Menorca

{{Short description|Island in Spain}} {{Redirect|Minorca|other uses|Minorca (disambiguation)|and|Menorca (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Infobox islands | name = Menorca Minorca | image_name = Bandera de Menorca.svg | image_caption = Flag of Menorca | image_size = 200px | image_map = MenorcaSpain.jpg | map_size = | map_caption = Sentinel-2 image of Menorca | map = Spain Balearic Islands#Spain | coordinates = {{Coord|39|58|N|4|05|E|type:isle_scale:200000_region:ES-IB|display=inline,title}} | nickname = | location = Mediterranean Sea | archipelago = Balearic Islands | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 695.8 | highest_mount = Monte Toro | elevation_m = 357 | country = Spain | country_admin_divisions_title = Autonomous Community | country_admin_divisions = Balearic Islands | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Province | country_admin_divisions_1 = Balearic Islands | country_capital = Mahón | country1_leader_title = Government | country1_leader_name = Island Council of Menorca | country2_leader_title = President | country2_leader_name = Adolfo Vilafranca (PP) | country_largest_city_population = 30,006 | country_leader_title = 2 | country_leader_name = | population = 102,477 | population_as_of = 1 January 2025 | density_km2 = 147,3 | demonym = Menorcan | ethnic_groups = | additional_info = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 }} thumb|upright|Coat of arms of Menorca

{{Quote box | title = Historical affiliations | quote = {{flag|Carthage}} 4th century BC– 201 BC {{flag|Roman Republic}} 123 BC–27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC–455 Vandal Kingdom 455–534 Byzantine Empire 534–628 Umayyad state of Córdoba 903–1015 Taifa of Dénia 1015–1076 Taifa of Majorca 1076–1115 Almoravid Dynasty 1115–1158 Taifa of Majorca 1158–1203 Almohad Dynasty 1203–1229 {{flag|Crown of Aragon}} (Taifa of Menorca) 1229/1231–1287 {{flag|Crown of Aragon}} 1287–1298 {{flag|Kingdom of Mallorca}} 1298–1343 {{flag|Crown of Aragon}} 1343–1708 {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} 1708–1756 {{flag|Kingdom of France}} 1756–1763 {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} 1763–1782 {{flag|Kingdom of Spain|1760}} 1782–1798 {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} 1798–1800 {{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} 1801–1802 {{flag|Kingdom of Spain|1785}} 1802–1808 {{flag|Kingdom of Spain|1785}} 1813–1931 {{flag|Second Spanish Republic}} 1931–1939 {{flag|Spanish State}} 1939–1978 {{flag|Spain}} 1978–present {{flagicon|Spain}} {{flagcountry|Balearic Islands}} 1983–present | align = right | width = 26em | fontsize = 90% | bgcolor = #B0C4DE }}

'''Menorca'''{{efn|Local pronunciation: * {{IPA|ca-ES-IB|məˈnɔɾkə|lang}} * {{IPA|es|meˈnoɾka|lang}}}} or '''Minorca'''{{efn|English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|m|ɪ|ˈ|n|ɔːr|k|ə}}, {{respell|min|OR|kə}}}} (from {{langx|la|Insula Minor||smaller island}}, later ''Minorica'') is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea belonging to Spain. Its name derives from its size, contrasting it with nearby Mallorca (Majorca). Its capital is Mahón, situated on the island's eastern end, although Menorca is not a province and forms a political union with the other islands in the archipelago. Ciutadella de Menorca and Mahón are the main ports and largest towns.

Per the Census of 1 January 2025, Menorca had a population of 102,477.<ref>Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Madrid, 2023.</ref> Its highest point, a hill in the middle of the island named El Toro (from Catalan "''turó''" meaning ''hill''), is {{convert|358|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} above sea level.

== History == {{More citations needed section|date=January 2017}} The island is known for its collection of megalithic stone monuments: ''navetes'', ''taules'' and ''talaiots'', which indicate very early prehistoric human activity. Some of the earliest culture on Menorca was influenced by other Mediterranean cultures, including the Greek Minoans of ancient Crete (see also Gymnesian Islands). For example, the use of inverted plastered timber columns at Knossos is thought to have influenced early peoples of Menorca in imitating this practice.<ref>C. Michael Hogan (2007) [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes ''Knossos fieldnotes'', The Modern Antiquarian]</ref>

The end of the Punic Wars saw an increase in piracy in the western Mediterranean. The Roman occupation of Hispania had meant a growth of maritime trade between the Iberian and Italian peninsulas. Pirates took advantage of the strategic location of the Balearic Islands to raid Roman commerce, using both Menorca and Mallorca as bases. In reaction to this, the Romans invaded Menorca. By 123 BC, both islands were fully under Roman control, later being incorporated into the province of Hispania Citerior.

