Milicent Shinn

{{Infobox scientist | image = Millicent Washburn Shinn.jpg <!--(filename only, i.e. without "File:" prefix)--> | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = Shinn in 1898 | birth_name = Milicent Washburn Shinn | birth_date = {{birth date |1858|4|15|mf=yes}} | birth_place = Near Centerville, Alameda County, California, US | death_date = {{death date and age |1940|8|13 |1858|4|15|mf=yes}} | death_place = Niles, California, US | resting_place = Mountain View Cemetery, Oakland, California | fields = Psychology | alma_mater = University of California, Berkeley | thesis_title = <!--(or | thesis1_title = and | thesis2_title = )--> | thesis_url = <!--(or | thesis1_url = and | thesis2_url = )--> | thesis_year = <!--(or | thesis1_year = and | thesis2_year = )--> | doctoral_advisor = <!--(or | doctoral_advisors = )--> | doctoral_students = | known_for = | awards = }} '''Milicent Washburn Shinn''' (April 15, 1858 – August 13, 1940)<ref name=":3">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shinn-millicent-washburn-1858-1940|title=Shinn, Millicent Washburn (1858–1940) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> was an American writer, journalist and developmental psychologist. She was the first woman to receive a doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley. She was the first in the U.S. to comprehensively detail the process of a child’s intellectual and physical maturation.<ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref>

She entered the State University in 1874<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=July 23, 1874 |title=New Students |page=3 |work=Oakland Daily Tribune}}</ref> and finished her undergraduate degree in 1880. She was one of three student speakers at the commencement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Centennial of The University of California, 1868-1968|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4v19n9zb;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00297&toc.depth=1&toc.id=div00297&brand=calisphere|access-date=2021-08-28|website=oac.cdlib.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oakland Tribune 2 June 1880 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT18800602.1.3&srpos=6&e=-------en--20-OT-1-byDA-txt-txIN-milicent+shinn-------1|access-date=2022-01-23|website=cdnc.ucr.edu}}</ref> After graduation, she worked at the ''Overland Monthly'' from 1882 to 1894. Her mobilization of a network of educated women to observe children made it possible to compare children and establish average estimates of development over time. Although she advocated for more research to be conducted before her findings could be applied in educational programs, Shinn’s research furthered the field of psychology's overall understanding of development and paved the way for pedagogical advances.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232">{{cite journal |last=Rodkey |first=Elissa |year=2016 |title=Milicent Shinn: A feminist history of psychology |journal=History of Psychology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=213–232 |doi=10.1037/hop0000037 |pmid=27442029 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref> She received her Ph.D. in Education in 1898 at the age of 40.

==Early life== Shinn was born on her parents' ranch at the mouth of Alameda Creek near Centerville, California on April 15, 1858. She was the daughter of James Shinn<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pacific Rural Press 14 November 1896 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=PRP18961114.2.9&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1|access-date=2021-08-09|website=cdnc.ucr.edu}}</ref> and Lucy Ellen Clark.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Binheim">{{cite book|last1=Binheim|first1=Max|last2=Elvin|first2=Charles A|title=Women of the West; a series of biographical sketches of living eminent women in the eleven western states of the United States of America|date=1928|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenofwestserie00binh/page/82 82]|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofwestserie00binh|access-date=8 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/biographiesofcal01hink|title=Biographies of California authors and indexes of California literature|last1=Hinkel|first1=Edgar Joseph|last2=McCann|first2=William E.|last3=Alameda County Free Library|last4=United States. Work Projects Administration|date=1942|publisher=Oakland, Calif.|others=San Francisco Public Library|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biographiesofcal01hink/page/195 195]–196}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofshinnfa00shin|title=The history of the Shinn family in Europe and America|last=Shinn|first=Josiah Hazen|date=1903|publisher=[Chicago] Genealogical and Historical Pub. Co|others=New York Public Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=San Francisco Call 15 July 1915 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19150715.2.185.1&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-lucy+ellen+clark+shinn-------1|access-date=2021-08-09|website=cdnc.ucr.edu}}</ref> The ranch was between Centerville and Vallejo Mills. Some time after the Transcontinental Railroad came through Alameda Cañon in 1869 and established Niles station, the area became the town of Niles, California (now a district of Fremont, California). Her father was a nurseryman and fruit rancher. He was involved in state horticultural, nurseryman, and agricultural organizations.<ref name=":3" /> Shinn was one of seven children, however, three of her siblings died at a young age and her sister Annie died as a young adult in 1878.<ref>{{Cite news |title=15 January 1878 |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT18780115.1.3&e=-------en--20--61-byDA-txt-txIN-%22w.+f.+b.+lynch%22-------1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612035429/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT18780115&e=-------en--20--61-byDA-txt-txIN-%22w.+f.+b.+lynch%22-------1 |archive-date=2022-06-12 |access-date=2021-08-31 |via=California Digital Newspaper Collection |page=3}}</ref> Shinn's parents sent children Annie, Milicent, Joseph, and Charles Howard Shinn to the University of California, Berkeley. UC Berkeley started admitting women in 1873.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The blue and gold. yr.1875-76 v.002.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.aa0000971101&view=1up&seq=45&skin=2021&q1=shinn|access-date=2021-08-27|journal=Blue & Gold| year=1874 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The blue and gold. 1875.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2961871&view=1up&seq=9&skin=2021&q1=tucker|access-date=2021-08-27|journal=Blue & Gold| year=1874 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The blue and gold. v.002-3 yr.1876-77.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.a0005493952&view=1up&seq=9&skin=2021&q1=shinn|access-date=2021-08-27|journal=Blue & Gold| year=1874 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The blue and gold. 1878-79 (v.4-5).|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b656290&view=1up&seq=1&skin=2021&q1=shinn|access-date=2021-08-26|journal=Blue & Gold| year=1874 |language=en}}</ref> Shinn began in 1874.<ref name=":14" />

Before Shinn began her studies at UC Berkeley, she was enrolled in Oakland High School. There, she met Edward Rowland Sill, a respected poet and acting principal at the time, who inspired her and advised her to pursue a college education.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/> Although they encouraged her to attend UC Berkeley, Shinn’s family was not wealthy. Accordingly, Shinn wrote for newspapers to earn money for tuition and, in 1877, took two years away from school to generate income as a public-school teacher. Upon graduation, Shinn gained employment as the editor of the ''San Francisco Commercial Herald''; however, at Sill’s behest, she soon became the editor of the ''Overland Monthly'', a failing literary magazine.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/> Shinn agreed to embark on this risky editorial venture in part because of Sill’s recommendation and because she believed that she could use the ''Overland Monthly'' to persuade young male writers to take an interest in California and establish improved moral and intellectual standards within the state.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/><ref name="Columbia University Press">{{cite book |last1=Scarborough |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Furumoto |first2=Laurel |year=1987 |title=Untold Lives: The First Generation of American Women Psychologists |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York}}</ref>

Milicent Shinn's older brother, Charles Howard Shinn, was a writer, teacher, inspector of the UC experiment stations, horticulturalist, and forest ranger. Shinn's cousin Edmund Clark Sanford was a prominent psychologist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite Psychology's Feminist Voices |title=Milicent Shinn |url=https://feministvoices.com/profiles/milicent-shinn |last=Rodkey |first=Elissa |access-date=2020-03-09 |year=2010 |lang=en}}</ref> Joseph Clark Shinn, the youngest brother, lived on the Shinn Ranch for his whole life and took over for his father, James. Milicent Shinn studied Charles' daughter Ruth, starting in 1890, the main focus of Shinn's early research.<ref name=":14" /> Shinn also studied her brother's other three children from 1906 on.

Additionally, Shinn was known to frequently correspond with her extended family.<ref name="1967- 2003">{{Cite book|author=Munger, Margaret P.|title=The history of psychology: fundamental questions|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-515154-2|oclc=49558592}}</ref>

==Career== Shinn was active as a writer, editor, scientist and research worker.<ref name="Binheim" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.feministvoices.com/milicent-shinn/|title=Profile Milicent Shinn|website=Psychology's Feminist Voices}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw02jame_0 |url-access=registration |title=Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary |author=Radcliffe College |date=1971 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674627345 |language=en}}</ref> Following her undergraduate studies, Shinn began her work as the editor for the ''Overland Monthly.''

