{{Short description|American politician (1871–1926)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Meyer London | image = LONDON, MEYER. HONORABLE LCCN2016859895 Trim.jpg | caption = Portrait by [[Harris & Ewing]] {{circa}} 1915–1923 | state = [[New York (state)|New York]] | district = [[United States House of Representatives, New York District 12|12th]] | term_start1 = March 4, 1915 | term_end1 = March 3, 1919 | preceded1 = Henry M. Goldfogle | succeeded1 = Henry M. Goldfogle | term_start = March 4, 1921 | term_end = March 3, 1923 | preceded = [[Henry M. Goldfogle]] | succeeded = [[Samuel Dickstein (congressman)|Samuel Dickstein]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1871|12|29}} | birth_place = [[Kalvarija, Lithuania|Kalvarija]], [[Congress Poland]], [[Russian Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1926|06|06|1871|12|29}} | death_place = [[New York City]], U.S. | resting_place = [[Mount Carmel Cemetery (Queens)|Mount Carmel Cemetery]] | party = [[Socialist Labor Party of America|Socialist Labor]] {{small|(before 1897)}}<br />[[Social Democracy of America|Social Democracy]] {{small|(1897–1898)}}<br />[[Social Democratic Party of America|Social Democratic]] {{small|(1898–1901)}}<br />[[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]] {{small|(after 1901)}} | spouse = {{marriage|Anna Rosenson|1899}} | children = Isabel | relatives = {{ubl|[[Ephraim London]] (nephew)|[[Sheila Michaels]] (grandniece)|[[Rosalyn Baxandall]] (grandniece)|[[Harriet Fraad]] (grandniece)}} | alma_mater = [[New York University Law School]] }} '''Meyer London''' (December 29, 1871 – June 6, 1926) was a [[Lithuania]]n-born [[Jewish American]] lawyer and politician from [[New York City]]. He was legal counsel to the [[International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union]] during the 1910 New York Cloakmakers strike. He represented the [[Lower East Side]] of Manhattan for two nonconsecutive terms and was one of only two members of the [[Socialist Party of America]] elected to the [[United States Congress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meyer London Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/06/07/archives/meyer-london-dies-socialist-leader-struck-by-an-auto-excongressman.html |work=[[New York Times]] |date=June 7, 1926 |accessdate=2011-11-25 }}</ref> His opposition to [[American entry into World War I]] and his refusal to introduce a congressional resolution supporting the creation of a [[Jewish state]] in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] created controversy that limited his political career.
==Early life and education== [[File:Meyer London circa 1891 Edit.jpg|thumb|left|London (far left) in front of his father's printing shop {{circa}} 1891]] Meyer London was born in [[Kalvarija, Lithuania]] (then part of the [[Imperial Russia|Russian Empire]]) on December 29, 1871. His father, Efraim London, was a former [[Talmud|Talmudic scholar]] who had become politically revolutionary and philosophically [[agnostic]], while his mother had remained a devotee of [[Judaism]].<ref>[[Harry Rogoff]], ''An East Side Epic: The Life and Work of Meyer London.'' New York: Vanguard Press, 1930; p. 8.</ref> His father had established himself as a [[grain trade|grain merchant]] in [[Zinkiv|Zenkov]], a small town located in the [[Poltava]] province of [[Ukraine]], but his financial situation was poor, and in 1888 his father immigrated with London's younger brother to the United States, leaving him behind.{{cn|date=December 2025}}
London attended [[Cheder]], a traditional Jewish primary school in which he learned [[Hebrew]], before entering Russian-language schools to begin his [[secular]] education.<ref name="Rogoff9">Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 9.</ref> In 1891, when London was 20, the family decided to follow his father to America, so London terminated his studies and departed for New York City,<ref name="Rogoff9" /> taking up residence in the city's largely Jewish [[Lower East Side]].
