{{Short description|German-British rabbi, convert to Christianity, and Anglican bishop}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox Christian leader | honorific-prefix = | name = Michael Solomon Alexander | honorific-suffix = | bishop_of = Bishop of Jerusalem | image = | caption = | province = | diocese = Jerusalem | see = | enthroned = 1842 | ended = 23 November 1845 | predecessor = none | successor = Samuel Gobat | ordination = 1 November 1832 | consecration = 7 December 1841 | other_post = | birth_name = | birth_date = 1 May 1799 | birth_place = Schönlanke, Netze District, Kingdom of Prussia (today Trzcianka, Poland) | death_date = 23 November 1845 | death_place = Bilbeis, Ottoman Egypt | buried = Jerusalem | nationality = British | religion = Anglican | residence = | parents = | spouse = | children = | occupation = | profession = | alma_mater = | signature = }} {{Portal|Christianity}}
'''Michael Solomon Alexander''' (1 May 1799 – 23 November 1845) was the first Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem.
==Life== He was the second son and one of five children born to Alexander Wolff.<ref>Ehrlich, Richard, Short Report Concerning Family Alexander, 1940</ref> His ancestors may have come to Prussia from England,<ref>Corey, Muriel W. From Rabbi to Bishop, The Olive Press, London, 1959</ref> or may have been in Schönlanke for many generations.<ref>Ehrlich, Richard, Short Report Concerning Family Alexander, 1940</ref> His education in the Talmud began when he was seven years old, and from age sixteen to twenty, he was a teacher in his community of both Talmud and the German language.<ref>Alexander, Michael Solomon, The Autobiography of Bishop Alexander, Appendix to J. Hatchard, The Predictions and Promises of God Respecting Israel(PIymouth, 1825).</ref> He emigrated to England in about 1820, and became a private tutor for a Jewish family in Colchester. Then he became rabbi at Norwich. Here he came into contact with William Marsh, a stalwart of the ''London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews'' (now known as the Church's Ministry Among Jewish People or CMJ).
Attempting to flee Christian influences, he accepted the post of teacher and shochet at Plymouth. He taught Hebrew to the Rev. Benjamin Golding of Stonehouse church. In 1825, he converted to Christianity.
Soon afterwards, he and his wife, Deborah Levy, went to live in Dublin, where he taught Hebrew and was ordained a priest in the Anglican Church in 1827. This was followed by working with CMJ, firstly in Danzig between 1827 and 1830, and then in London between 1831 and 1841.
He was professor of Hebrew at King's College London from 1832 until 1841 and helped Alexander McCaul of the CMJ to revise the Mission's translation of the New Testament into Hebrew in 1835 and to translate the Book of Common Prayer into Hebrew.
===Diocese of Jerusalem=== In 1841 the British and Prussian Governments as well as the Church of England and the Evangelical Church in Prussia entered into a unique agreement - the establishment of a Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem. Alexander was proposed as the first Protestant bishop. He was appointed bishop of the United Church of England and Ireland in Jerusalem, and was ordained a bishop on 7 December 1841 at Lambeth Palace. He arrived in Jerusalem in January 1842.
Alexander's position was always a controversial one. He worked alongside the CMJ pioneer, John Nicolayson, in consolidating the Protestant presence in Jerusalem. Various institutions were set up under his leadership, including a School of Industry for training Jewish believers in basic trades, an Enquirers House, a Hebrew College, and the first hospital in Palestine.<ref name= Lewis>{{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Donald | title = The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Support for a Jewish Homeland | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 2 January 2014 | location = Cambridge | page = 380 | isbn =9781107631960}}</ref> His presence greatly antagonised the Jewish leadership, who considered him an apostate,<ref>{{cite book|last=Blumberg|first=Arnold|title=Zion Before Zionism: 1838–1880|year=1985|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=Syracuse, NY|isbn=0-8156-2336-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/zionbeforezionis0000blum/page/43 43]|url=https://archive.org/details/zionbeforezionis0000blum/page/43}}</ref> as well as provoking the other major churches to consolidate their presence in Jerusalem. The Roman Catholic church subsequently sent a Patriarch to (or re-established the medieval Latin Patriarchate in) Jerusalem to counteract Alexander's influence.
thumb|Alexander's grave, in the back Nicolayson's adorned with a truncated column He died in Bilbeis, Egypt while returning to England. He was buried in Mount Zion Cemetery, Jerusalem. He was succeeded by Bishop Samuel Gobat.
He had nine daughters (Sarah Jane Isabella Wolff, Fanny Vincent Steele, Deborah Rebecca Marsh, Anna, Elizabeth, Mary Anne, Louisa, Salome, and Emilie) and two sons (Michael Robert Richard Hawtrey and Alexander Benjamin).
==References== {{reflist}}
==Sources== * {{DNB Cite|wstitle=Alexander, Michael Solomon}} * Crombie, Kelvin (2006) ''A Jewish Bishop in Jerusalem: The Life Story of Michael Solomon Alexander''. Jerusalem: Nicholayson's
==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929101444/http://www.itac-israel.org/biographies_Michael_Solomon_Alexander.html Bishop Michael Solomon Alexander] * [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1148&letter=A Alexander, Michael Solomon] (Jewish Encyclopedia) *[http://archives.lambethpalacelibrary.org.uk:8080/Archives/dserve.exe?sqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Persons&dsqSearch=Code=='NA2751'&dsqCmd=Show.tcl Records relating to Bishop Alexander at Lambeth Palace Library]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{S-start}} {{S-rel|ac}} |- {{S-non|reason=New see}} {{S-ttl|title=Bishop of Jerusalem|years=1841–1845}} {{S-aft|after=Samuel Gobat}} {{S-end}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Michael Solomon}} Category:Converts to Anglicanism from Judaism Category:1799 births Category:1845 deaths Category:19th-century Anglican bishops in the Middle East Category:British expatriate bishops Category:Anglican bishops of Jerusalem Category:Christianity in Jerusalem Category:Christian Hebraists Category:Academics of King's College London Category:German emigrants to England Category:19th-century German Jews Category:People from Trzcianka Category:Burials at Mount Zion Cemetery, Jerusalem Category:German Anglican missionaries Category:19th-century English rabbis Category:German people of English descent Category:Missionary linguists Category:Messianic clergy