Shinn believed in the power of the press and thought that contributing to the literature of California would help aid in reducing the social woes that had arisen following the end of the American Civil War.<ref name=":0" />

Shinn is well known in the Psychology community for her University of California Press papers<ref name=":16" /> "Notes on the Development of a Child I (1893),<ref name="babel.hathitrust.org">{{Cite web |title=Notes on the development of a child |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3536486 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=HathiTrust | date=1893 |language=en}}</ref> II (1907),<ref name="babel.hathitrust.org"/> III & IV (1899).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shinn |first=Milicent Washburn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdU4AAAAIAAJ&dq=The%20visible%20world%20of%20a%20little%20child.&pg=RA1-PA258-IA3 |title=Notes on the Development of a Child |date=1899 |publisher=Berkeley, Published by the University |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shinn |first=Milicent W. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3536486&view=1up&seq=7&skin=2021 |title=Notes on the development of a child |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |year=1893}}</ref> Additionally, Shinn's personal observational work prior to her doctorate program, "The First Two Years of the Child" was considered the first of its kind in the United States.<ref name=":15" /> Her research focused specifically on observations of the emotional and physical health of her niece and her progression over the first two years of her life. This was the first extensive documentation of a child's upbringing and was thought to be incredibly valuable to the field of child psychology. As a result, Shinn was invited to present her findings at the World’s Columbian Exposition, a fair in which a series of conferences were delivered to explain many of the academic advances of the time.<ref name="Columbia University Press"/> Shinn’s observations of Ruth’s development were revolutionary, as few academics had offered notes as comprehensive and insightful as hers at the time. The value of her work was recognized by many, and she was consequently invited to attend various graduate institutions so that she could continue her studies on child development. Fiercely loyal to California, her family, and those who supported her throughout her endeavors, Shinn elected to again attend UC Berkeley so that her home state would benefit from any notoriety her studies garnered.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/><ref name="Columbia University Press"/><ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref> Prepared to fully pursue a doctoral degree, Shinn resigned from the ''Overland Monthly'' in 1894 and became the first woman to receive a Ph.D. from UC Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The blue and gold v.25 1899. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31378008243969 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=HathiTrust | date=1874 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="1967- 2003"/>

Shinn’s presentation on Ruth’s development was not, however, the sole impetus for her graduate studies. While working as an editor, Shinn was intimately involved with the Association of Collegiate Alumnae (ACA). In fact, she hosted the first informal meeting for the Pacific Association of Collegiate Alumnæ in 1885 in her Overland Monthly offices.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Caroline Cooke |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=MFsWAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PP10&hl=en |title=A Sketch of the History of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, California Branch |last2=Chandler |first2=Katherine |last3=Wenzelburger Graupner |first3=Elise |date=1911 |publisher=Paul Elder & Company |language=en|year=1911}}</ref><ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/><ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref> Her work in the ACA primarily consisted of advocacy for female UC Berkeley students and the promotion of child study among college women. Around 1891, Shinn founded the California Child Study Section within the ACA with the goal of establishing a network of women who would observe the growth and development of children and compare their findings to existing research.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/><ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref> Her work with the ACA led her to collaborate with Professor Bernard Moses, with whom she constructed and organized graduate courses on pedagogy in the context of child development. These courses later became known as Berkeley’s Graduate Seminary in Pedagogy, and in 1893, Shinn managed to obtain admission into the program for the ACA California Child Study Section, which permitted members the opportunity to earn graduate degrees for their research.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/> Thus, when Shinn pursued her own graduate studies in 1894, it was with the intention of furthering her research on child development, motivated by her interest in the field and its broader applications, her involvement in the ACA, and her work with Ruth.

Shinn was also a member of the Society of Mayflower Descendants, the American Academy of Science, the Phi Beta Kappa, the American Eugenics Society, the Alumni Association of the University of California, the Prytanean Society,<ref>{{Cite web|title=San Francisco Call 9 March 1902 |website=California Digital Newspaper Collection |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19020309.2.200.1&srpos=8&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-shinn+peixotto-------1 |access-date=2021-08-09 |page=31}}</ref> the Save the Redwoods League, the League of Nations Association.<ref name="Binheim" /> She was on the advisory council of the Women's Congress Association of the Pacific Coast in 1895. She spoke about "Early Home Environment" at the conference:<ref>{{Cite book|title=2nd Annual meeting of the Woman's Congress of the Pacific Coast |year=1895 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31175035169195&view=2up&seq=2&skin=2021&q1=shinn|access-date=2021-08-13 |via=HathiTrust |publisher=Womans' Congress Association of the Pacific Coast |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1931 |title=The History of the American Association of University Women 1881-1931 |url=https://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/OCA/Books2009-07/historyofamerica00talb/historyofamerica00talb.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906224219/https://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/OCA/Books2009-07/historyofamerica00talb/historyofamerica00talb.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-06 }}</ref> "To live in the country, to see birds flying and flowers growing and trees waving in the wind and great skies spreading above, to dig in the ground, to know some thing of the way God works his wonders in plant life; this seems to me the only real living for a little child."<ref>{{Cite news |author=National Endowment for the Humanities |date=1895-05-26|title=The San Francisco call. [volume] (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1895-1913, May 26, 1895, Image 23|newspaper=The San Francisco Call|pages=23|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1895-05-26/ed-1/seq-23/|access-date=2021-12-15|issn=1941-0719}}</ref> She is listed in ''American men of science: a biographical directory''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American men of science: a biographical directory |edition=1st |year=1906 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039431922&view=1up&seq=311&skin=2021 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=HathiTrust |page=291 |language=en}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reviewed her publications in 1908: "Miss Milicent Washburn Shinn has compiled in two volumes a series of ''Notes of the Development of a Child'', the second volume of which, ''The Development of the Senses in the First Three Years of Childhood'', has recently been published by the press of the University of California."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1908-07-26 |title=STEPS IN A BABY'S COMING TO HIS OWN IN LIFE; Interesting Experiments That Show Just When and How the Various Senses First Come Into Being and Evolve Intelligence. SIGHT. TOUCH. SOUND. MINOR SPECIAL SENSES. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/07/26/archives/steps-in-a-babys-coming-to-his-own-in-life-interesting-experiments.html |access-date=2022-12-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="hdl.handle.net">{{Cite web |title=Notes on the development of a child. II. The development of the senses in the first three years of childhood. by Milicent Washburn Shinn. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044028852028?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=HathiTrust | series=University of California publications. Education,v.4 | date=1907 | hdl=2027/hvd.32044028852028?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Muto |first=Albert |date=1993 |title=A Voice from the Wilderness: The Early University of California Press |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25177358 |journal=California History |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=222–233 |doi=10.2307/25177358 |jstor=25177358 |issn=0162-2897|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== The ''Overland Monthly'' == The ''Overland Monthly'', the newspaper which Shinn helped resurrect at the age of 24, was based in California and produced its first series of works in the year 1868.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Geiger|first=Roger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1080PzoMPMC&q=millicent+shinn|title=History of Higher Education Annual: 1992|date=1992-01-01|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-2535-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rathmell |first=George |title=Realms of gold: the colorful writers of san francisco 1850-1950. |date=2008 |publisher=Infinity Pub |isbn=978-0-7414-4537-7 |location=Place of publication not identified |pages=119–120 |language=English |oclc=946498967}}</ref> The newspaper, which maintained the same ownership throughout its existence, changed titles over the years 1868 to 1935.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=The Overland Monthly archives|url=https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=overland|access-date=2020-03-20|website=onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu}}</ref>

