{{Short description|Language family of Northern California, US}} {{distinguish|Ute language}} {{redirect|Utian|the island in Papua New Guinea|Utian Island}} {{Infobox language family | name = Utian | altname = Miwok–Costanoan, Miwok–Ohlone, Mutsun | region = California | familycolor = penutian | fam1 = Yok-Utian ? | child1 = Miwok | child2 = Ohlone {{extinct}} | glotto = miwo1274 | glottorefname = Miwok–Costanoan | map = Utian map.svg | mapcaption = Pre-contact distribution of Utian languages | mapalt = Pre-contact distribution of Utian languages | ancestor = | glottoname = | notes = }} '''Utian''' (also '''Miwok–Costanoan''', '''Miwok–Ohlone''' or formerly '''Mutsun''') is a family of Indigenous languages spoken in Northern California, United States. The Miwok and Ohlone peoples both spoke languages of the Utian language family. It has been argued that the Utian languages and Yokuts languages are sub-families of the Yok-Utian language family.{{sfn|Callaghan|1997}}{{sfn|Callaghan|2001}}{{sfn|Golla|2007|p=76-77}} Utian and Yokutsan have traditionally been considered part of the Penutian language phylum.{{sfn|Goddard|1996|p=313-319}}{{sfn|Mithun|1999}}{{sfn|Shipley|1978|p=82-85}}
All Utian languages are severely endangered, extinct or revitalizing.
==Languages== The Miwok classification below is based on Mithun (1999),{{sfn|Mithun|1999|p=535}} while the Ohlone classification below is based primarily on Callaghan (2001). Other classifications of Ohlone list Northern Costanoan, Southern Costanoan, and Karkin as single languages, with the following subgroups of each considered as dialects:
{{tree list}} * '''Utian languages''' ** '''Miwok''' *** Eastern Miwok **** {{extinct}}Plains Miwok **** {{extinct}}Bay Miwok ({{a.k.a.}} Saclan) **** Sierra Miwok ***** {{extinct}}Northern Sierra Miwok (Camanche, Fiddletown, Ione, and West Point dialects) ***** Central Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct) (East Central and West Central dialects) ***** Southern Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct) (Yosemite, Mariposa, and Southern dialects) *** {{extinct}}Western Miwok **** Coast Miwok (Bodega and Marin dialects) **** Lake Miwok ** {{extinct}}'''Ohlone''' *** Karkin (also known as Carquin) *** Northern Costanoan **** San Francisco Bay Costanoan *****Tamyen (also known as Tamien, Santa Clara Costanoan) *****Chochenyo (also known as Chocheño, Chocheno, East Bay Costanoan) *****Ramaytush (also known as San Francisco Costanoan) ****Awaswas (also known as Santa Cruz Costanoan) – There may have been more than one Costanoan language spoken within the proposed Awaswas area, as the small amount of linguistic material attributed to Mission Santa Cruz Costanoans is highly variable. ****Chalon (also known as Cholon, Soledad) – Chalon may be a transitional language between Northern and Southern Costanoan. *** Southern Costanoan **** Mutsun (also known as San Juan Bautista Costanoan) **** Rumsen (also known as Rumsien, San Carlos, Carmel) {{tree list/end}}
==See also==
* Penutian languages * Miwok languages * Ohlone languages
==References== {{reflist|20em}}
===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |first=Catherine |last=Callaghan |author-link=Catherine Callaghan (linguist) |date=1997 |title=Evidence for Yok-Utian |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=63 |number=1 |pages=18-64 |jstor=1265864 }} * {{cite journal |first=Catherine |last=Callaghan |author-link=Catherine Callaghan (linguist) |date=2001 |title=More Evidence for Yok-Utian: A Reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber Sets |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=313-345 |jstor=1265989 }} * {{cite book |first=Catherine |last=Callaghan |author-link=Catherine Callaghan (linguist) |date=2014 |title=Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary: with notes on Yokuts |series=Trends in Linguistics Documentation |volume=31 |location=Berlin, Boston |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |doi=10.1515/9783110276770 }} * {{cite journal |first=Ives |last=Goddard |date=1996 |title=The Classification of the Native Languages of North America |pages=290–324 |journal=Languages |editor-first=Ives |editor-last=Goddard |series=Handbook of North American Indians |volume=17 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |isbn=0-16-048774-9 }} * {{cite journal |first = Victor |last = Golla |author-link=Victor Golla |date=2007 |title=Linguistic Prehistory |pages=71–82 |journal=California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity |editor1-first=Terry L. |editor1-last=Jones |editor2-first=Kathryn A. |editor2-last=Klar |publisher=Altamira Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7591-0872-1 }} * {{cite book |first=Marianne |last=Mithun |author-link=Marianne Mithun |year=1999 |title=The Languages of Native North America |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-23228-7 }} * {{cite journal |first=William F. |last=Shipley |author-link=William F. Shipley |date=1978 |title=Native Languages of California |journal=Handbook of North American Indians |volume=8 }} : (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. {{ISBN|0-16-004578-9}} / 0160045754, pages 80–90. {{refend}}
==External links== {{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at '''''Appendix:Proto-Utian reconstructions'''''}} *[http://www.californiaprehistory.com/tribmap.html Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430112732/http://www.californiaprehistory.com/tribmap.html |date=2011-04-30 }} (map after Kroeber) *[http://www.yosemite.ca.us/history/miwok.html Online books about the Southern Sierra Miwok] *[http://www.yosemite.ca.us/history/central_sierra_miwok_dictionary/ Central Sierra Miwok Dictionary] *[http://www.mewuk.com/cultural/language_preservation.htm Central Sierra Language Preservation Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124034911/http://www.mewuk.com/cultural/language_preservation.htm |date=2012-11-24 }}, Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians *[http://www.yosemite.ca.us/history/southern_sierra_miwok_language/ Southern Sierra Miwok Dictionary] *{{Cite book | first = A.L. | last = Kroeber | author-link = Alfred Kroeber | year = 1911 | chapter = Miwok, Central Sierra Dialect, Southern Sierra Dialect, Southern Coast Dialect | chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/languagesofcoast00kroerich#page/n5/mode/2up/search/miwok | pages = 278–319 | title = The languages of the coast of California north of San Francisco | publisher = The University Press | location = Berkeley }}
{{Penutian languages}} {{Languages of California}} {{Language families}} {{North American languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Utian Languages}} Category:Utian languages Category:Language families Category:Indigenous languages of California Category:Yok-Utian languages