{{Short description|Dutch artist (1614–1689)}} {{Infobox person | name = Michaelina Wautier | image = Zelfportret wautier.jpg | caption = Self-portrait, 1649 | birth_date = {{circa|1614}} | birth_place = Mons, County of Hainaut, Habsburg Netherlands | death_date = 1689 aged around 75 | death_place = Brussels, Duchy of Brabant, Habsburg Netherlands | notable_works = ''The Triumph of Bacchus'' (1650) | movement = Baroque painting | family = Charles Wautier (brother) }}
'''Michaelina Wautier''', also '''Woutiers''' ({{circa|1614}}–1689), was a painter from the Southern Netherlands. Only since the start of the 21st century has her work been recognized as that of the outstanding female artist of Flemish Baroque painting, her works having been previously attributed to male artists, especially her brother Charles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://observer.com/2017/04/michaelina-wautiers-tefaf-2017/|title=Michaelina Wautiers' Paintings Were Attributed to Her Brother for Hundreds of Years|author=Baumbardner, Julie|newspaper=The Observer|date=4 June 2017|access-date=28 June 2018 }}</ref> Much of the work tracking and attributing her paintings has been done by the Belgian art historian Katlijne Van der Stighelen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Savage |first=Imogen |date=14 March 2026 |title=In Search of an Artist |journal=Financial Times Weekend |pages=28}}</ref>
Wautier was noted for the variety of subjects and genres that she worked in. This was unusual for female artists of the time who were more often restricted to smaller paintings, generally portraits or still-lifes.<ref name="Sanzsalazar-2014">{{Cite journal|last=Sanzsalazar|first=Jahel|date=January 2014|title=Michaelina Wautier et les fiançailles de son frère : histoire d'un portrait identifié|url=https://www.academia.edu/11161440|journal=Tendencias del Mercado del Arte|language=fr|pages=90–94}}</ref>
== Biography == [[File:Two girls as Saint Agnes and Saint Dorothea, by Michaelina Wautier.jpg|thumb|''Two Girls as Saint Agnes and Saint Dorothea'', Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp.]] Born in around 1614 in Mons, Belgium, in the French-speaking region of Wallonia, Michelle Wautier (Michaelina was the Latinate version of the name adopted as her artist nom de plume<ref name=":0" />) was one of two daughters<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=Michaelina Wautier – Selbstbewusste Malerin |url=https://www.parnass.at/ausstellungen/michaelina-wautier-selbstbewusste-malerin |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.parnass.at |language=de}}</ref> in a family of nine children. Scholars assume that she came from a wealthy family, as her work shows an in-depth knowledge of classical mythology and symbolism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/antwerp-hosts-first-retrospective-dedicated-baroque-artist-michaelina-wautier-180970055/|title='Baroque's Leading Lady' Artist Michaelina Wautier Finally Gets Retrospective|first=Meilan|last=Solly|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> She appears to have begun her artistic career later in life, around the age of 39, however, her talent evidently did not long go unnoticed. Possibly as a result of her brother Charles’ contacts in the army as he had previously been an officer she was commissioned to do a portrait of the aristocratic general Andrea Cantelmo. That painting has since disappeared, but its existence is known through an engraving of it done by Paulus Pontius. Charles was also a painter, and the two moved to Brussels in 1645, where they both remained unmarried and shared a studio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/artists/michaelina-woutiers|title=Michaelina Wautier's Biography}}</ref>
After arriving in Brussels, they lived in a mansion near the Chapel Church in the Marolles district.<ref name="Musée MAS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mas.be/fr/activite/michaelina|title=Michaelina |website=www.mas.be|language=fr|access-date=2018-05-01}}</ref> Both Michaelina and Charles seemed to have been active in business, particularly in real estate. Both also were almost certainly well-trained in art, but it is not known where or with whom.<ref name="Art in Society">{{Cite web|url=https://www.artinsociety.com/forgotten-women-artists-4-michaelina-wautier-entering-the-limelight-after-300-years.html|title=Michaelina Wautier: Entering the Limelight After 300 Years}}</ref> Little else is known about Wautier's life, and much of her biographical information is based on scholarly conjecture and analysis of her available works.