Milicent was, for a time in 1882 assistant to Warren Cheney, editor of The Californian.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Oakland Tribune 15 July 1882 — California Digital Newspaper Collection |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT18820715.1.1&srpos=24&e=-------en--20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-miss+shinn+red+bluff-------1 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=cdnc.ucr.edu}}</ref> The September issue noted that the later issues would be titled "The Californian & the Overland" <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |title=The Californian v.6 1882. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015034592678?urlappend=%3Bseq=297%3Bownerid=13510798887032386-327 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=HathiTrust |page=291 |language=en |hdl=2027/mdp.39015034592678?urlappend=%3Bseq=296}}</ref> The November 1882 issue was titled the Californian and Overland Monthly.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Californian v.6 1882. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015034592678?urlappend=%3Bseq=397 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=HathiTrust |page=391 |language=en |hdl=2027/mdp.39015034592678?urlappend=%3Bseq=397}}</ref> The December issue had announcements for 1883 <ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 1882 |title=The Californian and Overland Monthly |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015034592678?urlappend=%3Bseq=587%3Bownerid=13510798887032386-635 |journal=The Californian and Overland Monthly |pages=6 v |hdl=2027/mdp.39015034592678?urlappend=%3Bseq=587 |issn=2157-3808}}</ref>

A dinner on December 22, 1882, relaunched the Overland Monthly under Shinn's editorship. It was held at Irving M. Scott's house in San Francisco. Guests included Milicent Shinn, Prof. Kellog, W. W. Crane, Drs. Joseph and John LeConte, John H. Carmany, Charles S. Greene, Ina Coolbrith, Prof. E. R. Sill, Prof. Bernard Moses, and others. The supplement to the first volume of the second series<ref>{{Cite web |date=1883 |title=The Overland Monthly, Supplement |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858036876724&view=1up&seq=669 |website=Hathitrust |pages=1–13 }}</ref> describes the dinner and includes speeches and letters. The first issue of the second series has an overview of the years under Bret Harte, "Overland Reminiscences" of the year before the revival of the journal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1883 |title=The Overland Monthly |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858036876724&view=1up&seq=11 |website=Hathitrust |pages=1–6}}</ref>

In the June 1883 issue, her essay ''"Thirty Miles"'' <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Shinn |first=Milicent |date=June 1883 |title=Overland monthly |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3549936?urlappend=%3Bseq=622%3Bownerid=9007199258403900-628 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=HathiTrust |pages=596–604 |hdl=2027/uc1.b3549936?urlappend=%3Bseq=622 |language=en}}</ref> depicted what she saw on her journey from Niles to the San Francisco office by train and ferry.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Millicent Washburn Shinn |url=http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/shinn.html |access-date=2020-03-20 |website=faculty.webster.edu}}</ref>

In an 1891 article titled the "Warmed Overland Monthly" Ambrose Bierce, known for his biting journalism, wrote about the rumors that the Overland Monthly would be soon passed into new hands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auburn Journal 15 April 1891 — California Digital Newspaper Collection |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=AJ18910415.2.12&srpos=34&e=-------en--20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22miss+shinn%22------- |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=cdnc.ucr.edu}}</ref> He wrote "Miss Shinn herself writes well, if conventionally, but as an editor she has been handicapped by patrons who besides furnishing money have insisted on seeing themselves in print."

In the April 1894, Milicent resigned from the editorship and introduced her replacement Rounsevelle Wildman.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Harte | first1=Bret |title=Overland monthly and the Out West magazine. ser.2:v.23 (1894). |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951000899773b?urlappend=%3Bseq=454 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=HathiTrust | date=1868 | pages=108 v | hdl=2027/umn.31951000899773b?urlappend=%3Bseq=454 |language=en}}</ref> In an article in the ''Overland Monthly'', July 1898, Shinn reflected on her years as editor, 1883–1894. She talked about how the world's attention at the time was fixated on the Gold Rush that took place in California.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Shinn|first=Milicent|date=July–December 1898|title=Some Conditions in the Eighties|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081664645;view=1up;seq=78|journal=The Overland Monthly|series=Series 2|language=en|volume=32|pages=66–71|access-date=2018-06-08|via=HathiTrust}}</ref> Shinn corresponded with many famous people, like John Muir, while editor.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=John Muir Correspondence {{!}} University of the Pacific Research {{!}} Scholarly Commons|url=https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/jmc/|access-date=2021-08-13|website=scholarlycommons.pacific.edu}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Letter from John Muir to Millicent Shin [Editor Overland], 1883 Apr 18.|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt2s2032vx/?layout=metadata&brand=oac4|access-date=2021-08-20|website=www.oac.cdlib.org}}</ref>

==Personal life== Shinn was a lifelong resident of California.<ref name="Binheim" /> Her life followed the path of academia, but family matters, described as the "family claim", limited the amount of time she could invest in her professional aspirations and prompted Shinn to return home to act as a caretaker for her aging parents after receiving her Ph.D.<ref name="1967- 2003" /> Her father, James, died before Milicent received her PhD. Lucy Shinn died in 1915.<ref>{{Cite web|title=San Francisco Call 15 July 1915 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19150715.2.185.1&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-lucy+ellen+clark+shinn-------1|access-date=2021-08-09|website=cdnc.ucr.edu}}</ref> Shinn capitalized on her surroundings, making Ruth and her other nieces and nephews the center of her work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> There is no record of Shinn having any intimate relationships or any children of her own.<ref name=":3" />

Some research suggests that Shinn viewed her devotion to her family and her home state not as a limiting force on her professional aspirations, but as a strength.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/> Many of the female observers in Shinn’s ACA network encountered significant difficulty in their attempts at balancing their observations with their other household duties, and few of them had family members willing to assist them in their observations. Shinn, however, had the unique privilege of support within her family system, such that she could observe Ruth without trouble, or she could rely on her mother or sister-in-law to provide her with data.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/> Shinn initiated research that would eventually change the way that children are understood and taught, thereby contributing to the betterment of California, without sacrificing her roles as a daughter, sister, and aunt. She used her platform, both as an editor and as a researcher, to draw attention to causes that mattered to her, and these causes were grounded in values pertaining to family, education, and homeland loyalty.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/>

Lilian Bridgman designed Shinn's home that was located on her family's property in Niles in 1916 and finished in 1917. The home was moved to Peralta Road around 1958, because of gravel quarrying operations along Alameda Creek and possibly because of flooding<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Survey |first=U. S. Geological |date=1962 |title=Floods at Fremont, California |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha54 |journal=Hydrologic Atlas |page=21 |doi=10.3133/ha54|doi-access=free |bibcode=1962usgs.rept...21W }}</ref> and still exists today as a private home.

She lived at her home for a quarter of a century in Niles, California, where she died at the age of 82 in 1940.<ref name="Binheim" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=August 14, 1940|title=Dr. Milicent Shinn, 82, Pioneer Teacher Dies at Niles|page=1|work=Oakland Tribune}}</ref> The New York Times published her obituary on August 15, 1940, two days after she died.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1940-08-15 |title=MILICENT W. SHINN, A PSYCHOLOGIST, 82; Authority on Infant Behavior, Gained World Recognition for Work--Dies on Coast |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/08/15/archives/milicent-w-shinn-a-psychologist-82-authority-on-infant-behavior.html |access-date=2022-11-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Family Claim Controversy == Women such as Millicent in the 1900s often experienced what scholars currently refer to as the family claim and sisterhood. These two concepts describe the household values held by the majority of families in North America during this time period.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Scarborough |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Furumoto |first2=Laurel |title=Untold lives: The first generation of American women psychologists |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1987 |at=abstract}}</ref> Females of all ages were understood to have an obligation to the family. This created a toxic environment that severely limited the social mobility of the individuals and limited the options for personal growth and expression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eisemann|first=Linda|date=1989|title=Sisterhood and the Family Claim in Nineteenth-Century America|journal=History of Education Quarterly|volume=29|issue=3|pages=465–473|doi=10.2307/368915|jstor=368915|s2cid=248823654 }}</ref> Scarborough and Furumoto used Shinn as an example of “the family claim”—the career limitations women faced in terms of their family obligations.<ref name=":1" />