In 13 BC, Roman emperor Augustus reorganised the provincial system and the Balearic Islands became part of the Tarraconensis imperial province. The ancient town of Mago (Mahón) was transformed from a Carthaginian to a Roman town.<ref>Henry Christmas, ''The Shores and Islands of the Mediterranean'', Published 1851, R. Bentley</ref>

=== Jews of Menorca === [[File:Minorca by Piri Reis.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Historic map of Minorca by Piri Reis]] The island had a Jewish population.<ref name="Elukin, Jonathan M 2007">Elukin, Jonathan M. (2007). ''Living Together, Living Apart: Rethinking Jewish-Christian Relations in the Middle Ages''. Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.</ref> The ''Letter on the Conversion of the Jews'' by a fifth-century bishop named Severus tells of the forced conversion of the island's 540 Jewish men and women in AD 418.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Bradbury |editor-first=Scott |date=1996 |title=Severus of Minorca: Letter on the Conversion of the Jews |series=Oxford Early Christian Texts |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/severus-of-minorca-letter-on-the-conversion-of-the-jews-9780198267645 |translator=Scott Bradbury |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=154 |isbn=978-0-19-826764-5}}</ref> Several Jews, including Theodore, a rich representative Jew who stood high in the estimation of his coreligionists and of Christians alike, underwent baptism. The act of conversion brought about, within a previously peaceful coexisting community, the expulsion of the ruling Jewish elite into the bleak hinterlands, the burning of synagogues, and the gradual reinstatement of certain Jewish families after the forced acceptance of Christianity, allowing the survival of those Jewish families who had not already perished.<ref name="Elukin, Jonathan M 2007"/> Many Jews secretly retained their Jewish faith while outwardly professing Christian beliefs. Some of these Jews form part of the Xueta community.

When Menorca became a British possession in 1713, they actively encouraged the immigration of foreign non-Catholics, which included Jews who were not accepted by the predominantly Christian inhabitants. When the Jewish community in Mahón requested the use of a room as a synagogue, their request was refused, and they were denounced by the clergy. In 1781, when Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon, 1st Duke of Mahón invaded Menorca, he ordered all Jews to leave in four days. At that time, the around 500-strong Jewish community was transported from Menorca in four Spanish ships to the port of Marseille.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gregory|first=Desmond|title=Minorca, the Illusory Prize: A History of the British Occupations of Minorca between 1708 and 1802|date=1990|publisher=Associated University Presses, Inc|location=Cranbury, New Jersey, US|isbn=0-8386-3389-7|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPTtBRTfoNYC&q=Jews+of+Minorca&pg=PA132}}</ref>

=== Middle Ages === {{More citations needed section|date=November 2017}} The Vandals easily conquered the island in the fifth century. The Byzantine Empire recovered it in 534. Following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, Menorca was annexed to the Caliphate of Córdoba in 903, with many Muslims emigrating to the island.

''Manûrqa'' ({{langx|ar|منورقة}}) was the Arabicized name given to the island by the Muslims from its annexation to the Caliphate of Cordoba by 'Isâm al-Khawlânî in 903 until the rule of the last Muslim ra'îs, Abû 'Umar ibn Sa'îd in 1287. The only urban centre of the island was ''Madînat al Jazîra'' or ''al Manûrqa'' (modern Ciutadella). Most of the population lived in small farm communities organized under a tribal structure.

In 1231, after Christian forces took Mallorca, Menorca chose to become an independent Islamic state, albeit one tributary to King James I of Aragon. The island was ruled first by Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd Hakam al Qurashi (1234–1282), and following his death by his son, Abû 'Umar ibn Sa'îd (1282–1287).

A Catalan-Aragonese invasion, led by Alfonso III (also known as Count of Barcelona Alfons II), came on 17 January 1287; its anniversary is now celebrated as Menorca's national day. Once the island was captured, most of its Muslim inhabitants were enslaved and sold in the slave markets of Eivissa, Valencia and Barcelona, while others became Christians.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abulafia |first1=David |title=The Last Muslims in Italy |journal=Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society |date=2007 |volume=125 |issue=125 |pages=271–287 |jstor=40350668 }}</ref>

After the Christian conquest of 1287, the island was part of the Crown of Aragon. For some time it was ceded to the Kingdom of Mallorca, a vassal state of the Crown, but it was retaken by the king of Aragon in 1343. Eventually the Crown of Aragon merged with the Crown of Castile, and so Menorca became part of Spain.

During the 16th century, Turkish naval attacks destroyed Mahón, and the then capital, Ciutadella. In Mahón, Barbary pirates from North Africa took considerable booty and as many as 6,000 slaves.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Th. Houtsma|title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA872|year=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09790-2|page=872}}</ref> Various Spanish kings, including Philip III and Philip IV, styled themselves "King of Minorca" as a subsidiary title.

=== British rule === {{More citations needed section|date=November 2017}} [[File:Prise Port Mahon Minorque 20 mai 1756.jpg|thumb|The siege of Fort St. Philip in 1756]] [[File:John Thomas Serres - Port Mahon, Minorca with British Men-of-War at Anchor - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|British warships at anchor in Mahón after the 1798 capture of Menorca]]

Anglo-Dutch forces captured Menorca in 1708 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The island became a British possession and was formally ceded to Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Peace of Utrecht. Governed by a succession of British Army officers, during the period of British rule Menorca's capital was moved to Mahón and a Royal Navy base established in the town's harbour. Menorca remained a British possession until 1756, when French forces captured it during the Seven Years' War after repulsing a British relief attempt. However, Britain's victory in the war led the island to be ceded back to them in the 1763 Treaty of Paris. In 1782, Franco-Spanish forces captured the island during the American Revolutionary War, and Britain ceded the island back to Spain in the 1783 Peace of Paris. The British once again captured Menorca in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars, though they ceded it back to Spain in 1802 Treaty of Amiens.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

===Renewed Spanish rule===

As with the rest of the Balearic Islands, Menorca was not occupied by the French during the Peninsular War, as it was successfully protected by the Royal Navy, this time allied to Spain.

