{{Short description|Single-species lichen genus}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=November 2025}} {{Speciesbox | image = | parent_authority = Stirt. (1898) | taxon = Miltidea ceroplasta | authority = (C.Bab.) D.J.Galloway & Hafellner (1984) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/> | synonyms = *''Biatora ceroplasta'' {{au|C.Bab. (1855)}}<ref name="Hooker 1855"/> *''Lecidea ceroplasta'' {{au|(C.Bab.) Hook.f. (1867)}}<ref name="Hooker 1867"/> *''Patellaria ceroplasta'' {{au|(C.Bab.) Müll.Arg. (1894)}} *''Bacidia ceroplasta'' {{au|(C.Bab.) Hellb. (1896)}}<ref name="Hellbom 1896"/> }}
'''''Miltidea''''' is a fungal genus in the family Agyriaceae. It comprises the single species '''''Miltidea ceroplasta''''', a crustose lichen. Originally proposed in 1898 to encompass a wide array of red-fruited lichens, the genus was later found to be based on a fundamentally flawed concept, and was resurrected in 1984 by Josef Hafellner with a much narrower circumscription limited to just a single species. This species occurs in the cool temperate rainforests of Tasmania, New Zealand, and Chile, where it grows primarily on the smooth bark of rainforest trees at lower elevations. The lichen is distinguished by its combination of a thin, pale thallus and small but conspicuous waxy fruiting bodies that range from orange to vivid red. Molecular phylogenetic studies indicate that ''Miltidea'' represents a distinct lineage now placed in the family Agyriaceae.
==Taxonomy==
Genus ''Miltidea'' was erected by James Stirton in 1898 as a new grouping for lichens with conspicuously red to rubescent apothecia (the {{lichengloss|disc}}-like fruiting bodies). He framed the genus to be "conformable" with ''Lecidea'' and treated ''Lecidea rubricatula'' as the representative type of the group. The distinctive character, as he saw it, was an internal cup-like "perithecium" surrounding the hymenium, built from vertical, rod-like elements ("staffs") set perpendicular to the thallus surface. These rods were most sharply defined in the lower zone, which he named the ''hypoperithecium'', and commonly showed strong yellow, orange or red pigmentation at their ends; by contrast, the structure lacked a gelatinous (iodine-positive) reaction but was rich in chrysophanic acid. Stirton also noted that in some species the upper ends of the rods were faintly reddened, an observation that had earlier led him to misinterpret that layer as the {{lichengloss|hypothecium}}.<ref name="Stirton 1898"/>
Crucially for his circumscription, Stirton downplayed ascospore architecture: within ''Miltidea'' he included species whose spores ranged from simple and colourless to {{lichengloss|loculate}} and fully {{lichengloss|muriform}}, arguing that such variation, even within a single apothecium, did not justify segregate genera. To make the point he contrasted forms allied to ''Lecanora punicea'' (now ''Haematomma puniceum'') and described a Queensland specimen in which some asci bore simple loculate spores while others in the same disc held muriform ones. He then enumerated a broad assemblage under ''Miltidea'', including taxa he called ''M. cinnabarina'', ''M. russula'', ''M. domingensis'' and ''M. vulpina'', along with several New Zealand species he named (e.g., ''M. venusta'', ''M. venustula'' and ''M. consanguinea''). He even proposed a subsection, ''Cyanoysis'', for forms in which the hypoperithecial rods were tipped deep blue.<ref name="Stirton 1898"/> This expansive, pigment- and tissue-architecture-centred concept bears little resemblance to today's much narrower usage of the name, now applied to a very different, monospecific genus (''Miltidea ceroplasta''). The genus was resurrected by Josef Hafellner in 1984, who classified it in the monogeneric family Miltideaceae.<ref name="Hafellner 1984"/>