In America, London's father had become a commercial printer, doing jobs in the [[Yiddish]], Russian, and English languages and publishing his own radical weekly called ''Morgenstern.''<ref name="Rogoff10">Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 10.</ref> Efraim London's shop was a hub of activity, bringing together Jewish radical intellectuals from throughout the city, many of whom met and influenced the printer's son with their ideas.<ref name="Rogoff10" />
London earned money as a [[tutor]], taking on pupils at irregular hours and teaching literature and other topics. He later obtained a job as a librarian, a position which allowed him sufficient time to read about history and politics and to study [[jurisprudence|law]] in his free time.<ref name="Rogoff10" /> London also frequented radical meetings, gradually developing proficiency as a [[public speaker]] and participant in [[public debate]]s.<ref name="Rogoff11">Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 11.</ref>
In 1896, London was accepted to the [[New York University Law School|law school]] of [[New York University]], attending most of his classes at night.<ref name="Rogoff11" /> He completed the program and was [[Admission to the bar in the United States|admitted to the bar]] in New York in 1898,<ref name="Rogoff11" /> becoming a labor lawyer, taking on cases which fought [[injunction]]s or defending the rights of [[tenants]] against the transgressions of [[landlord]]s. London did not handle [[criminal law|criminal]] cases, but rather limited himself to matters of [[Civil law (common law)|civil law]].<ref>Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 19.</ref>
==Career== [[File:Meyer London & Mrs. London visiting the office of Dr. Isaac Hourwich Crop Edit.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|London (standing, right) and his wife visit the law office of [[Isaac Hourwich]] {{circa}} 1893–1900]] In the 1890s, London joined the [[Socialist Labor Party of America]] (SLP), standing as its candidate for [[New York State Assembly]] in 1896.<ref name="Rogoff14">Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 14.</ref> He was attracted by [[Eugene V. Debs]] and his new [[Social Democracy of America]] (SDA) and resigned from the SLP to help establish Local Branch No. 1 of the Social Democracy in New York in 1897.<ref name="Rogoff14" /> He was a delegate to the June 1898 convention of SDA in Chicago and was one of the political action-oriented minority which bolted the June 1898 convention to establish the [[Social Democratic Party of America]] (SDP) following a dispute over the strategy of socialist colonization.
In 1898, London again ran for New York Assembly in the old 4th Assembly District, this time as the candidate of the SDP.<ref>Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 21.</ref>
In the summer of 1901, the Chicago-based SDP merged with another group of former adherents of the Socialist Labor Party to form the [[Socialist Party of America]] (SPA), and London transferred his political allegiance to the new organization. He ran for a third time for the 4th Assembly District seat in 1904, this time under the banner of the SPA.
The [[Russian Revolution of 1905]] was deeply inspirational to the former citizen of the [[Tsarism|Tsarist]] regime, and London threw himself into the task of speaking to [[mass meeting]]s organized to help raise funds for the relief of Jewish victims of the [[pogroms]] which erupted at that same time.<ref>Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 24.</ref> London also engaged in fund-raising on behalf of [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|the Bund]], the Yiddish-language revolutionary movement in regions with significant Jewish populations in the old [[Russian Empire]].<ref>Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 27.</ref>
[[File:Meyer London & car strikers LCCN2014702811 Crop.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Congressman Meyer London at a rally for striking Brooklyn [[streetcar]] workers, 1916]]
London was active in the 1910 New York Cloakmakers strike, during which the [[International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union]] (ILGWU) brought out 50,000 in a successful struggle for higher wages and better work conditions against their employers. In his capacity as counsel for the ILGWU, London drew up and published a communique in the name of the strike committee.<ref>Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 33.</ref> In this manifesto, London declared:
<blockquote>We charge the employers with ruining the great trade built up by the industrious immigrants. We charge them with having corrupted the morale of thousands employed in the cloak trade. ... Treachery, slavishness and espionage are encouraged by the employers as great virtues of the cloakmakers. This [[general strike]] is greater than any [[trade union|union]]. It is an irresistible movement of the people. It is a protest against conditions that can no longer be tolerated. This is the first great attempt to regulate conditions in the trade, to do away with that anarchy and chaos which keeps some of the men working sixteen hours a day during the hottest months of the year while thousands of others have no employment whatever. ... We appeal to the people of America to assist us in our struggle.<ref>Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 34.</ref></blockquote>
London argued against an injunction issued against the strikers before the [[New York Supreme Court]] en route to a victory of the strikers after a labor action lasting the better part of two months.