A quarantine station (lazaretto), Llatzaret (Catalan), was constructed from 1793 to 1807 next to the entrance to Mahón. It served ships from North Africa wishing to reach the Iberian Peninsula or the ports of the Balearic Islands. Lazarettos confined the crews of ships that were suspected of carrying infectious diseases, such as the plague. The crew needed to spend up to 40 days within its walls until it was clear there was no infection or until the sick recovered. It is now a national monument and can only be reached as part of an official tour.

From 1815 until the mid-19th century, the U.S. Navy developed its Mediterranean headquarters at Mahón,<ref>Dickon, Chris (2011). ''[https://play.google.com/store/books/details/The_Foreign_Burial_of_American_War_Dead_A_History?id=bxR--SO3UnEC&hl=en_US&gl=US The Foreign Burial of American War Dead]''. McFarland. ISBN 9780786446124, pp. 20–23</ref> leaving behind the English Cemetery, which was restored by the Spanish government in 2008 and is maintained in the 21st century.

=== Since 1900 ===

During the Spanish Civil War, Menorca stayed loyal to the Second Spanish Republic, while the rest of the Balearic Islands supported the Spanish Nationalists. The island did not see ground combat, but it was a target of aerial bombing by the pro-Nationalist Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie. Many Menorcans were also killed when taking part in a failed invasion of Mallorca. During the Pedro Marqués Barber era (July–December 1936) some Mallorcans and a priest were executed on the island. After the Nationalist victory in the Battle of Minorca in February 1939, the Royal Navy assisted in a peaceful transition of power in Menorca and the evacuation of some political refugees aboard {{HMS|Devonshire|39|6}}.

In October 1993, Menorca was designated by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve. In July 2005, the island's application to become the 25th member of the International Island Games Association was approved.

== Climate == As the major part of Balearic Islands, Menorca has a mediterranean climate (Köppen: ''Csa''), with mild winters and hot summers. Menorca is generally wetter than Mallorca, with rainfall peaking in late autumn. Average annual highs range between {{convert|14|C|F}} in winter to {{convert|29|C|F}} in summer. Due to its offshore position and the small size of the island, temperatures are generally quite stable.

{{Weather box |location = Mahón – Minorca Airport 91m (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1965–present) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 21.5 |Feb record high C = 21.6 |Mar record high C = 27.2 |Apr record high C = 27.7 |May record high C = 30.7 |Jun record high C = 34.4 |Jul record high C = 39.6 |Aug record high C = 39.0 |Sep record high C = 34.5 |Oct record high C = 31.3 |Nov record high C = 25.4 |Dec record high C = 21.6 |year record high C = 39.6 |Jan avg record high C = 17.6 |Feb avg record high C = 18.0 |Mar avg record high C = 20.6 |Apr avg record high C = 22.5 |May avg record high C = 26.5 |Jun avg record high C = 31.2 |Jul avg record high C = 33.0 |Aug avg record high C = 33.2 |Sep avg record high C = 29.7 |Oct avg record high C = 26.4 |Nov avg record high C = 22.4 |Dec avg record high C = 19.0 |year avg record high C = 34.0 |Jan high C = 14.1 |Feb high C = 14.2 |Mar high C = 15.9 |Apr high C = 18.0 |May high C = 21.6 |Jun high C = 25.8 |Jul high C = 28.9 |Aug high C = 29.2 |Sep high C = 26.2 |Oct high C = 22.7 |Nov high C = 18.1 |Dec high C = 15.2 |year high C = 20.8 |Jan mean C = 10.8 |Feb mean C = 10.8 |Mar mean C = 12.3 |Apr mean C = 14.3 |May mean C = 17.8 |Jun mean C = 21.8 |Jul mean C = 24.9 |Aug mean C = 25.4 |Sep mean C = 22.6 |Oct mean C = 19.4 |Nov mean C = 14.9 |Dec mean C = 12.1 |year mean C = 17.2 |Jan low C = 7.5 |Feb low C = 7.4 |Mar low C = 8.6 |Apr low C = 10.6 |May low C = 13.9 |Jun low C = 17.8 |Jul low C = 20.8 |Aug low C = 21.5 |Sep low C = 18.9 |Oct low C = 16.1 |Nov low C = 11.6 |Dec low C = 9.0 |year low C = 13.6 |Jan avg record low C = 3.6 |Feb avg record low C = 3.2 |Mar avg record low C = 4.6 |Apr avg record low C = 6.6 |May avg record low C = 10.4 |Jun avg record low C = 13.7 |Jul avg record low C = 17.4 |Aug avg record low C = 17.9 |Sep avg record low C = 15.0 |Oct avg record low C = 11.1 |Nov avg record low C = 6.8 |Dec avg record low C = 4.5 |year avg record low C = 2.2 |Jan record low C = -2.4 |Feb record low C = -1.1 |Mar record low C = -0.1 |Apr record low C = 1.6 |May record low C = 6.4 |Jun record low C = 10.2 |Jul record low C = 13.6 |Aug record low C = 13.6 |Sep record low C = 9.4 |Oct record low C = 5.2 |Nov record low C = 2.0 |Dec record low C = -1.0 |year record low C = -2.4 |Jan precipitation mm = 52 |Feb precipitation mm = 54 |Mar precipitation mm = 38 |Apr precipitation mm = 45 |May precipitation mm = 37 |Jun precipitation mm = 14 |Jul precipitation mm = 3 |Aug precipitation mm = 20 |Sep precipitation mm = 61 |Oct precipitation mm = 78 |Nov precipitation mm = 88 |Dec precipitation mm = 61 |year precipitation mm = 546 | precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation days = 7 |Feb precipitation days = 7 |Mar precipitation days = 6 |Apr precipitation days = 6 |May precipitation days = 4 |Jun precipitation days = 2 |Jul precipitation days = 1 |Aug precipitation days = 2 |Sep precipitation days = 5 |Oct precipitation days = 7 |Nov precipitation days = 8 |Dec precipitation days = 9 |year precipitation days = 64 |unit precipitation days = 1 mm |Jan sun = 144 |Feb sun = 146 |Mar sun = 202 |Apr sun = 222 |May sun = 270 |Jun sun = 311 |Jul sun = 347 |Aug sun = 312 |Sep sun = 225 |Oct sun = 183 |Nov sun = 142 |Dec sun = 130 |year sun = 2632 |source 1 = Agencia Estatal de Meteorología<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=B893&k=bal|title=Valores Climatológicos Normales. Minorca / Aeropuerto|date=November 2015}}</ref> |source 2 = Agencia Estatal de Meteorología<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresextremos?l=B893&k=bal|title=Valores Climatológicos Extremos. Minorca / Aeropuerto|date=December 2017}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019}}</ref> |date=November 2015}}

