turn_away=true |title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500 |date=1994 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-97290-9 |pages=187}}</ref>

An agreement of mutual accommodation was agreed in 1485 between Catholics and Utraquists: the religious peace of Kutná Hora ended the Hussite wars. Following the victory of allied Utraquist and Catholic forces in the Hussite Wars, Utraquists constituted a majority of the Bohemian lands.

==Further development==

In the 16th century much of the population then adopted the pre-Lutheran Protestant Unity of the Brethren and eventually Lutheranism; the Utraquist Church remained strong in the cities.

The Battle of White Mountain, in 1620, marked the end of the Bohemian Revolt and, led to recatholisation in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. In 1627, communion under both kinds was again not made available, until the eventual Josephinian Patent of Toleration in 1781.

In modern Catholic practice since the Second Vatican Council, it is determined by each local bishop whether communion is available in one or both kinds in their diocese.

== See also== *Altar Wings of Roudníky *Concomitance (doctrine)

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography == {{wiktionary}}

{{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last1=Ogden|first1=C. K.|last2=Richards |first2=I. A. |orig-year=1923 |year=1989 |title=The Meaning of Meaning |chapter=Chapter VI: The Theory of Definitions |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |isbn=0-15-658446-8}} * {{Catholic|last=Hughes |first=Joseph |wstitle=Utraquism |volume=15 |page=|year=1915}} * {{Nuttall|wstitle=Utraquists}} {{refend}} {{Proto-Protestantism}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Hussite Wars