{{short description|Abnormally underdeveloped breasts}} {{other uses|Micromastia (fungus)}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Micromastia | synonyms = | image = LeFrou Frou1900Page128.gif | width = 325 | caption = Some societies idealize underdeveloped breasts, such as early-twentieth-century France. In this 1900 French cartoon, two small-breasted women criticize a large-breasted woman for not conforming to this fashion. | pronounce = | field = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}
'''Micromastia''' (also called '''hypomastia''', '''breast aplasia''', '''breast hypoplasia''', or '''mammary hypoplasia''') is a medical term describing the postpubertal underdevelopment of a woman's breast tissue.<ref>[http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic117.htm eMedicine - Breast Augmentation, Subglandular : Article by Howard T Bellin.<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Just as it is impossible to define 'normal' breast size, there is no objective definition of micromastia. Breast development is commonly asymmetric and one or both breasts may be small. This condition may be a congenital defect associated with underlying abnormalities of the pectoral muscle (as in Poland's syndrome<ref>{{cite journal | last = Poland | first = Alfred | title = Deficiency of the pectoral muscles | journal = Guy's Hospital Reports |volume =VI | pages =191–193 | date =1841 }}</ref>), related to trauma (typically surgery or radiotherapy) or it may be a more subjective aesthetic description.
Self-perceived micromastia involves a discrepancy between a person's body image, and their internalized images of appropriate or desirable breast size and shape. Societal ideals over breast size vary over time, but there exist many conceived ideas involving breasts and sexual attractiveness and identity across different cultures.
==Causes== Micromastia can be a congenital or acquired disorder and may be unilateral or bilateral.<ref name="HodaBrogi2014">{{cite book|author1=Syed A. Hoda|author2=Edi Brogi|author3=Fred Koerner |author4=Paul Peter Rosen |title=Rosen's Breast Pathology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2DMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149|date=5 February 2014|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health|isbn=978-1-4698-7070-0|pages=149–}}</ref> Congenital causes include ulnar–mammary syndrome (caused by mutations in the TBX3 gene), Poland syndrome, Turner syndrome, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.<ref name="HodaBrogi2014" /> There is also a case report of familial hypoplasia of the nipples and athelia associated with mammary hypoplasia that was described in a father and his daughters.<ref name="HodaBrogi2014" /> Acquired causes of micromastia include irradiation in infancy and childhood and surgical removal of prepubertal breast bud.<ref name="HodaBrogi2014" />
==Treatment== The procedure to remedy micromastia is breast enlargement, most commonly augmentation mammoplasty using breast implants. Other techniques available involve using muscle flap-based reconstructive surgery techniques (latissimus dorsi and rectus abdominis muscles), microsurgical reconstruction, or fat grafting.
Another potential treatment is hormonal breast enhancement, such as with estrogens.<ref name="GöretzlehnerLauritzen2012">{{cite book|author1=Gunther Göretzlehner|author2=Christian Lauritzen|author3=Thomas Römer|author4=Winfried Rossmanith|title=Praktische Hormontherapie in der Gynäkologie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIs2WhfYzZ4C&pg=PA385|date=1 January 2012|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024568-4|pages=385–}}</ref><ref name="ManselFodstad2007">{{cite book|author1=R.E. Mansel|author2=Oystein Fodstad|author3=Wen G. Jiang|title=Metastasis of Breast Cancer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14pb5b6gT-oC&pg=PA217|date=14 June 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-5866-0|pages=217–}}</ref><ref name="pmid9610425">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hartmann BW, Laml T, Kirchengast S, Albrecht AE, Huber JC | title = Hormonal breast augmentation: prognostic relevance of insulin-like growth factor-I | journal = Gynecol. Endocrinol. | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–7 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9610425 | doi = 10.3109/09513599809024960}}</ref>
==See also== * {{annotated link|Amastia}} * {{annotated link|Amazia}} * {{annotated link|Breast atrophy}} * {{annotated link|Breast reconstruction}} * {{annotated link|Tuberous breasts}}
==References== {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Medical resources | DiseasesDB = 30612 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|83|8|q|80}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|611.82}} {{ICD9|757.6}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = }} {{Diseases of the breast}} {{Congenital malformations and deformations of breast}}
Category:Congenital disorders of breasts