{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |- !Colspan=14|Climate data for Menorca |- !Month !Jan !Feb !Mar !Apr !May !Jun !Jul !Aug !Sep !Oct !Nov !Dec !style="border-left-width:medium"|Year |- !Average sea temperature °C (°F) |style="background:#D8D8FF;color:#000000;"|14.6 (58) |style="background:#D0D0FF;color:#000000;"|13.8 (57) |style="background:#D3D3FF;color:#000000;"|14.1 (57) |style="background:#EEEEFF;color:#000000;"|15.7 (60) |style="background:#FFD95D;color:#000000;"|18.7 (66) |style="background:#FF9300;color:#000000;"|22.2 (72) |style="background:#FF6400;color:#000000;"|24.4 (76) |style="background:#FF4E00;color:#000000;"|25.8 (78) |style="background:#FF6200;color:#000000;"|25.1 (77) |style="background:#FF8F00;color:#000000;"|22.9 (73) |style="background:#FFCA19;color:#000000;"|20.4 (69) |style="background:#F4F4FF;color:#000000;"|17.1 (63) |style="background:#FFCD28;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|19.4 (67) |- !Average Ultraviolet index |style="background:#289500;color:#000000;"|2 |style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|3 |style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|5 |style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|6 |style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|8 |style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|9 |style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|9 |style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|8 |style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|6 |style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|4 |style="background:#289500;color:#000000;"|2 |style="background:#289500;color:#000000;"|2 |style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|5.3 |- !Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source #1: seatemperature.org<ref name=seatemperature>{{cite web |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/spain/mao-november.htm |title=Menorca Sea Temperature |publisher=seatemperature.org |access-date=14 December 2017 }}</ref> |- !Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source #2: Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/spain/ciutadella-de-menorca-climate |title=Ciutadella de Menorca, Spain – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=14 December 2017 }}</ref> |}

== Culture == thumb|Port of Mahón The location of Menorca in the middle of the western Mediterranean was a staging point for the different cultures since prehistoric times. This Balearic Island has a mix of colonial and local architecture.

The ''festes'' take place throughout the summer in different towns around the island, and have their origins in the early 14th century.<ref>[https://www.menorca.es/en/Fiestas_de_Menorca/16012 Fiestas Mean Summertime in Menorca]</ref> The international opera week and international organ festival in Mahón, and the summer music festival and Capella Davidica concerts in Ciutadella are the main events of the island.

Menorca's cuisine is dominated by the Mediterranean diet, which is known to be very healthy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=dkozdra |date=2025-02-24 |title=The Mediterranean Diet - Discover the Principles and Foods of the Healthiest Cuisine in the World! |url=https://madebydiet.com/eu/the-mediterranean-diet-discover-the-foods-and-recipes-of-the-healthiest-cuisine-in-the-world/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Made By Diet - EUR |language=en-GB}}</ref> While many of the locals have adopted modern attitudes they still uphold certain old traditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minorca.com/v/geography/|title=Minorca Geography – Information, climate and weather in Minorca|website=minorca.com|access-date=31 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313183552/http://www.minorca.com/v/geography/|archive-date=13 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Traditional celebrations === [[File:Menorca jaleo.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Menorquín horse ridden by caixer at festes]] Menorca is especially well known for its traditional summer "festes", which intrigue many visitors. The Saint John's Feast is held annually in Ciutadella de Menorca, during 23–25 June. The festes last for three days. On the first day, a man bears a well-groomed sheep upon his shoulders and parades around the local streets. In the late evening, main streets are closed, and bonfires held upon them.