[[File:Meyer London Campaign Stamp 1912.jpg|thumb|left|Meyer London for Congress 25 cent campaign fund stamp, 1912]]
London's place in the cloakmakers' strike made him one of the best-known public faces of the Socialist Party in New York City and over the course of three runs for [[United States Congress|Congress]] he gradually constructed a winning coalition, emerging victorious despite the violence and fraud practiced by the campaign of his [[Tammany Hall]]-supported [[Democratic Party (US)|Democratic]] opponent in the election of 1914. London thus became the second Socialist elected to Congress, following [[Wisconsin]]'s [[Victor Berger]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New York's socialist congressman |url=https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/280/mode/1up |work=The Independent |date=Nov 23, 1914 |accessdate=July 24, 2012}}</ref>
===U.S. Congress=== [[File:Maurer-hillquit-london-1916.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|In January 1916, London was joined by Socialist Party leaders [[James Maurer]] (left) and [[Morris Hillquit]] (center) in a meeting with President [[Woodrow Wilson]] trying to forestall [[American entry into World War I]]]] As a Congressman, Meyer London was one of 50 representatives and six senators to vote against entry into [[World War I]]. Once America was at war, however, London felt obliged to support the nation's efforts in the conflict. He strongly opposed the [[Espionage Act]] of 1917 and the [[Sedition Act of 1918]], which made criticism of the president or the war a crime,<ref>Roberta Strauss Feuerlicht, ''The Fate of the Jews: A People Torn between Israeli Power and Jewish Ethics.'' New York: Times Books, 1983; p. 110.</ref> and in the end cast the only vote in the House against the Sedition Act of 1918.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sedition Bill Sent to Wilson by House |work=The New York Times |date=May 8, 1918 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1918/05/08/archives/sedition-bill-sent-to-wilson-by-house-conference-report-adopted.html}}</ref> These actions angered his constituency but London said: "I wonder whether I am to be punished for having had the courage to vote against the war or for standing by my country's decision when it chose war."<ref>Melech Epstein, ''Profiles of Eleven,'' p. 183.</ref>
London's support of the Wilson administration's war effort enraged many within the Socialist Party, who saw London's actions as a rank betrayal of the party's anti-[[Militarism|militarist]] program. In a statement to members of the Socialist Party, London's radical opponents chronicled his transgressions:
<blockquote>He ignored the [[1917 St. Louis Resolution|St. Louis Resolution]] right after it was adopted. He refused to introduce bills suggested by the National Executive Committee. He neglected every opportunity of manifesting the attitude of the Socialist Party ... When London sent his famous telegram to Russia not to conclude a separate peace, a good many of us felt that he ought to be recalled from Congress. If we had no courage to recall him then, let us have courage now to reconsider his nomination.<ref>Cited in Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 159.</ref></blockquote>
[[File:Meyer London LCCN2014698006 Trim.jpg|thumb|left|London at his desk {{circa}} 1910s]]
As a Jewish Socialist, London's position on [[Zionism]] further complicated his political situation. Although he upset socialist Labor Zionists by refusing to introduce a resolution endorsing the [[Balfour Declaration]] into the House of Representatives, London did not oppose the right of Jews to live "a separate and distinct national existence fortified by a Jewish state ... All that I ask of them is that they should not speak in the name of all Jews." Further, London believed in the possibility of a specifically socialist Jewish state, so long as it "can be accomplished without violating the Socialist principle which forbids forcible annexation."<ref>Yellowitz, Irwin. "Morris Hillquit: American Socialism and Jewish Concerns," in American Jewish Historical Quarterly, vol. 68 (December, 1978), pp. 163-188. See pp. 169-170 for quote from London.</ref> However, London's refusal to introduce the resolution united many Zionists against him. The Jewish community was further fragmented in opposition to London, with [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]] advocating his defeat because he was not religious while rich and powerful Jews worked against him because he was a socialist. Uptown Jews like [[Jacob Schiff]], [[Louis Marshall]], [[Nathan Straus]], and Rabbi [[Stephen S. Wise]] urged the Jews to redeem themselves by rejecting London.<ref>Feuerlicht, ''The Fate of the Jews,'' p. 113.</ref>
London was thus placed in the uncomfortable position of simultaneously being attacked both as a dangerous radical on the one hand and as a [[class collaboration|collaborationist]] traitor to radicalism on the other; as un-American and pro-German on the one hand and as an American nationalist and abettor of militarism on the other; for subsuming the Socialist program in the interest of the Jews in his district on the one hand and for neglecting the sweeping desire for Jewish nationhood in the interests of socialist internationalism on the other.<ref>Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 160.</ref> This proved too much even for the powers of political incumbency to overcome. With the Democratic and Republican parties united behind a single "fusion" candidate and his own supporters fragmented, London narrowly lost reelection in 1918, falling to [[Henry M. Goldfogle]] by a tally of 7,269 to 6,519.<ref>Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 163.</ref>
Two years later, in 1920, the Lower East Side sent London back to Congress. The vote was 10,212 for London to 8,054 for Goldfogle. In ''Israel and the American National Interest'', Cheryl A. Rubenberg states: "On September 21, 1922, the American Congress passed a joint resolution stating its support for a homeland in Palestine for the Jewish people".<ref>"Congressional Resolution Favoring the Establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jewish People, Sept. 21, 1922," John Norton Moore, ed., ''The Arab Israeli Conflict III: Documents.''Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974; pp. 107-108 .</ref> He was defeated for reelection two years later by [[Samuel Dickstein (congressman)|Samuel Dickstein]].