Despite the perceived notion that Shinn would be restrained by the family claim and her duty to her family, she was able to continue her work in the field of child psychology. Shinn did not let societal restrictions hold her back and pursued her efforts to collect data from her network of home-observers.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Rodkey|first=Elissa N.|date=2016-11-01|title=Far More Than Dutiful Daughter: Milicent Shinn's Child Study and Education Advocacy After 1898|journal=The Journal of Genetic Psychology|volume=177|issue=6|pages=209–230|doi=10.1080/00221325.2016.1237235|issn=0022-1325|pmid=27797652|s2cid=26077163}}</ref> Her network consisted of college-educated mothers who helped serve as observers of their own children which provided Shinn with much meaningful data. This unique approach to in-home data collection led Shinn to produce in 1907 her powerful piece titled ''The Development of the Senses in the First Three Years of Childhood.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oertzen|first=Christine von|date=2013|title=Science in the Cradle: Milicent Shinn and Her Home-Based Network of Baby Observers, 1890–1910|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1600-0498.12016|journal=Centaurus|language=en|volume=55|issue=2|pages=175–195|doi=10.1111/1600-0498.12016|issn=1600-0498|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="hdl.handle.net"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Die frühkindlichen Beobachtungen von Milicent Shinn, 1890-1910 |url=https://www.mpg.de/6950825/mpiwg_jb_2012 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.mpg.de |language=de}}</ref>

Shinn’s notebooks and letters also indicate that she continued to observe her young family members well after she obtained her PhD and attempted to publish her findings in 1932, at the age of 72. She maintained contact with several colleagues and continued to offer her scholarly advice and encouragement to those who sought it.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/><ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref> Additionally, Shinn’s professional aspirations were not limited to the field of psychology. Her decision to become editor of the ''Overland Monthly'', her involvement in the creation of Berkeley’s Graduate Seminary in Pedagogy, and her self-proclaimed occupation of student speak to her love of education. When she elected to complete her graduate studies and return to her family homestead, she did not do so with the intention of releasing all her professional goals. Instead, she became a tutor for her nieces and nephews and engaged in a symbiotic learning relationship with them, thereby furthering her own research and satisfying a desire to contribute to an educated California.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/> Shinn was not forced to choose between what she wanted for herself and the expectations of her family- she navigated both with the poise and professionalism of a 19th-century woman.

== Influence on Developmental Psychology == While German philosopher Dietrich Tiedemann is credited with writing the first baby biography in 1787, followed by a German biologist Wilhelm Preyer in 1882, Shinn published one of the most well-known baby biographies in the United States in 1900, based largely on her observations of her niece, Ruth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scheithauer|first1=Herbert|last2=Petermann|first2=Franz|date=July 1999|title=William Damon und Nancy Eisenberg (Eds.). (1998). Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed.). New York: Wiley, 1208 Seiten, DM 358,-. William Damon, Irving E. Siegel und Anne K. Renninger (Eds.). (1998). Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 4. Child psychology in practice (5th ed.). New York: Wiley, 1188 Seiten, DM 358,-.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0942-5403.8.3.189|journal=Kindheit und Entwicklung|volume=8|issue=3|pages=189–193|doi=10.1026//0942-5403.8.3.189|issn=0942-5403|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Milicent Shinn's Baby Biography {{!}} Advances in the History of Psychology |url=https://ahp.apps01.yorku.ca/2008/05/millicent-shinns-baby-biography/ |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=ahp.apps01.yorku.ca}}</ref> Initially using Preyer’s ''The Mind of the Child'' as a framework, Shinn methodically documented Ruth’s growth and development, particularly her senses, reflexes, and movements; however, as she continued in her observations, they began to deviate from Preyer’s.<ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref> Shinn had what she described as "the notebook habit from college and editorial days, and jotted things down as I watched, till quite unexpectedly I found myself in possession of a large mass of data."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scarborough|first=Elizabeth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1400792|title=Shinn, Milicent Washburn (1858-1940), writer, editor, and psychologist|date=February 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=American National Biography Online|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1400792}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shinn |first=Milicent Washburn |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001280642 |title=The biography of a baby. |date=1900 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and company |location=Boston New York |pages=16}}</ref> Her observations were delivered as a paper titled, "The First Two Years of the Child" which were presented at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 where it was recognized as the first of its kind in the United States.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Education |first=International Congress of Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CmbzW_d4jUC |title=Proceedings of the International Congress of Education of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, July 25-28, 1893: Under the Charge of the National Educational Association of the United States |date=1895 |publisher=Press of J.J. Little |pages=773 |language=en}}</ref>

Shinn was a leading pioneer of research on child development. She systematically conducted her observations and divided them into five categories: physical senses, emotions, movements, memory and curiosity, and speech and understanding.<ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref> Shinn was concerned with both internal and external processes and how the development of those processes influenced learning. Shinn argued that infants attend to higher-order sensory processes, such as sight, more readily than to lower-order processes, like smell and taste.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shinn |first=Milicent W. |year=1899 |title=Notes on the development of a child |volume=1 |publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> Additionally, she asserted that intellectual sensations eclipse these higher-order processes over time and eventually direct them.<ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref> These conclusions challenged dominant assumptions at the time and called attention to the need for additional research.

Shinn's focus on ontogenetic evolution was relatively new for her time and paved the way for more studies on infants since children were studied far more than infants in the 19th century.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mülberger|first=Annette|title=Biographies of a Scientific Subject: The Intelligence Test|date=2020-11-19|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.694|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.694|isbn=978-0-19-023655-7|access-date=2021-05-07}}</ref> Shinn noted that, "Thus it has come to pass that while babies are born and grow up in every household, and while the gradual unfolding of their faculties has been watched with the keenest interest and intensest joy by intelligent and even scientific fathers and mother from time immemorial, yet very little has yet been done in the scientific study of this most important of all possible subjects-the ontogenetic evolution of the faculties of the human mind."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scarborough|first=Elizabeth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1400792|title=Shinn, Milicent Washburn (1858-1940), writer, editor, and psychologist|date=February 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=American National Biography Online|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1400792}}</ref> It follows that Shinn enabled infant development to have since been studied in numerous unique contexts: medical correlates of infant development (Littman & Parmelee, 1978),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Littman|first1=B.|last2=Parmelee|first2=A. H.|date=1978-03-01|title=Medical Correlates of Infant Development|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.61.3.470|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=61|issue=3|pages=470–474|doi=10.1542/peds.61.3.470|pmid=643420|issn=0031-4005|url-access=subscription}}</ref> the impact of postnatal depression on infant development (Murray, 1992),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=Lynne|date=March 1992|title=The Impact of Postnatal Depression on Infant Development|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|language=en|volume=33|issue=3|pages=543–561|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x|pmid=1577898|issn=0021-9630|url-access=subscription}}</ref> the development of infant-father relationships (Lamb, 1997),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=King|first=Mansa Bilal Mark|date=2008-09-09|title=Michael Lamb (ed): The Role of the Father in Child Development, 4th edn|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10560-008-0137-x|journal=Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal|volume=26|issue=2|pages=175–178|doi=10.1007/s10560-008-0137-x|s2cid=141613773|issn=0738-0151|url-access=subscription}}</ref> infant development of wariness of strangers (Sroufe, 1977),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sroufe|first=L. Alan|date=September 1977|title=Wariness of Strangers and the Study of Infant Development|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1128323|journal=Child Development|volume=48|issue=3|pages=731–746|doi=10.2307/1128323|jstor=1128323|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and in-depth books on general infant development like Joy Osofsky's (1987) handbook of infant development to name a few.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karraker|first=Katherine Hildebrandt|date=1989|title=Handbook of infant development (2nd ed.), Joy Doniger Osofsky (Editor), Wiley, New York, 1987, 1,391 pages, ISBN 0-471-88565-7, $69.95|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(198924)10:4<290::aid-imhj2280100406>3.0.co;2-4|journal=Infant Mental Health Journal|volume=10|issue=4|pages=290–293|doi=10.1002/1097-0355(198924)10:4<290::aid-imhj2280100406>3.0.co;2-4|issn=0163-9641|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Shinn's work also laid the foundation for Jean Piaget's child development research.