On the second day, locally bred black horses are dressed with ribbons and rosettes. The riders, or {{Anchor|caixer}}"caixers", ride the horses through the streets and, along with a tumultuous crowd of people, encourage them to rear up on their hind legs. The brave can be found running underneath them in an attempt to touch the horses hearts for good luck. {{Citation needed| date=September 2016}}

The third day sees intense competition between the riders in a harmless form of jousting that involves spearing a suspended ring with a lance at considerable speed. The festes are brought to a close with a firework display.

=== Sports === As a small island, Menorca offers limited opportunities to see top-level sport competitions. Football in Menorca is played at the fifth level of the Spanish football pyramid. There are currently 11 clubs contesting the Regional Preferente de Menorca, the champion of which progresses to the Tercera División Grupo XI playoffs. The winner of this playoff is promoted to Tercera División; the last Menorquí club to do so was CF Sporting Mahonés in 2009.

CV Ciutadella are a professional women's volleyball club who play in the Superliga Femenina, the top league of Spanish volleyball, having won the league championship in 2011 and 2012. They play at Pavelló Municipal d'Esports in Ciutadella.

A semi-professional basketball club, CB Menorca, play in the LEB Plata, the third level of Spanish basketball. Their home court is Pavelló Menorca in the Bintaufa neighborhood just outside of Mahón.

In recent years, some sporting events that gather hundreds of participants have been successfully held on a yearly basis, such as the triathlon race Extreme Man Menorca and the single-staged ultramarathon race Trail Menorca Camí de Cavalls. In 2014, it was announced that the island would host the 18th editions of the Island Games in 2019; however, Menorca later pulled out of hosting the event, citing a change of government as the main reason.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/33413446|title=Island Games: Menorca pull out of hosting 2019 event|publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 July 2015}}</ref>

In 2025, the island began hosting Open Menorca, a professional tennis tournament on the ATP Challenger Tour. <ref>https://www.atptour.com/en/tournaments/menorca/2987/overview</ref>

=== Language ===

The two official languages are Catalan and Spanish.<ref>Article 4, Statute of Autonomy of the Balearic Islands, 2007: "The Catalan language, typical of the Balearic Islands, will have official consideration, together with Spanish."</ref> Natives to the island speak the variety of Catalan called ''Menorquí'', and Spanish as well; many residents originating from the mainland are monolingual in Spanish. The language of education and of government is Catalan, with Spanish taught alongside it.

A 2014 survey carried out by the government of the Balearic Islands found that 53.5% of participants identified themselves as Catalan speakers, 36.7% as Spanish speakers, and 7.7% as bilingual speakers.<ref>[http://www.diariodeibiza.es/pitiuses-balears/2017/08/13/pitiuses-son-islas-balears-conoce/934152.html Diario de Ibiza: ''Las Pitiusas son las islas de Balears en las que menos se conoce y se usa el catalán''] (In Spanish)</ref>

The most distinctive difference between ''Menorquí'' and standard Catalan, as with most Balearic dialects, is the word used for the article "the", where ''Menorquí'' uses "es" for masculine and "sa" for feminine. Menorquí thus shares the source of its article with many Sardinian varieties (masc. sing. ''su'', fem sing. ''sa''), rather than the standard Catalan "el" and "la", similar to other Romance languages (e.g. Spanish ''el'', ''la'', Italian ''il'', ''la''), corresponding to a form which was historically used along the Costa Brava of Catalonia, from where it is supposed that the islands were repopulated after being conquered from the Moors.

Menorquí also has a few English loan words dating back to the period of British rule, such as "grevi", "xumaquer", "boinder" and "xoc" taken from "gravy", "shoemaker", "bow window" and "chalk", respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.menorcabritannia.org/articles/older/Menorquin_English_words.php |title=Menorquin English words. |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-date=10 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110194739/http://menorcabritannia.org/articles/older/Menorquin_English_words.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Food and drink === thumb|upright|Bottle of Gin Xoriguer, the typical gin from Menorca. It is very often mixed with lemonade. Wine production has been known on the island since ancient times, but it went into a heavy decline over the last century. Now, several new, small wineries have started up, producing wines locally.<ref name="Vinologue"/>

Lingering British influence is seen in the Menorcans' taste for gin, which during local ''festes'' honoring towns' patron saints is mixed with lemonade (or bitter lemon) to make a golden liquid known as ''Pomada''. Gin from Menorca (known as Gin de Minorca or Gin de Mahón) is not derived from grain alcohol but from wine alcohol (eau de vie de vin), making it more akin to brandy. It has the distinction to have geographical identity protection. Probably the best known gin is Gin Xoriguer which is named after the typical Menorcan windmill which was used to make the first gin.

Mayonnaise is thought to take its name from the capital of the island. According to this theory, it was first prepared by a French chef in 1756 as part of a victory feast after the capture of Mahón, Minorca. In those days, sauces were prepared by combining cream and eggs. The French chef needed cream to prepare a sauce, but there was none to be found. He therefore replaced it with olive oil, creating mayonnaise. The word 'mayonnaise' is the French for ''mahonesa'', meaning from or belonging to Mahón ('Mahon' in French).<ref name="Food Chronology">{{cite book |last=Trager |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/foodchronologyf00trag |title=The Food Chronology |date=1995 |publisher=Henry Hold and Company |isbn=9780805033892 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/foodchronologyf00trag/page/163 163] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheflerfoods |date=2022-08-27 |title=The Interesting History of Mayonnaise |url=https://cheflerfoods.com/history-of-mayonnaise/#:~:text=According%20to%20culinary%20historians,%20mayonnaise,by%20combining%20cream%20and%20eggs. |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref>

Also famous is Mahón cheese, "formatge de Maó", typical of the island.