==Personal life and death== [[File:New Leader 1926-06-12 Front Page.jpg|thumb|right|Front page of ''[[The New Leader]]'', June 12, 1926, depicting London's funeral procession]] London married Anna Rosenson, a dentist who was a fellow Socialist<ref name=story>{{cite news |last1=Feigenbaum |first1=William M. |author-link=William M. Feigenbaum |title=Meyer London's Story: "Child of the Workers" |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-leader_1926-06-12_3_22/mode/1up |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=[[The New Leader]] |date=12 June 1926 |location=New York}}</ref> and immigrant from the Russian Empire,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anbinder |first1=Tyler |title=City of Dreams: The 400-Year Epic History of Immigrant New York |date=2016 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |location=Boston |page=441 |url=https://archive.org/details/cityofdreams400y0000anbi/page/441/mode/1up |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> in 1899.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnpoll |first1=Bernard K. |last2=Klehr |first2=Harvey |title=Biographical Dictionary of the American Left |date=1986 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |page=251 |url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_o7r7/page/251/mode/1up |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> They had one daughter together, Isabel, who became a [[physician]].<ref name=story/><ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Meyer London |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/314487585/?article=528b7951-023b-4991-aba1-aa597995d450 |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=[[The Central New Jersey Home News]] |date=20 July 1947 |location=New Brunswick}}</ref> His nephew was [[Ephraim London]], a constitutional lawyer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |date=1990-06-14 |title=Ephraim London, 78, a Lawyer Who Fought Censorship, Is Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/14/nyregion/ephraim-london-78-a-lawyer-who-fought-censorship-is-dead.html |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Through Ephraim, his nieces were [[Harriet Fraad]] and [[Rosalyn Baxandall]] and grandniece was activist [[Sheila Michaels]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Fox|first=Margalit|title=Sheila Michaels, Who Brought 'Ms.' to Prominence, Dies at 78|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/us/sheila-michaels-ms-title-dies-at-78.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 6, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Gordon |first=Linda |title=The Spirit of Women's Liberation: Remembering Ros Baxandall |url=https://www.wcwonline.org/Women-=-Books-Blog/rosbaxandall |work=Wellesley Centers for Women|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325133633/https://www.wcwonline.org/Women-=-Books-Blog/rosbaxandall|archive-date=March 25, 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>
London died on Sunday, June 6, 1926. As he was crossing [[Second Avenue (Manhattan)|Second Avenue]] at 15th Street, he was caught in the middle of heavy automobile traffic passing in both directions. London became confused and when he halted in the middle of the road he was struck by a driver of a car, suffering internal injuries.<ref name="Rogoff306">Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 306.</ref> The driver rushed him to Bellevue Hospital, where London's daughter was an intern. When she saw her father, London's only concern was that the driver not be punished. "It's not his fault", said London "and he is a poor man."<ref>Epstein, ''Profiles of Eleven,'' p. 187.</ref> London died at 10 o'clock that night at the age of 54, after physicians had labored for 11 hours to save him.<ref name="Rogoff306" />
[[File:Meyer London grave.jpg|thumb|left|London's grave at [[Mount Carmel Cemetery (Queens)|Mount Carmel Cemetery]] in [[Glendale, New York]]]]