Shinn noted how practical intelligence appears around the middle of the first year of an infant's life, giving the example of how her niece first used her intelligence to place her toe into her mouth in a different motion than the one she used to put her rattle in her mouth.<ref name="Mülberger">{{Citation|last=Mülberger|first=Annette|title=Biographies of a Scientific Subject: The Intelligence Test|date=2020-11-19|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.694|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.694|isbn=978-0-19-023655-7|access-date=2021-05-08}}</ref> Thus, Shinn acted as a pioneer for other researchers like Bar-On and Parker (2000) and Sternberg and Grigorenko (2000) to study the development of practical intelligence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Richard D.|date=March 2002|title=The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Development, Assessment, and Application at Home, School, and in the Workplace|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00084-8|journal=Intelligence|volume=30|issue=2|pages=209–210|doi=10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00084-8|issn=0160-2896|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Wagner|first=Richard K.|title=Practical Intelligence|date=2000-03-13|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511807947A029/type/book_part|work=Handbook of Intelligence|pages=380–395|editor-last=Sternberg|editor-first=Robert J.|edition=1|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511807947.018|isbn=978-0-521-59371-7|access-date=2021-05-08|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Causality research via experiments with infants such as Newman et al.'s (2008) study on the origins of causal perception and Yale University's habituation studies have also stemmed from Shinn's research.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=George E.|last2=Choi|first2=Hoon|last3=Wynn|first3=Karen|last4=Scholl|first4=Brian J.|date=November 2008|title=The origins of causal perception: Evidence from postdictive processing in infancy|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2008.02.003|journal=Cognitive Psychology|volume=57|issue=3|pages=262–291|doi=10.1016/j.cogpsych.2008.02.003|pmid=18555212|s2cid=17565135|issn=0010-0285|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Research in Action {{!}} The Infant Cognition Center|url=https://campuspress.yale.edu/infantlab/media/|access-date=2021-05-08|website=campuspress.yale.edu}}</ref>

Infant imitation was recognized by Shinn, laying the foundation for later studies such as Ryalls et al.'s (2020) research in which 14–18-month-old infants watched a peer or adult model complete a 3-step sequence and then demonstrated significant ability to imitate what they saw immediately and one week later, more successfully for the peer than adult condition.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ryalls|first1=Brigette Oliver|last2=Gul|first2=Robina E.|last3=Ryalls|first3=Kenneth R.|date=2000|title=Infant Imitation of Peer and Adult Models: Evidence for a Peer Model Advantage|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23093348|journal=Merrill-Palmer Quarterly|volume=46|issue=1|pages=188–202|jstor=23093348|issn=0272-930X}}</ref>

Shinn also exemplified the beginnings of intercommunication by speech in Ruth when she stood behind Ruth and neutrally listed off different names until saying “Ruth” and noticing how she turned and looked at Shinn only when her name was spoken.<ref name="Mülberger"/> Mandel et al. (1995) was able to expand on Shinn's name recognition observations by using a head-turn preference procedure.<ref name="Mandel 314–317">{{Cite journal|last1=Mandel|first1=Denise R.|last2=Jusczyk|first2=Peter W.|last3=Pisoni|first3=David B.|date=September 1995|title=Infants' Recognition of the Sound Patterns of Their Own Names|url= |journal=Psychological Science|language=en|volume=6|issue=5|pages=314–317|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00517.x|issn=0956-7976|pmc=4140581|pmid=25152566}}</ref> This procedure indicated that 4–5-month-old infants recognize the patterns of their names and can distinguish them from noises with both different and the same stress patterns.<ref name="Mandel 314–317"/>

Emotional dependence was another topic discussed by Shinn. She observed that Ruth grew anxious upon separation from her mother and would cry while being carried around corridors, stopping to see if her mother was around the corner, and continuing crying once she saw that she was not.<ref name="1967- 2003"/> Noting emotional dependence paved the way for studies about attachment types, for example, by Mikulincer and Nachshon (1991), and even the study of the neurobiology of infant attachment as discussed by Moriceau and Sullivan (2005).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mikulincer|first1=Mario|last2=Nachshon|first2=Orna|date=1991|title=Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.321|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=61|issue=2|pages=321–331|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.321|issn=0022-3514|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moriceau|first1=Stephanie|last2=Sullivan|first2=Regina M.|date=November 2005|title=Neurobiology of infant attachment|url= |journal=Developmental Psychobiology|language=en|volume=47|issue=3|pages=230–242|doi=10.1002/dev.20093|pmc=1868528|pmid=16252291}}</ref>

== Advocacy == In her career as editor of the ''Overland Monthly'', Shinn used the magazine as a platform for intellectual engagement and advocacy. In actively conversing and visiting with scholars whom she wanted to publish, Shinn gained extensive experience in academic circles and established a vibrant social network.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/> When she became involved in the ACA, Shinn drew on this existing network to develop a system of child-study observers that would not only provide socially acceptable research opportunities for college-educated women but also significantly contribute to the understanding of child development. Although Shinn started with the California Child Study Section, she would ultimately mobilize a nationwide network of 35 women within the ACA that systematically observed children under the age of 5 for physical, emotional, perceptual, and verbal changes over time.<ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref> To ensure that the observers collected data empirically and methodically, Shinn created syllabi for them that were based on the model of observation introduced by Stanley Hall. She also analyzed the observations herself and suggested that they be published through the ACA after she reviewed them.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/><ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref> Although she and her observers confronted obstacles such as disruption to focused observation and prejudiced views toward women, Shinn’s efforts resulted in groundbreaking findings regarding child development and promoted changes in how women’s contributions were viewed.

Shinn also published at least one article that demonstrated her support of college-educated women: “The Marriage Rate of College Women”. In it, Shinn argued that lower rates of marriage among college-educated women were not the result of undesirable characteristics of the women themselves.<ref name="Shinn 1895 946–948">{{cite journal |last=Shinn |first=Milicent W. |year=1895 |title=The marriage rate of college women |journal=Century Magazine |volume=50 |pages=946–948}}</ref> She contended that these lower rates were instead likely the result of the profession that many college-educated women found themselves in: teachers at all-girl institutions. Environments as such hardly present ample opportunities for meeting men of marrying age. Shinn also offered the explanation that college-educated women have higher expectations of their partners and possess the capacity to be selective in their choices due to their financial autonomy. As a final possibility, Shinn suggested that many men simply do not like educated women.<ref name="Shinn 1895 946–948"/> Though she did not provide her beliefs regarding the reason for this, she did offer an anecdote in which an educated man cited his reason for marrying an uneducated woman as the adoration she showed him for his knowledge. In the anecdote, an educated woman responded that she would very much like to find a man worth adoring, but that he must earn it by truly being superior rather than by hampering a woman’s ability to match him.<ref name="Shinn 1895 946–948"/> In making these arguments, Shinn challenged the dominant notions of her time and strategically positioned the burden of blame so that it did not solely belong to women. The article speaks to Shinn’s ability to diplomatically question the cultural norms of her time within the parameters of socially accepted behavior.