Sweets known as flaons are one of the typical gastronomic products of Menorca.

==Wildlife== ===Flowers=== Menorca is rich in wild flowers with over 900 species of flowering plants recorded. Many are those typical of the Mediterranean, but some are endemic. There are 24 or 25 species of orchid found and of these most flower early in the year in late March, April and May.

===Insects=== thumb|Cleopatra, Algendar gorge 30 species of butterflies have been recorded on Menorca and most are on the wing from March to late September. The species that occur include the Cleopatra, Lang's short tailed blue and the two-tailed pasha. Despite not having many large wetlands dragonflies abound on Menorca. Seventeen species have been recorded including the emperor dragonfly. *List of butterflies of Menorca *List of dragonflies of Menorca

===Reptiles and amphibians=== There are three species of amphibians: green toad (''Bufo viridis''), marsh frog and stripeless tree frog (''Hyla meridionalis''). The common lizard seen all over the island is the Italian wall lizard (''Podarcis siculus'') although the Moroccan rock lizard (''Scelaris perspicillata'') also occurs. The Balearic endemic Lilford's wall lizard (''Podarcis lilfordi'') can be found on many of the offshore islands. Two species of gecko can be found on Menorca, the Moorish (''Tarentola mauritanica'') and the Turkish (''Hemidactylus turcicus'') also called the Mediterranean house gecko. Four species of snake occur: the viperine snake (''Natrix maura''), grass snake, false smooth snake (''Macroprotodon cucullatus'') and the ladder snake (''Rhinechis scalaris'').

Hermann's tortoise (''Testudo hermanni'') is quite common and can be found all over the island. Two terrapin species are also found, the native European pond terrapin (''Emys orbicularis'') and the introduced American red-eared slider'' (Trachemys scripta'').

===Birds=== The birdlife of Menorca is very well known. Menorca is a well watched island which is on the migration route of many species and good number of passage migrants can be seen in spring.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bartleholidays.co.uk/menorca-guides/migrant-birds-of-menorca/|title=Migrant Birds of Menorca|date=24 April 2019|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822155807/https://bartleholidays.co.uk/menorca-guides/migrant-birds-of-menorca/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Residents include Audouin's gull, blue rock thrush and Thekla lark. Booted eagle and red kite are easy to see as is Egyptian vulture in the right habitat. In summer there are bee-eaters and Menorca has major colonies of Cory's shearwater and Balearic shearwater.

===Mammals=== Menorca has no large native mammals. There are some small mammals including rabbits, bats, rats, mice, pine martens and a subspecies of North African hedgehog.

== Municipalities == thumb|upright=1.35|Municipal boundaries in Menorca thumb|Enlargeable, detailed map of Menorca The major towns are Mahón and Ciutadella de Menorca. The island is administratively divided into eight municipalities (from west to east): *Ciutadella de Menorca (or just ''Ciutadella'' locally) – the ancient capital of Menorca until 1722. *Ferreries *Es Mercadal **Fornells, which belongs to the municipality of Es Mercadal. Famous for its lobster stew (''caldereta''). *Es Migjorn Gran (or ''Es Mitjorn Gran'') – hometown of supercentarian Joan Riudavets. *Alaior **Cala En Porter – a tourist and residential area *Mahón (''Maó'') – became the capital in 1722 during British rule due to its strategic natural harbour. **Llucmassanes – a small hamlet which belongs to the municipality of Mahón. **Sant Climent, which belongs to the municipality of Mahón. *Es Castell – Founded by the British and originally named as Georgetown. *Sant Lluís – Founded by the French and originally named Saint-Louis.

The areas and populations of the municipalities (according to the ''Instituto Nacional de Estadística'', Spain) are:

{|class="sortable wikitable" |- !scope="col"| Municipality !scope="col"| Area (km2) !scope="col"| Census Population 1 November 2001 !scope="col"| Census Population 1 November 2011 !scope="col"| Census Population 1 January 2021 !scope="col"| Estimated Population 1 January 2023 |- | Ciutadella de Menorca | align="right"|186.3 | align="right"|23,103 | align="right"|29,510 | align="right"|30,766 | align="right"|31,669 |- | Ferreries | align="right"|66.1 | align="right"|4,048 | align="right"|4,667 | align="right"|4,903 | align="right"|5,056 |- | Es Mercadal | align="right"|138.3 | align="right"|3,089 | align="right"|5,292 | align="right"|5,474 | align="right"|5,927 |- | Es Migjorn Gran | align="right"|31.4 | align="right"|1,167 | align="right"|1,520 | align="right"|1,512 | align="right"|1,558 |- | Alaior | align="right"|109.9 | align="right"|7,108 | align="right"|9,450 | align="right"|9,686 | align="right"|9,879 |- | Mahón | align="right"|117.2 | align="right"|23,315 | align="right"|28,789 | align="right"|29,648 | align="right"|30,006 |- | Es Castell | align="right"|11.7 | align="right"|6,424 | align="right"|7,895 | align="right"|7,688 | align="right"|7,763 |- | Sant Lluís | align="right"|34.8 | align="right"|3,270 | align="right"|7,275 | align="right"|7,056 | align="right"|7,147 |- | '''Totals''' | align="right"|695.7 | align="right"|71,524 | align="right"|94,398 | align="right"|96,733 | align="right"|99,005 |}