Molecular phylogenetic analyses by Schmitt and colleagues (2012) positioned ''Miltidea ceroplasta'' as sister to ''Agyrium rufum'' within a distinct lineage separate from Pertusariaceae. This supported recognition of ''Miltidea'' as representing an independent family-level branch (Miltideaceae) within the order Pertusariales.<ref name="Schmitt et al. 2012"/> In 2018, using a molecular phylogenetic approach coupled with a technique known as "temporal banding", Kraichak and colleagues proposed to fold the family Miltideaceae into the Agyriaceae.<ref name="Kraichak et al. 2018"/> A close genetic relationship between these two families had previously been noted. The proposal to subsume Miltideaceae into the Agyriaceae was accepted in a later critical analysis of the temporal banding technique for fungal and lichen systematics,<ref name="Lücking 2019"/> and this change has subsequently been followed in the "2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa".<ref name="2024 Outline"/>
==Description==
''Miltidea ceroplasta'' is a crustose lichen distinguished by its bright, waxy fruiting bodies and smooth thallus. The thallus is thin, pale grey to white or cream, and forms a continuous film on smooth bark. Its reproductive structures are prominent: the apothecia are convex to somewhat globular and can reach up to 2 mm in diameter, with considerable colour variations from orange-brown or yellow-orange to vivid red. Younger apothecia are often dot-like and react K+ (crimson), gradually becoming orange-brown with age. Fully mature {{lichengloss|discs}} may appear orange-brown or deep red and contain red anthraquinone pigments that react crimson in potassium hydroxide. The apothecia are {{lichengloss|biatorine}} in form (lacking a distinct {{lichengloss|thalline margin}}) and contain eight ascospores per ascus within a strongly amyloid layer of jelly.<ref name="Kantvilas & James 1991"/>
Microscopically, the asci are surrounded by amyloid jelly and contain simple, hyaline, one-celled spores that are ellipsoid to slightly elongate, measuring about 17–25 × 7–12 μm in the main type material. Smaller, secondary spores (from smaller apothecia) range from 9.5 to 13 × 3.5–5 μm. The paraphyses are {{lichengloss|simple}}, sparingly branched, and contain oil bodies. The species also produces internal anthraquinone pigments, which give its apothecia their diagnostic K+ (crimson) reaction.<ref name="Kantvilas & James 1991"/>
==Habitat and distribution==
''Miltidea ceroplasta'' occurs in Australia (Tasmania), New Zealand,<ref name="Hayward et al. 1991"/> and Chile. In the field in Tasmania, ''Miltidea ceroplasta'' is typically encountered in moist, shaded rainforest habitats, particularly on smooth bark of trees such as ''Nothofagus'', ''Eucryphia'', ''Anodopetalum'', ''Phyllocladus'', and ''Pittosporum''. It occurs on lower trunks and branches rather than in the canopy and forms a common component of Tasmanian rainforest bark-dwelling lichen communities.<ref name="Kantvilas & James 1991"/>
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Hafellner 1984">{{cite journal |last=Hafellner |first=J. |year=1984 |title=Studien in Richtung einer natürlichen Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoracae und Lecideaceae |trans-title=Studies towards a natural classification of the collective families Lecanoraceae and Lecideaceae |journal=Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia |volume=79 |pages=241–371 [308] |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Hayward et al. 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Hayward |first1=Bruce W. |first2=Anthony E. |last2=Wright |first3=Glenys C. |last3=Hayward |year=1991 |title=Lichens of Little Barrier Island (Hauturu), northern New Zealand |journal=Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum |volume=29 |pages=185–199 |jstor=42906416}}</ref>
<ref name="Hellbom 1896">{{cite journal |last=Hellbom |first=P.J. |year=1896 |title=Lichenaea neo-zeelandica seu lichenes Novae Zeelandiae a Sv. Berggren annis 1874–75 collecti |trans-title=New Zealand lichens, or lichens of New Zealand, collected by S. (Bergren) during the years 1874–75 |journal=Bihang Til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. Afd. 3 |volume=21 |issue=13 |page=101}}</ref>