== Impact and Legacy == Shinn's story promotes the present understanding of the history of psychology by highlighting the significance of marginalized voices, the role that women played in the advancement of the field, and the capacity for meaningful contribution despite substantial impediments. As a woman in a field largely dominated by men at the time, Shinn demonstrated that it was possible for individuals of marginalized groups to make a significant impact in professional fields while also tending to responsibilities at home.<ref name="Rodkey 2016 213–232"/> Because research on child development had only recently garnered attention in the U.S. at the time of Ruth’s birth, few studies existed that described the growth of an infant over time. Accordingly, Shinn’s observations were instrumental to the early understanding of developmental psychology.<ref>{{cite book |last=von Oertzen |first=Christine |year=2013 |title=Science, Gender, and Internationalism: Women's Academic Networks, 1917–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref> Her work played a critical role in later advancements in the field and continues to be expanded upon today.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Littman |first1=B. |last2=Parmelee |first2=A. H. |year=1978 |title=Milicent Shinn's observational studies of child development |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=65–72 |doi=10.1002/1520-6696(197801)14:1<65::AID-JHBS2300140111>3.0.CO;2-1 |doi-broken-date=4 January 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ryalls |first1=B. O. |last2=Silbermann |first2=E. |last3=Mercado |first3=E. |year=2020 |title=Revisiting Milicent Shinn's contributions to developmental psychology |journal=History of Psychology |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=240–259 |doi=10.1037/hop0000145 |pmid=32191060 |url=https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/62669fda-612b-4f44-bba0-b6537ec1fa6c }}</ref>

== Works == Milicent Shinn as editor of the Overland Monthly wrote using pseudonyms while writing for the Overland Monthly. She identified the names that she used as M.W.S., John Henry Barnabas, J. Burns, R. Moore, H. Shewin, Pauline Carsten Curtis.<ref>{{harvtxt|Skelley|1968}}</ref> *Eastern and California Wildflowers Compared (December 1879) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bay District Horticultural Society |url=http://archive.org/details/californiahortic09bayd |title=The California horticulturist and floral magazine |date=December 1879 |publisher=San Francisco, Calif. : F.A. Miller & Co. |others=California State Library |pages=370–371}}</ref> ''The California horticulturist and floral magazine;'' while visiting family in the East *Clivia miniata (December 1879) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bay District Horticultural Society |url=http://archive.org/details/californiahortic09bayd |title=The California horticulturist and floral magazine |date=December 1879 |publisher=San Francisco, Calif. : F.A. Miller & Co. |others=California State Library |pages=382}}</ref>''The California horticulturist and floral magazine'' *In a New England Graveyard (1880) ''The'' ''Californian''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nineteenth Century American Women Poets: An Anthology {{!}} Wiley|url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Nineteenth+Century+American+Women+Poets%3A+An+Anthology-p-9780631203988|access-date=2021-12-04|website=Wiley.com|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shinn |first=Milicent |date=September 1880 |title="In a New England Graveyard" |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b200246?urlappend=%3Bseq=246 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=HathiTrust |series=The Californian v. 2 |page=203 |language=en |hdl=2027/uc1.$b200246?urlappend=%3Bseq=246}}</ref> *The Teachers at Farwell (May 1881) ''The Californian''<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Teachers at Farwell. 6 v. 1880-1882 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b200247?urlappend=%3Bseq=440%3Bownerid=9007199260612695-446 |journal=The Californian | pages=6 v |hdl = 2027/uc1.$b200247?urlappend=%3Bseq=440%3Bownerid=9007199260612695-446|issn=2157-3808}}</ref> *Out of Reach: A Camping Medley I, II (May 1882) ''The'' ''Californian''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=HUC |date=May 1882 |title=Out of Reach: A Camping Medley |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015068361776?urlappend=%3Bseq=441%3Bownerid=13510798887032385-453 |journal=The Californian |volume=V| issue = 29 |pages=433–442 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015068361776?urlappend=%3Bseq=441%3Bownerid=13510798887032385-453 |issn=2157-3808}}</ref> author is H.U.C (Hard Up Club). The stories were based on a camping trip in 1881 from Niles to the coast. *Out of Reach: A Camping Medley III (June 1882) ''The Californian''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=H.U.C. |date=June 1882 |title=Out of Reach: A Camping Medley |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015068361776?urlappend=%3Bseq=511%3Bownerid=13510798887032385-523 |journal=The Californian |volume=V| issue = 30 |pages=503–512 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015068361776?urlappend=%3Bseq=511%3Bownerid=13510798887032385-523 |issn=2157-3808}}</ref> author is H.U.C. *Out of Reach: A Camping Medley IV (July 1882) ''The Californian''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=H.U.C. |date=July 1882 |title=Out of Reach: A Camping Medley IV |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b200250?urlappend=%3Bseq=62%3Bownerid=9007199260613846-64 |journal=The Californian |volume=VI| issue = 31 |pages=48–58 |hdl=2027/uc1.$b200250?urlappend=%3Bseq=62%3Bownerid=9007199260613846-64 |issn=2157-3808}}</ref> author is H.U.C. *Modern Ethics and Egotism The (October 1882) ''The Californian''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shinn |first=Milicent |date=October 1882 |title=Modern Ethics and Egotism |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015034592678?urlappend=%3Bseq=381%3Bownerid=13510798887032386-415 |journal=The Californian |volume=VI |issue=34 |pages=375–380 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015034592678?urlappend=%3Bseq=381 |issn=2157-3808}}</ref> *Translations In Der Fremde (December 1882) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shinn |first=Milicent Washburne |date=December 1882 |title=Translations in Der Fremde |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000059581 |journal=The Californian |volume=VI |issue=36 |pages=577–578 |issn=2157-3808}}</ref> *Verses in ''College Verses (1882)''<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t0xp6xk04|title=College verses|date=1882|publisher=San Francisco, Calif.|hdl=2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t0xp6xk04}}</ref> published by the Berkeleyan Stock Company, along with verses written by her sister, Annie Shinn, her brother, Charles Howard Shinn, and her cousin, Edmund Clark Sanford *''The University of California'' (1883)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011159555|title=The University of California|last=Shinn|first=Milicent Washburn|date=1883|publisher=Bacon & Company, Printers|location=San Francisco}}</ref> *''End of an Era'' (1883)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shinn|first=Milicent Washburn|title=The Close of an Era |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=Jan 1883 |pages=52–53|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ahj1472.2-01.001|journal=Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine}}</ref> *''Summer Cañons'' (1883)<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Shinn|first=Milicent|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.2 1883.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858036876732&view=1up&seq=217|access-date=2020-06-18|website=HathiTrust|pages=205–210|language=en}}</ref> *"Thirty miles". ''The Overland Monthly, I,'' 596-604 (1883).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shinn |first=Milicent |date=June 1883 |title=Overland monthly |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3549936?urlappend=%3Bseq=621%3Bownerid=9007199258414266-615 |journal=Overland Monthly |pages=596–604 |hdl=2027/uc1.b3549936?urlappend=%3Bseq=621 |via=Hathitrust}}</ref> She wrote of the creeks, weather, towns, plants, wildlife, ships, ferries, the bay, and school children. She attended Oakland High School and this was the same railroad line that she took to the Overland Monthly offices in San Francisco. *"Young Strong of 'The Clarion'"; ''The Overland Monthly'' (Sept 1884);<ref>{{Cite journal |orig-date=September 1884 |title=The Overland monthly ser.2 v.4 1884. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/iau.31858036876757?urlappend=%3Bseq=315%3Bownerid=13510798903526289-319 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=HathiTrust |pages=303–319 |hdl=2027/iau.31858036876757?urlappend=%3Bseq=315 |language=en}}</ref> ''Stories by American Authors, Volume 9'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=1885 |title=Stories by American Authors, Volume 9 :: YOUNG STRONG OF "THE CLARION." |url=https://clyx.com/books/various/stories_by_american_authors_volume_9/young_strong_of_the_clarion.htm |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=clyx.com}}</ref> *"The Verse and Prose of H.H.", ''Overland Monthly'' (Sept. 1885)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shinn|first=Milicent|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.6 1885.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858036876765&view=1up&seq=327|access-date=2020-06-18|website=HathiTrust|pages=315–323|language=en}}</ref> following the death of Helen Hunt Jackson. Other articles and poems about H.H. *"A Pioneer Fruit Region", ''Overland Monthly'' (July 1888)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Overland monthly ser.2:v.12 (1888). |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092816370&seq=13 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=HathiTrust | date=1883 | pages=80 v |language=en}}</ref>(under pen name J. Burns) *"Poverty and Charity in San Francisco," ''Overland Monthly'' (1889, p.&nbsp;535-547)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.14 1889.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858036876849&view=1up&seq=547&skin=2021&q1=poverty|access-date=2021-08-13|website=HathiTrust| pages=80 v |language=en}}</ref> *''The Leland Stanford, Junior, University'' (1891)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shinn |first=Milicent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwxIAQAAMAAJ&q=shinn |title=The Overland Monthly |date=1891 |publisher=Samuel Carson |pages=337–355 |language=en}}</ref> *''The Lick Astronomical Department of the University of California'' (1892)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003143460|title=The Lick Astronomical Department of the University of California|last=Shinn|first=Milicent Washburn|date=1892|publisher=Bacon & Company, Printers|location=San Francisco|bibcode=1892ladu.book.....S}}</ref> *"''The University of California. The Lick Astronomical Department"'' appears in chapter X of the ''Magnetic astronomy of the Bible. Seven seals opened. The glory of God revealed in the sun, moon, planets and stars, by new application of magnetic force and power''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Wm W. (William Wiggin)|last2=Shinn|first2=Milicent Washburn|date=1893|title=Magnetic astronomy of the Bible.|url=https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/101560|access-date=2021-08-13|publisher=Bacon Printing Company |language=en}}</ref> (1893) *''Notes on the development of a child'' (1893)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000823544|title=Notes on the development of a child ...|last=Shinn|first=Milicent Washburn|date=1893–99|publisher=The University|series=[University of California publications. Education. v. 1]|location=Berkeley}}</ref> * ''Notes on the development of a child'', 2 volumes, University of California Studies, (1893). *''Young Strong of the "Clarion"'' in Stories by American authors<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.098330685|title=Stories by American authors ...|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, NY|year=1911|volume=IX|pages=93–138|hdl=2027/chi.098330685}}</ref> *"Some Comments on Babies", ''Overland monthly'' and the ''Out West'' magazine (1894)<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951000899773b&view=1up&seq=10|title=Overland monthly and the Out West magazine. ser.2:v.23 (1894).|journal=Overland Monthly|year=1868|pages=108 v|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|last1=Harte|first1=Bret}}</ref> *''The Baby's Mind — A Study for College Women'', 1894<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shinn|first=Milicent Washburn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x13DcQAACAAJ|title=The Baby's Mind: A Study for College Women: a Paper Presented to the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, Oct. 27, 1894|date=1894|publisher=The Association|language=en}}</ref> *The first two years of the child. In ''Proceedings of the International Congress of Education, Chicago, 1893.'' New York: National Education Association (1895).<ref name=":0" /> *"The marriage rate of college women", ''The Century'', 1895, p.946-48.<ref>{{Cite web| last1=Gilder | first1=Richard Watson | last2=Holland | first2=J. G. |title=The Century illustrated monthly magazine v.50 1895.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106011070551&view=1up&seq=970&skin=2021&q1=marriage%20rate|access-date=2021-08-14|website=HathiTrust| date=1870 | pages=120 v |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> * ''Notes on Children's Drawings'' (1897)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine |url=https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-9606945-bk |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=collections.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shinn |first1=Milicent Washburn |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001637632 |title=Notes on children's drawings |last2=Brown |first2=Elmer E. |date=1897 |publisher=The University |series=University of California publications in education, vol. 2, no. 1 |location=Berkeley}}</ref> * Sheets from 'The Overland monthly, for October, November and December, 1882. "The University of California"; "The University of California. II. The Lick Astronomical Department"<ref>{{Cite web |title=The University of California, by Milicent W. Shinn ... |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t8rb70g5m?urlappend=%3Bseq=37 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=HathiTrust | hdl=2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t8rb70g5m?urlappend=%3Bseq=37 |language=en}}</ref> * ''The Biography Of A Baby'' (1900)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001280642|title=The biography of a baby.|last=Shinn|first=Milicent Washburn|date=1900|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company|location=Boston New York}}</ref> * ''Syllabi A to E'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Association of Collegiate Alumnae (U.S.) |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006906783 |title=Syllabi A to E |publisher=The Association |year=1903 |location=United States}}</ref> * ''Syllabi F to H for mothers, F to H for teachers''j<ref>{{Cite book |last=Association of Collegiate Alumnae (U.S.) |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006906781 |title=Syllabi F to H for mothers, F to H for teachers |publisher=The Association |year=1904 |location=United States}}</ref> * {{cite periodical |title=Child Discipline; Wherein Perplexed Parent and Teachers Tell Their Stories and Hear Wise Council from Milicent Washburn Shinn |last=Shinn |first=M. |others=Illustrated by Katharine R. Wireman |date=November 1906 |periodical=Good Housekeeping: A Family Journal |volume=43 |issue=5 |via=Cornell University Library Digital Collections |url=https://reader.library.cornell.edu/docviewer/digital?id=hearth6417403_1329_006#page/2/mode/1up |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905195506/http://reader.library.cornell.edu/docviewer/digital?id=hearth6417403_1329_006#page/2/mode/1up |archive-date=2021-09-05 |pages=467–474 |language=en}} *''Notes on the development of a child. II. The development of the senses in the first three years of childhood'' (1907)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000823543|title=Notes on the development of a child. II. The development of the senses in the first three years of childhood.|last=Shinn|first=Milicent Washburn|date=1907|publisher=The University Press]|series=University of California publications. Education, v.4|location=Berkeley}}</ref> * ''The Development of the Senses in the First Three Years of Childhood'', (1908) * ''Women Wants Ballot Men Won by War, Appeal to Farmers of State Asks Votes for All Alike'', San Francisco Call (11 September 1911)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shinn|first=Milicent|date=11 September 1911|title=San Francisco Call|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19110911.2.82.4&e=------191-en--20--1--txt-txIN-suffrage+shinn----1911---1|access-date=2020-07-07|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|page=7}}</ref> * Entry for Joseph Washburn Clark <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gay |first=Julius |url=http://archive.org/details/recordofdescenda1882gayj |title=A record of the descendants of John Clark, of Farminton, Conn. The male branches brought down to 1882. The female branches one generation after the Clark name is lost in marriage |date=1882 |publisher=Hartford, Conn., The Case, Lockwood & Brainard company |others=Boston Public Library}}</ref> in Gay, Julius (1882). ''A record of the descendants of John Clark, of Farmington, Conn. The male branches brought down to 1882. The female branches one generation after the Clark name is lost in marriage. p.60-65'' *''Young Strong of the "Clarion"'' in Stories by American authors, 1911<ref name=":9" /> *Comments in ''Winning Equal Suffrage in California'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=College Equal Suffrage League of Northern California|url=http://archive.org/details/winningequalsuf00caligoog|title=Winning Equal Suffrage in California: Reports of Committees of the College ...|date=1913|publisher=National College EqualSuffrage League|others=Harvard University|language=English}}</ref> 1912, p.&nbsp;127-128; Condensed from leaflet to "Farmers and Fruit Growers," written for California Campaign. A copy of the leaflet described in this reference<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shinn |first=Milicent |date=1912 |title=To the farmers and fruit growers of California |url=https://jstor.org/stable/community.31048987 |journal=College Equal Suffrage League |language=English}}</ref> *''Biography of a Baby'' with intro by T. Berry Brazelton. (1985)