== Works == {{main|List of paintings by Michaelina Wautier}} Michaelina Wautier painted in small formats as well as more ambitious canvases with as main subjects history, religion and mythology. At the time, large format paintings were still considered a preserve of male painters. Wautier multiplied representations of genre scenes, historical paintings, as well as more detailed representations of flower garlands.<ref name="Sanzsalazar-2014"/> Her works also include a series of portraits. She was distinguished from other painters by the diversity of her subjects and formats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cheekmagazine.fr/culture/expos-mai-2018/|title=8 expos Cheek à voir en mai hors de Paris|date=2018-04-30|work=ChEEk Magazine|access-date=2018-05-01|language=fr-FR}}</ref>
Her first self-portrait, painted in 1649, was long mistakenly associated with the Italian painter Artemisia Gentileschi. It remains one of Wautier's most famous paintings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/female-flemish-painter-first-exhibition-834764|title=Female Old Master Painter Gets Her First Big Show {{!}} artnet News|date=2017-01-27|work=artnet News|access-date=2018-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref> The painting is attributed to Gentileschi in Walter Shaw Sparrow's 1905 book ''Women Painters of the World''.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Sparrow | first=Walter Shaw | author-link=Walter Shaw Sparrow | date=1905 | title=Women Painters of the World: from the time of Caterina Vigri, 1413–1463, to Rosa Bonheur and the present day | location=London | publisher= Hodder & Stoughton | page=42 | url=https://archive.org/details/womenpaintersofw00spar/page/42/mode/1up }}</ref> It was not until 1672 that the painter Elisabeth-Sophie Chéron produced what is considered the first female self-portrait in France.<ref name="Dambrine">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wukali.com/Michaelina-Wautier-1617-1689-une-femme-peintre-tombee-dans-l-oubli-3219#.WuinxS5ubIV|title=Michaelina Wautier (1617–1689), une femme peintre tombée dans l'oubli|last=Dambrine|first=Pierre|website=Wukali.com|language=fr|access-date=2018-05-01}}</ref> [[File:Michaelina wautier-triunfo de baco.JPG|thumb|''The Triumph of Bacchus (1650)'', Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna]]
The painting named ''The Triumph of Bacchus'' (1650, Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna) is often cited as one of the most representative of her works. It was originally held in the collection of the Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria.<ref name=":0" /> Michaelina was familiar with masculine anatomy and painted it without shame, becoming one of the first female painters to expose a naked man.<ref name="Dambrine" /> The artist depicted herself in the colourful crowd; she is the only character to look at the viewer. Further, the large scale of the painting was notable for a female artist of the time for, as McCouat says, "women were patronisingly regarded as not being capable of such large-scale complex works".<ref name="Art in Society"/>
Unlike many other women painters of this period, Wautier received recognition while alive. In particular, she sold four paintings to Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria for his painting gallery. The paintings are mentioned in the inventory of the collection drawn up in 1659.<ref>[https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/85684 Michaelina Wautier] in the RKD. Accessed 10 May 2018.</ref> However, her work fell into oblivion after her death. Some art historians link this absence to the attribution of her paintings to Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert, Jacob van Oost or her brother Charles Wautier.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://observer.com/2017/04/michaelina-wautiers-tefaf-2017/|title=Michaelina Wautiers' Paintings Were Attributed to Her Brother for Hundreds of Years|date=2017-04-06|work=Observer|access-date=2018-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, art scholar Katlijne van der Stighelen notes that there was a long period between her last painting (believed to be in 1659) and her death in 1689, at the age of around 75, during which she was not producing paintings or staying in the public eye. Further, unlike some of her female contemporaries, including the Italians Gentileschi and Elisabetta Sirani, her self-portrait was never issued as a print to perpetuate her memory. In fact, eventually that self-portrait itself was later attributed to Gentileschi.<ref name="Art in Society"/>
==Legacy== After Wautier's death in 1689, her legacy was quickly lost due to the various reasons: mis-attribution, confusion with other noted female artists of the period, and inability to differentiate her work from that of her brother Charles. Two centuries later, starting in the 1850s, recognition of her work began to pick up again. However, any mention of her was usually limited to a characterization of her as a "skilled portraitist" with few attributed works.