<ref name="Hooker 1855">{{cite book |last=Hooker |first=J.D. |year=1855 |title=The botany of the Antarctic Voyage II, Flora Novae-Zealandiae |volume=2 |page=300 |location=London |publisher=Lovell Reeve |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15951169}}</ref>
<ref name="Hooker 1867">{{cite book |last=Hooker |first=J.D. |year=1867 |title=Handbook of the New Zealand Flora |location=London |publisher=Reeve & Company |page=583 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53746006}}</ref>
<ref name="Kantvilas & James 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Kantvilas |first1=G. |last2=James |first2=P.W. |year=1991 |title=Records of crustose lichens from Tasmanian rainforest |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=271–286 [279–280] |doi=10.5962/p.416134 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0041/001/0279.htm|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Kraichak et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Kraichak |first1=Ekaphan |last2=Huang |first2=Jen-Pan |last3=Nelsen |first3=Matthew |last4=Leavitt |first4=Steven D. |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2018 |doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boy060}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |title=Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in Fungi (including lichens) and other organisms |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |year=2019 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=199–253 |doi=10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517 |bibcode=2019CRvPS..38..199L }}</ref>
<ref name="Schmitt et al. 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Schmitt |first1=Imke |last2=Otte |first2=Juergen |last3=Parnmen |first3=Sittiporn |last4=Sadowska-Deś |first4=Anna |last5=Luecking |first5=Robert |last6=Lumbsch |first6=Thorsten |title=A new circumscription of the genus ''Varicellaria'' (Pertusariales, Ascomycota) |journal=MycoKeys |issue=4 |year=2012 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.4.3545 |doi-access=free |pages=23–36}}</ref>
<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=GSD Species Synonymy. Current Name: ''Miltidea ceroplasta'' (C. Bab.) D.J. Galloway & Hafellner, in Hafellner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 79: 308 (1984) |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=107538 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Stirton 1898">{{cite journal |last=Stirton |first=J. |year=1898 |title=On new Australian and New Zealand lichens |journal=Transactions of the New Zealand Institute |volume=30 |pages=382–393 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25449740}}</ref>
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|last386=Ramírez-Cruz |first386=V. |last387=Rambold |first387=G. |last388=Rathnayaka |first388=A.R. |last389=Raza |first389=M. |last390=Ren |first390=G.C. |last391=Rinaldi |first391=A.C. |last392=Rivas-Ferreiro |first392=M. |last393=Robledo |first393=G.L. |last394=Ronikier |first394=A. |last395=Rossi |first395=W. |last396=Rusevska |first396=K. |last397=Ryberg |first397=M. |last398=Safi |first398=A. |last399=Salimi |first399=F. |last400=Salvador-Montoya |first400=C.A. |last401=Samant |first401=B. |last402=Samaradiwakara |first402=N.P. |last403=Sánchez-Castro |first403=I. |last404=Sandoval-Denis |first404=M. |last405=Santiago |first405=A.L.C.M.A. |last406=Santos |first406=A.C.D.S. |last407=Santos |first407=L.A. |last408=Sarma |first408=V.V. |last409=Sarwar |first409=S. |last410=Savchenko |first410=A. |last411=Savchenko |first411=K. |last412=Saxena |first412=R.K. |last413=Schoutteten |first413=N. |last414=Selbmann |first414=L. |last415=Ševčíková |first415=H. |last416=Sharma |first416=A. |last417=Shen |first417=H.W. |last418=Shen |first418=Y.M. |last419=Shu |first419=Y.X. |last420=Silva |first420=H.F. |last421=Silva-Filho |first421=A.G.S. |last422=Silva |first422=V.S.H. |last423=Simmons |first423=D.R. |last424=Singh |first424=R. |last425=Sir |first425=E.B. |last426=Sohrabi |first426=M. |last427=Souza |first427=F.A. |last428=Souza-Motta |first428=C.M. |last429=Sri-indrasutdhi |first429=V. |last430=Sruthi |first430=O.P. |last431=Stadler |first431=M. |last432=Stemler |first432=J. |last433=Stephenson |first433=S.L. |last434=Stoyneva-Gaertner |first434=M.P. |last435=Strassert |first435=J.F.H. |last436=Stryjak-Bogacka |first436=M. |last437=Su |first437=H. |last438=Sun |first438=Y.R. |last439=Svantesson |first439=S. |last440=Sysouphanthong |first440=P. |last441=Takamatsu |first441=S. |last442=Tan |first442=T.H. |last443=Tanaka |first443=K. |last444=Tang |first444=C. |last445=Tang |first445=X. |last446=Taylor |first446=J.E. |last447=Taylor |first447=P.W.J. |last448=Tennakoon |first448=D.S. |last449=Thakshila |first449=S.A.D. |last450=Thambugala |first450=K.M. |last451=Thamodini |first451=G.K. |last452=Thilanga |first452=D. |last453=Thines |first453=M. |last454=Tiago |first454=P.V. |last455=Tian |first455=X.G. |last456=Tian |first456=W.H. |last457=Tibpromma |first457=S. |last458=Tkalčec |first458=Z. |last459=Tokarev |first459=Y.S. |last460=Tomšovský |first460=M. |last461=Torruella |first461=G. |last462=Tsurykau |first462=A. |last463=Udayanga |first463=D. |last464=Ulukapı |first464=M. |last465=Untereiner |first465=W.A. |last466=Usman |first466=M. |last467=Uzunov |first467=B.A. |last468=Vadthanarat |first468=S. |last469=Valenzuela |first469=R. |last470=Van den Wyngaert |first470=S. |last471=Van Vooren |first471=N. |last472=Velez |first472=P. |last473=Verma |first473=R.K. |last474=Vieira |first474=L.C. |last475=Vieira |first475=W.A.S. |last476=Vinzelj |first476=J.M. |last477=Tang |first477=A.M.C. |last478=Walker |first478=A. |last479=Walker |first479=A.K. |last480=Wang |first480=Q.M. |last481=Wang |first481=Y. |last482=Wang |first482=X.Y. |last483=Wang |first483=Z.Y. |last484=Wannathes |first484=N. |last485=Wartchow |first485=F. |last486=Weerakoon |first486=G. |last487=Wei |first487=D.P. |last488=Wei |first488=X. |last489=White |first489=J.F. |last490=Wijesundara |first490=D.S.A. |last491=Wisitrassameewong |first491=K. |last492=Worobiec |first492=G. |last493=Wu |first493=H.X. |last494=Wu |first494=N. |last495=Xiong |first495=Y.R. |last496=Xu |first496=B. |last497=Xu |first497=J.P. |last498=Xu |first498=R. |last499=Xu |first499=R.F. |last500=Xu |first500=R.J. |last501=Yadav |first501=S. |last502=Yakovchenko |first502=L.S. |last503=Yang |first503=H.D. |last504=Yang |first504=X. |last505=Yang |first505=Y.H. |last506=Yang |first506=Y. |last507=Yang |first507=Y.Y. |last508=Yoshioka |first508=R. |last509=Youssef |first509=N.H. |last510=Yu |first510=F.M. |last511=Yu |first511=Z.F. |last512=Yuan |first512=L.L. |last513=Yuan |first513=Q. |last514=Zabin |first514=D.A. |last515=Zamora |first515=J.C. |last516=Zapata |first516=C.V. |last517=Zare |first517=R. |last518=Zeng |first518=M. |last519=Zeng |first519=X.Y. |last520=Zhang |first520=J.F. |last521=Zhang |first521=J.Y. |last522=Zhang |first522=S. |last523=Zhang |first523=X.C. |last524=Zhao |first524=C.L. |last525=Zhao |first525=H. |last526=Zhao |first526=Q. |last527=Zhao |first527=H. |last528=Zhao |first528=H.J. |last529=Zhou |first529=H.M. |last530=Zhu |first530=X.Y. |last531=Zmitrovich |first531=I.V. |last532=Zucconi |first532=L. |last533=Zvyagina |first533=E. |title=The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=5146–6239 [5266] |year=2024 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385939154|hdl=11577/3540520 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar |from1=Q10585484 |from2=Q10585485 |from3=Q49610597 |from4=Q49617989 |from5=Q108142736 |from6=Q107507491}}
Category:Pertusariales Category:Lichen genera Category:Monotypic Lecanoromycetes genera Category:Taxa described in 1898 Category:Taxa named by James Stirton