==Politics and government== ===Insular government=== ====Results of the elections to the Island Council of Menorca==== Elections are held every four years concurrently with local elections. From 1983 to 2007, councilors were indirectly elected from the results of the election to Parliament of the Balearic Islands for the constituency of Menorca. Since 2007, however, separate direct elections are held to elect the Council. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! colspan="4" |35px Island Councilors of the Island Council of Menorca since 1978 |- | colspan="4" | {{hidden begin|title=''Key to parties''|contentstyle=font-size:95%; border:solid 1px silver; padding:8px; background:white;}} {{colbegin|colwidth=12.5em}} {{legend|{{party color|Communist Party of Spain}}|PCE|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|United Left of the Balearic Islands}}|EUIB|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|United Left of the Balearic Islands}}|EU–EV|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Podemos (Spanish political party)}}|Podemos|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Unidas Podemos}}|United We Can–EUIB|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Socialist Party of Menorca}}|PSM|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Entesa de l'Esquerra de Menorca}}|PSM–EU|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Socialist Party of Majorca}}|PSM–PSI|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Nationalist Left of the Balearic Islands Federation}}|PSM–ENE|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|PSM–Nationalist Agreement}}|PSM–EN|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Més per Menorca}}|MxMe|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}|PSIB–PSOE|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Independent}}|CIM|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Democratic and Social Centre (Spain)}}|CDS|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Citizens (Spanish political party)}}|Cs|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)}}|UCD|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}}|PP|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Democratic Coalition (Spain)}}|CD|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|People's Coalition (Spain)}}|CP|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|People's Alliance (Spain)}}|AP–PL|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|{{party color|Vox (political party)}}|Vox|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{colend}} {{hidden end}} |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! Election ! Distribution ! colspan="2"|President |- | align=center|1979<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://ibdigital.uib.es/greenstone/sites/localsite/collect/mayurqa/index/assoc/Mayurqa_/2021v03p/107.dir/Mayurqa_2021v03p107.pdf |title=1979 Preautonomous Elections in the Balearic Islands |first=Martín Rotger |last=Lebrón |journal=Mayurqa |number=3 |date=2021 |pages=107–121 |doi=10.22307/2386.7124.2021.01.008 |issn=2386-7124}}</ref> | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of Spain}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of Menorca}}; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 | style="background:{{party color|Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)}}; width:6em; color:white;"| 6 | style="background:{{party color|Democratic Coalition (Spain)}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 |} | {{ill|Francesc Tutzó Bennàsar|ca}} (UCD) | {{party color cell|Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)}} |- | align=center|1983 | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of Menorca}}; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:5em; color:white;"| 5 | style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|People's Coalition (Spain)}}; width:4em; color:white;"| 4 |} | rowspan="2" | {{ill|Tirs Pons|ca|Tirs Pons Pons}} (PSIB–PSOE) | rowspan="3" {{party color cell|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}} |- | align=center|1987 | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|Entesa de l'Esquerra de Menorca}}; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:5em; color:white;"| 5 | style="background:{{party color|Democratic and Social Centre (Spain)}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|People's Alliance (Spain)}}; width:5em; color:white;"| 5 |} |- | rowspan="2" align=center|1991 | rowspan="2" | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|Entesa de l'Esquerra de Menorca}}; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:5em; color:white;"| 5 | style="background:{{party color|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:6em; color:white;"| 6 |} | {{ill|Albert Moragues|ca|Albert Moragues Gomila}} (PSIB–PSOE) {{small|(1991)}} |- | {{ill|Joan Huguet|ca|Joan Huguet i Rotger}} (PP) {{small|(1991–1995)}} | rowspan="3" {{party color cell|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}} |- | rowspan="2" align=center|1995 | rowspan="2" | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|United Left of the Balearic Islands}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Left of the Balearic Islands Federation}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:4em; color:white;"| 4 | style="background:{{party color|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:7em; color:white;"| 7 |} | {{ill|Joan Huguet|ca|Joan Huguet i Rotger}} (PP) {{small|(1995)}} |- | {{ill|Cristòfol Triay|ca|Cristòfol Triay Humbert}} (PP) {{small|(1995–1999)}} |- | align=center|1999 | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|United Left of the Balearic Islands}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|PSM–Nationalist Agreement}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:5em; color:white;"| 5 | style="background:{{party color|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:6em; color:white;"| 6 |} | rowspan="2" | {{ill|Joana Barceló|ca|Joana Barceló Martí|es|Joana Barceló Martí}} (PSIB–PSOE) | rowspan="4" {{party color cell|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}} |- | align=center|2003 | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|PSM–Nationalist Agreement}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:6em; color:white;"| 6 | style="background:{{party color|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:6em; color:white;"| 6 |} |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2007 | rowspan="2" | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of Menorca}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:6em; color:white;"| 6 | style="background:{{party color|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:6em; color:white;"| 6 |} | {{ill|Joana Barceló|ca|Joana Barceló Martí|es|Joana Barceló Martí}} (PSIB–PSOE) {{small|(2007–2008)}} |- | {{ill|Marc Pons|ca|Marc Pons Pons|es|Marc Pons Pons}} (PSIB–PSOE) {{small|(2008–2011)}} |- | align=center|2011 | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of Menorca}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:4em; color:white;"| 4 | style="background:{{party color|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:8em; color:white;"| 8 |} | {{ill|Santiago Tadeo|ca|Santiago Tadeo Florit}} (PP) | {{party color cell|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}} |- | rowspan="2" align=center|2015 | rowspan="2" | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|Podemos (Spanish political party)}}; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 | style="background:{{party color|Més per Menorca}}; width:3em; color:white;"| 3 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:3em; color:white;"| 3 | style="background:{{party color|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:5em; color:white;"| 5 |} | {{ill|Maite Salord|ca|Maite Salord i Ripoll}} (MpM) {{small|(2015–2017)}} | {{party color cell|Més per Menorca}} |- | {{ill|Susana Mora Humbert|ca|Susana I. Mora Humbert}} (PSIB–PSOE) {{small|(2017–2019)}} | rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}} |- | align=center|2019 | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|Unidas Podemos}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|Més per Menorca}}; width:3em; color:white;"| 3 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:4em; color:white;"| 4 | style="background:{{party color|Citizens (Spanish political party)}}; width:1em; color:white;"| 1 | style="background:{{party color|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:4em; color:white;"| 4 |} | {{ill|Susana Mora Humbert|ca|Susana I. Mora Humbert}} (PSIB–PSOE) |- | align=center|2023 | {| style="width:45em; font-size:85%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;" |- style="font-weight:bold" | style="background:{{party color|Més per Menorca}}; width:2em; color:white;"| 2 | style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:4em; color:white;"| 4 | style="background:{{party color|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}}; width:6em; color:white;"| 6 | style="background:{{party color|Vox (political party)}}; width:1em; color:white;" | 1 |} | {{ill|Adolfo Vilafranca|ca|Adolfo Vilafranca Florit}} (PP) | {{party color cell|People's Party of the Balearic Islands}} |}