Her reputation enjoyed a revival starting in the 1960s with the sudden appearance of her floral still life ''Garland with a Butterfly'' in an exhibition, which later disappeared in 1985, along with her official recognition as the rightful creator of ''The Triumph of Bacchus'' in 1967. The art historian, intellectual, and feminist Germaine Greer gave Wautier coverage in her book ''The Obstacle Race: The Fortunes of Women Painters and Their Work'' (1979). Commenting on her work ''Portrait of a Commander in the Spanish Army'', Greer said that Wautier displayed "swiftness and accuracy" indicating extensive professional practice. Additional re-attributions as well as exhibitions that included her paintings made the art-going public more aware of her legacy. The greater interest in her work culminated in her first dedicated exhibition in 2018.<ref name="Musée MAS"/>
==Paintings== <gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="4"> File:Portrait of Martino Martini by Michaelina Wautier.jpg|''Portrait of Martino Martini (1654)'', Private collection File:Michaelina Woutiers - St. Joseph GG 376x.jpg|''St Joseph holding white lilies'' ''(1650)'', Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. File:Jacob van Oost (I) - Two boys blowing bubbles.jpg|''Two Boys Blowing Bubbles (between 1640 and 1650)'', Seattle Art Museum, Seattle. File:Elk zijn meug.jpg|''Elk zijn meug,'' The Phoebus Foundation File:Michaelina wautier-joven fumando en pipa.jpg|''A youth smoking a pipe'' (circa 1659), Private collection File:Michaelina Woutiers, Blumengirlande mit Prachtlibelle, 1652.jpg|''Flower garland with dragonfly'', Private collection </gallery>
== Retrospective == From June to September 2018, the first complete retrospective on Michaelina Wautier was shown at the Museum aan de Stroom in Antwerp (MAS) (which organised the exhibition along with the Rubenshuis). It was curated by the art historian Katlijne Van der Stighelen.<ref name="Musée MAS" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atv.be/nieuws/rubenshuis-zoekt-zes-schilderijen-van-de-17de-eeuwse-michaelina-wautier|title=Rubenshuis zoekt zes schilderijen van de 17de-eeuwse Michaelina Wautier|website=ATV – Antwerpse televisie|language=nl-nl|access-date=2018-05-01}}</ref> Another retrospective, ''Michaelina Wautier, Painter'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michaelina Wautier – Painter |url=https://www.khm.at/en/exhibitions/michaelina-wautier |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=KHM.at |language=en}}</ref> was organized by the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, in cooperation with the Royal Academy of Arts, London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Safronova |first=Valeriya |date= |title=No Woman Could Have Painted This, They Said. They Were Wrong. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/29/arts/michaelina-wautier-kunsthistorisches-museum.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=New York Times}}</ref> The exhibition was displayed at the Kunsthistorisches Museum 30 September 2025 – 22 February 2026 and at the Royal Academy of Arts 27 March – 21 June 2026. A catalog accompanied the exhibit {{ISBN|978-1915815200}}.
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== {{Commons category}} {{refbegin}} *{{Cite book | last1=Bastiaensen | first1=J. | last2=Merode | first2=L.D. | last3=Delvingt | first3=A. | last4=Derks | first4=K. | last5=Gruber | first5=G. | last6=Kairis | first6=P.-Y. | last7=Limb | first7=A. | last8=Stighelen | first8=K.V.D. | last9=Sprang | first9=S. | date=2026 | title=Michaelina Wautier: Painter | location=London | publisher=Royal Academy of Arts | isbn=978-1-915815-20-0 | ref=none}} *{{Cite journal | last1=Derks | first1=K. | last2=Janssens | first2=K. | last3=Stighelen | first3=K.V.D. | last4=Snickt | first4=G.V.D. | date=2025 | title=Michaelina Wautier’s ''Flower Garland with Butterfly'' investigated: Technical studies as a source for scholarship on Early Modern women | journal=Early Modern Low Countries | volume=9 | issue=1 | pages=264-276 | doi=10.51750/emlc23025 | doi-access=free | ref=none }} *{{Cite book | last=Van der Stighelen | first=Katlijne | date=2026 | title=Michaelina Wautier | location=London | publisher=Lund Humphries Publishers | isbn=978-1-84822-739-2 | ref=none }} {{refend}}
{{Michaelina Wautier}} {{Authority control (arts)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Woutiers, Michaelina}} Category:1614 births Category:1689 deaths Category:Artists from the Spanish Netherlands Category:Flemish Baroque painters Category:Flemish portrait painters Category:17th-century Flemish women painters Category:17th-century Flemish painters Category:Artists from Brussels