=== Overland Monthly Editor === Shinn was editor of Overland Monthly from 1883 to 1894.<ref>The issues released during this time were: *''The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.I.'' Samuel Carson. January–June 1883. Includes a supplement of the Overland Dinner, 22 December 1882 *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdsxpkkbvzQC |title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.II |date=July–December 1883 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KGnN5wEFiIC |title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.III |date=January–June 1884 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d97cL8qWQzwC|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.IV |date=July–December 1884 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oca5yrbemJYC|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.V |date=January–June 1885 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyRIAQAAMAAJ |title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.VI |date=July–December 1885 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} Other link: {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvkMAQAAIAAJ |title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.VI |date=July–December 1885 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyRIAQAAMAAJ|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.VII |date=January–June 1886 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtRUAAAAYAAJ|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.VIII |date=July–December 1886 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGRBAQAAIAAJ|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.IX |date=January–June 1887 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gj1B34KfDkC|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.X |date=July–December 1887 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJXPDNfK7gwC|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XI |date=January–June 1888 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyNIAQAAMAAJ|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XII |date=July–December 1888 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ps1sldwx5H0C|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XIII |date=January–June 1889 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvER_MP4sWYC|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XIV|date=July–December 1889|publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gtIAQAAMAAJ|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XV|date=January–June 1890|publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_WD5U-hNjcC|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XVI |date=July–December 1890 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrhUAAAAYAAJ|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XVII |date=January–June 1891 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwxIAQAAMAAJ|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XVIII |date=July–December 1891 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YL4RAAAAYAAJ|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XIX |date=January–June 1892 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2WFPz3DtV8C |title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XX |date=July–December 1892 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} Other link: {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2O3elcmZWoC |title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XX |date=July–December 1892 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8RAAAAYAAJ|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XXI |date=January–June 1893 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}} *{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOhbBrePF9kC|title=The Overland Monthly. ser.2 v.XXII |date=July–December 1893 |publisher=Samuel Carson |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pacific Association of Collegiate Alumnae === The Pacific Association of Collegiate Alumnae was the third branch of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae. Shinn hosted the first meeting at her offices of the Overland Monthly.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Caroline Cooke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFsWAAAAIAAJ&dq=A%20SKETCH%20OF%20THE%20HISTORY%20%20%20%20OF%20THE%20%20%20%20ASSOCIATION%20OF%20COLLEGIATE%20ALUMN%C3%86%20%20%20%20CALIFORNIA%20BRANCH%20%201886-1892%20%20BY%20%20%20%20CAROLINE%20COOKE%20JACKSON%20%201892-1904%20%20BY%20%20%20%20KATHERINE%20CHANDLER%20%201904-1911%20%20BY%20%20%20%20ELISE%20WENZELBURGER%20GRAUPNER&pg=PP9 |title=A Sketch of the History of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, California Branch |date=1911 |publisher=Paul Elder & Company |language=en}}</ref> The organization was formed in October 1885. The University of California was accepted in 1886.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Marion |url=https://libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/OCA/Books2009-07/historyofamerica00talb/historyofamerica00talb.pdf |title=The History of The American Association of University Women 1881-I931 |last2=Kimball Mathews Rosenberry |first2=Lois |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=1931 |location=Boston and New York |pages=100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Binheim |first1=Max |url=http://archive.org/details/womenofwestserie00binh |title=Women of the West; a series of biographical sketches of living eminent women in the eleven western states of the United States of America |last2=Elvin |first2=Charles A. |date=1928 |publisher=Los Angeles, Calif., Publishers Press |others=University of Connecticut Libraries}}</ref>