== Transport == Menorca has several roads that go around the island, the most important one being Me-1 road (Spain), which goes from the island's capital, Mahón, to Ciutadella. Menorca also has many bus lines, most of them only operated in the summer due to tourism. The most important line is line 01, which goes through Me-1 passing through all municipalities except Es Castell and Sant Lluís.

Menorca has one Airport, that serves to the whole Island.

== Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Taula-Menorca.jpg|Taula from the site of Talatí de Dalt about {{convert|4|km|0|abbr=on}} west of Mahón. File:Cales Coves.jpg|''Cales Coves'' of Menorca. Note the hand-hewn entrances to the caves. File:Minorcancountryside.JPG|Menorcan countryside File:Cala Trebalúger.JPG|Cala Trebalúger File:Alcaufar 2.jpg|Martello tower, Alcaufar with Illa de l'aire lighthouse in the distance. File:Cala Galdana (30097216346).jpg|Cala Galdana File:Arenal 2018.jpg|Arenal d'en Castell </gallery>

== Notes == {{Notelist}}

== References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Vinologue">{{citation|title=Vinologue Minorca|author=Miquel Hudin|publisher=Leavenworth Press|isbn=978-0-983-77187-6|year=2013|pages=75|url=http://www.vinologue.com/books/Minorca/}}</ref>}}

== Further reading == * Burns, Robert I., (1990) "Muslims in the Thirteenth Century Realms of Aragon: Interaction and Reaction", p. 67, In: Powell, J.M. (ed.) ''Muslims under Latin Rule, 1100–1300'', p. 57–102, Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-05586-6}}. * Fernandez-Arnesto, F. ''Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 1229–1492''; Mac Millan, 1987. p. 36.* Hearl, G., (1996). A Birdwatchers guide to Minorca, Ibiza and Formentera. Arlequin Press. pp56. {{ISBN|1-900159-20-1}} * Ginzburg, Carlo. "The Conversion of the Jews of Minorca (A.D. 417–418)," in Idem, ''Threads and Traces: True False Fictive'' (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2011) * Laurie, John Bruce (1994) The Life of Richard Kane, Britain's First Lieutenant-Governor of Menorca {{ISBN|84-606-3275-X}} * Moll Mercadal, B. ''Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd ibn Hakam, Ra'îs de Manûrqa (631/1234-680/1289)'' Publicacions des Born nº5. 1999 * Pons, G., (2000). Les papallones diurnes de les balears., pp87. Edicions Documenta Balear, Palma de Mallorca. * Taylor, David Wilson (1975). ''Minorca''. {{ISBN|0 7153 6787 0}} (Great Britain) {{ISBN|0 8117 1032 7}} (United States) First full account of Minorca in English since John Armstrong's memoirs of 1740. [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Minorca-Island-David-Wilson-Taylor-ebook/dp/B00V4LLINW/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1434466799&sr=8-3&keywords=Minorca+in+books Minorca: The White and Blue Island]

== External links == {{Sister project links|voy=Minorca|Minorca}} * [https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/eu-na/menorca UNESCO's Minorca Biosphere Reserve] * [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/9QVRvLeQ3poYKQ Talayotic Menorca] UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060518013154/http://www.ecomuseodecavalleria.com/en/mezquita.asp Manûrqa's society at the Ecomuseum Cap de Cavalleria of Menorca]

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