{{short description|Greek-Latin minuscule manuscript of the New Testament}} {{New Testament manuscript infobox |form = Minuscule |number = '''16''' |image = |isize = |caption= |name = |sign = |text = Gospels |script = Greek-Latin diglot |date = 14th-century |found = |now at = National Library of France |cite = |size = {{×|31.6|25.2}} |type = mixed/Byzantine |cat = none |hand = |note = group 16 <br /> marginalia }}
'''Minuscule 16''' is a Greek-Latin diglot minuscule manuscript of the New Testament Gospels, written on parchment. It is designated by the siglum '''16''' in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and '''ε 449''' in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts.<ref>{{cite book | first=Caspar René | last=Gregory | author-link=Caspar René Gregory | title=Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testament | trans-title=The Greek Manuscripts of the New Testament | page=48 | year=1908 | publisher=J. C. Hinrichs | location=Leipzig | url=https://archive.org/stream/diegriechischen00greggoog#page/n59/mode/2up}}</ref> Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it is assigned to the 14th-century.<ref name="Aland">{{Cite book | first1=Kurt | last1=Aland | author-link1=Kurt Aland | author2=M. Welte |author3=B. Köster |author4=K. Junack | title=Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments | trans-title=A Concise List of the Greek Manuscripts of the New Testament | edition=2 | page=47 | year=1994 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | location=Berlin, New York | isbn=3-11-011986-2 | lang=de}}</ref> It has full marginal notes and was prepared for liturgical use.
== Description ==
The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book format), containing an almost complete text of the four Gospels written on 361 parchment leaves (sized {{Convert|31.6|x|25.2|cm|abbr=on}}), with one missing section (Mark 16:14–20). The text is written in two columns per page, 26 lines per page.{{r|Aland}}<ref name = INTF>{{Cite web | url = https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/manuscript-catalog?docID=30016 | title = Liste Handschriften: Minuscule 16 | publisher = Institute for New Testament Textual Research | access-date = 2026-04-07 | location = Münster }}</ref>
The text is divided according to the chapters (known as {{lang|grc|κεφαλαια}} / ''kephalai''), whose numbers are given in the margin, with their titles (known as {{lang|grc|τιτλοι}} / ''titloi'') at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections, Ammonian Sections, but without references to the Eusebian Canons.{{r|Gregory}}
It contains the Eusebian Canon tables (Latin) at the beginning, tables of contents (also known as {{lang|grc|κεφαλαια}}) before each Gospel, lectionary markings in the margin (for liturgical use), and subscriptions at the end of each Gospel.<ref name="Scrivener">{{Cite book | first= Frederick Henry Ambrose | last=Scrivener | author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener | author2=E. Miller | title=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament | volume=1 | edition=4 | page=193 | year=1894 | publisher=George Bell & Sons | location=London}}</ref>
The text of the codex is written using four different colours of ink: "The general run of the narrative is in vermilion; the words of Jesus, the genealogy of Jesus, and the words of angels are in crimson; the words quoted from the Old Testament as well as those of the disciples, Zachariah, Elizabeth, Mary, Simeon, and John the Baptist are in blue; and the words of Pharisees, the centurion, Judas Iscariot, and the devil are in black."<ref>{{Cite book | first1=Bruce Manning | last1=Metzger | author-link1=Bruce M. Metzger | first2=Bart D. | last2=Ehrman | author-link2=Bart D. Ehrman | title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration | edition=4th | page=92 | year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=0-19-516667-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/textofnewtestame0000metz_k4t1 | url-access=registration}}</ref> It contains only one picture.
Mark 16:14–20 is lost from the Greek portion, and Mark 9:18–16:20 is lost from the Latin portion. THe Latin texts of Mark 9:18–11:13, Luke 5:21–44, and John 1:1–12:17 were added by a later hand.{{r|Gregory}}
== Text == The Greek text of the codex is considered to be mixed, but with the Byzantine text-type predominant. Textual critic Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family I{{sup|βb}}, meaning it has some Caesarean readings.{{r|Wisse}} Biblical scholar Kurt Aland did not place it in any Category of his New Testament manuscript classification system.<ref>{{Cite book | first1=Kurt | last1=Aland | author-link1=Kurt Aland | first2=Barbara | last2=Aland | author-link2=Barbara Aland | translator=Erroll F. Rhodes | title=The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | page=138 | year=1995 | publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company | location=Grand Rapids | url=https://archive.org/details/textnewtestament00kurt | url-access=limited | isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref>
In 2014, scholar Kathleen Maxwell demonstrated minuscule 16 to be dependent upon [minuscule 1528. There are red crosses at various points throughout 1528 corresponding to the locations of illustrations in 16.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Kathleen | last=Maxwell | title=Between Constantinople and Rome: An Illuminated Byzantine Gospel Book (Paris gr. 54) and the Union of the Churches | year=2014 | publisher=Ashgate | location=London}}</ref>
Textually it is close to the manuscripts 119, 217, 330, 491, 578, 693, 1528 and 1588. They create textual Group 16 with the following profile: : Luke 1: 8, (9), 13, 23, 28, 34, 37, 43. : Luke 10: 3, 7, 15, 19, 23, (25), 58, 63. : Luke 20: 4, 13, 19, 50, 51, 54, 55, 62, 65.<ref name="Wisse">{{Cite book | first=Frederik | last=Wisse | title=The Profile Method for the Classification and Evaluation of Manuscript Evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke | page=53, 107 | year=1982 | publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company | location=Grand Rapids | isbn=0-8028-1918-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/profilemethodfor00wiss/page/53 | url-access=registration }}</ref>
The Latin text in Matt. 7:13 has the textual variant: "lata via et spaciosa est lila quae"; in Mt 13:3 "Ecce qai exiit Seminare Semen suum, et dum seminat quaedam cecid."<ref name="Gregory">{{Cite book | first=Caspar René | last=Gregory | author-link=Caspar René Gregory | title=Textkritik des Neuen Testamentes | trans-title=Textual Criticism of the New Testament | volume=1 | page=132 | year=1900 | publisher=J.C. Hinrichs | location=Leipzig | url=https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n145/mode/2up | lang=de}}</ref>
== History ==
The earliest history of the manuscript is unknown. It was formerly in the hands of Strozzi family, then of Catherine de' Medici.{{r|Gregory}} It was examined by biblical scholars Johann J. Wettstein, Johnn M. A. Scholz, and Paulin Martin.<ref>Jean-Pierre-Paul Martin, ''Description technique des manuscrits grecs, relatif au Nouveau Testament, conservé dans les bibliothèques des Paris'' (Paris 1883), p. 29</ref> Biblical scholar Caspar René Gregory saw the manuscript in 1884.{{r|Gregory}}
The manuscript is dated by the INTF to the 14th-century.{{r|Aland|INTF}} It is currently housed at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (shelf number Gr. 54) at Paris.{{r|Aland|INTF}}
== See also == * List of New Testament minuscules * Textual criticism
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links == * [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/Manuscripts1-500.html#m16 Minuscule 16] at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Minuscule 0016}} Category:Greek New Testament minuscules Category:14th-century biblical manuscripts Category:Vulgate manuscripts Category:Bibliothèque nationale de France collections