=== Correspondence ===

* Daniel Coit Gilman<ref>{{Cite web |date=1842–1907 |title=Shinn, Millicent Washburn |url=https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/43123 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Archive locations ===

* Bancroft Library at the University of California: Milicent Washburn Shinn papers, 1889–1935, Milicent Washburn Shinn papers, circa 1882–1906. * Shinn House archives at Shinn Historical Park & Arboretum<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mission Peak Historical Foundation|url=https://missionpeakreporter.org/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=missionpeakreporter.org}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shinn Historical Park & Arboretum |url=https://sites.google.com/view/shinn-historical-park/home |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=sites.google.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Washington Township Museum of Local History<ref>{{Cite web|title=Washington Township Museum of Local History|url=https://museumoflocalhistory.org/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=museumoflocalhistory.org}}</ref> * University of the Pacific, Letters to John Muir<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shinn|first=Milicent|date=1882-10-21|title=Letter from Milicent W. Shinn Editor Overland… to John Muir, 1882 Oct 21.|url=https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/muir-correspondence/720|journal=John Muir Correspondence (PDFS)|pages=2 pages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shinn|first=Milicent|date=1882-12-18|title=Letter from Milicent W. Shinn [Editor Overland] to John Muir, 1882 Dec 18.|url=https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/muir-correspondence/732|journal=John Muir Correspondence (PDFS)|pages=2 pages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shinn|first=Millicent|date=1882-12-30|title=Letter from M[ illicent ] W. Shinn [Editor Overland] to John Muir, 1882 Dec 30.|url=https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/muir-correspondence/737|journal=John Muir Correspondence (PDFS)|pages=2 pages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Muir|first=John|date=1883-04-18|title=Letter from John Muir to Millicent Shin [Editor Overland], 1883 Apr 18.|url=https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/muir-correspondence/749|journal=John Muir Correspondence (PDFS)|pages=1 page}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shinn|first=Milicent|date=1891-10-05|title=Letter from Milicent W. Shinn to John Muir, 1891 Oct 5.|url=https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/muir-correspondence/113|journal=John Muir Correspondence (PDFS)|pages=1 page}}</ref> * California Historical Society

=== Shinn Historical Park & Arboretum === The park is owned by the city of Fremont, California and is the last 4 acres of Shinn's Nurseries and the Shinn Ranch. Three groups are active in the park. The Friends of Heirloom Flowers is the garden club that, since 1994, has taken care of the gardens around the historic Shinn House built in 1876, the Shinn Bungalow built around 1907, and the Sim Cottage built before 1856. The Mission Peak Heritage Foundation (MPHF) has managed the Shinn House and Shinn House Museum since 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Shinn House in Fremont |url=https://www.historicshinnhouse.org/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.historicshinnhouse.org |language=en-US}}</ref> The Chinese Bunkhouse Preservation Project is a subcommittee of the MPHF and was formed to preserve the last remaining building from the Shinn Ranch China Camp.

==References== {{Reflist}}

===Sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Skelley |first=Grant Teasdale |date=1968 |title=The Overland Monthly under Milicent Washburn Shinn, 1883-1894: A Study in Regional Publishing |degree=PhD in Librarianship |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/3a46859dbc1c6d04c43f388075ac1d4a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y |url-status=live |access-date=2021-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629011938/https://www.proquest.com/openview/3a46859dbc1c6d04c43f388075ac1d4a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y |archive-date=2021-06-29}} *{{citation |title=Methods and techniques in child study as employed by Charles Darwin, William Preyer and Milicent Shinn |last=White |first=Ruth C. |year=1936 }} *Milicent Shinn's papers are located at the University of California, with the archives for the [https://missionpeakreporter.org/ Mission Peak Heritage Foundation]{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, and at the Washington Township Museum of Local History. {{refend}}

== External links == * [https://www.mpg.de/6950825/MPIWG_JB_2013?c=7291742 Christine von Oertzen: ''Science in the nursery: Milicent Shinn's observations of early childhood development, 1890 to 1910'', article about Shinn and her work from the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 2013 (in German, with English abstract)] * [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006061445 All 80 v. of Overland Monthly, including those edited by Shinn and those containing her publications] at HathiTrust. Milicent Shinn edited the Overland Monthly from 1883 to 1894. * {{Find a Grave}} The Shinn and Sanford families are buried in [https://www.mountainviewcemetery.org/about-us/map-of-the-grounds plot 13] at Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California. *[https://www.historicshinnhouse.org/home The Historic Shinn House] and the [https://sites.google.com/view/shinnfamilyarchives/museum-home Shinn House Museum] are managed by Mission Peak Heritage Foundation. [https://sites.google.com/view/shinnhistoricalparkarboretum/home Shinn Historical Park & Arboretum] is in the city of Fremont, California. *[https://sites.google.com/view/friends-of-heirloom-flowers/home Friends of Heirloom Flowers] takes care of two acres of the Shinn family's historic gardens and the 1983 Japanese garden, [https://sites.google.com/site/katomemorialgardenatshinnpark/home George Koomei Kato Memorial Garden].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinn, Milicent}} Category:1858 births Category:1940 deaths Category:American women psychologists Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni Category:People from Fremont, California Category:People from Niles, California Category:19th-century American non-fiction writers Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers Category:19th-century American women writers Category:20th-century American women writers Category:American child psychologists Category:20th-century American psychologists