News immediately began to spread about the death of the beloved Congressman and crowds immediately began to gather in front of the hospital, the Londons' home, and the building of ''[[The Jewish Daily Forward]]'' newspaper.<ref name="Rogoff306" /> The next day, London's body was taken to the ''Forward'' building, where it lay in state while 25,000 men, women, and children filed past the casket, paying their respects.<ref>Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 307.</ref> A funeral followed on Wednesday, June 10, one of the greatest mass displays of mourning in New York City's history, witnessed by an estimated 500,000 people.<ref name="Rogoff308">Rogoff, ''An East Side Epic,'' p. 308.</ref> The streets were jammed with a procession of 50,000 people, as hundreds of thousands crowded windows and hung from fire escapes or stood along the procession route in a crowd jammed six people deep.<ref name="Rogoff308" />
London's body was interred at [[Mount Carmel Cemetery (Queens)|Mount Carmel Cemetery]] in [[Glendale, New York]], in the borough of [[Queens, New York|Queens]].<ref>Lawrence Kestenbaum (ed.), [http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/loges-lonergan.html "Meyer London,"] Politicalgraveyard.com. Retrieved March 22, 2010.</ref>
==Legacy== [[File:530grand-meyerlondon.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Sign outside the Meyer London Building in Manhattan's [[Cooperative Village]]]] In spite of his votes against the previous world war, London became the namesake of a [[World War II]] [[Liberty ship]], the [[List of Liberty ships, M|USS ''Meyer London'']], launched in 1943.
One of the buildings of [[Hillman Housing Corporation]], a [[housing cooperative]] founded by the [[Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America]], on the [[Lower East Side]] of Manhattan is named after him. There is also a K-5 [[elementary school]] located on the Lower East Side named after Meyer London, also known as P.S. 2.
In an article for ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', historian [[Tony Judt]] writes that London is a relative of his: "Our cousin Meyer London had emigrated in 1891 to New York from a nearby village; there he was elected in 1914 as the second Socialist congressman before being ousted by an ignominious alliance of wealthy New York Jews disturbed by his socialism and American Zionists aghast at his well-publicized suspicion of their project."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/jul/13/captive-minds-then-and-now/ Captive Minds, Then and Now by Tony Judt | NYRblog | The New York Review of Books<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Works==
===Books and pamphlets=== * ''Joint Resolution, Calling Upon the President of the United States to Convene a Congress of Neutral Nations to Offer Mediation to the Belligerents in Europe ...'' Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1915. * ''"Preparedness": Its Dangers: A Socialist View of the Militarist Agitation, in the Light of the European War, with a Plea for Mediation. Speech of Hon. Meyer London ... in the House of representatives January 18, 1916.'' Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1916. * ''National Honor: Speech of Hon. Meyer London of New York in the House of Representatives, March 6, 1916.'' Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1916. * ''Abraham Lincoln, a World Force: Speech ... in the House of Representatives, Feb. 12, 1918.'' Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1918. * ''International Socialism and the Inter-Allied War Aims: Speech of the Hon. Meyer London of New York in the House of Representatives, Wednesday, May 1, 1918.'' Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1918.
===Articles=== * "Socialism and the Terms of Peace," ''Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York,'' vol. 7, no. 2 (July 1917), pp. 97–101.
==See also== * [[List of Jewish members of the United States Congress]]
==References== {{Reflist}}
== External links == {{commons}} * [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/tam_028/ Meyer London Papers], Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University.
==Further reading== * Frieburger, William. "The Lone Socialist Vote; A Political Study of Meyer London." PhD diss., University of Cincinnati, 1980. * Goldberg, Gordon J., ''Meyer London: A Biography of the Socialist New York Congressman, 1871-1926.'' Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2012. * Goldberg, Gordon J., ''Meyer London: A Political Biography.'' PhD dissertation, Lehigh University, 1971. * Lewbel, Sam R. "Meyer London and the 67th Congress: The Socialist in the Harding Years 1921-1923." Master's thesis, Central Connecticut State University, 1979. * Marx, Lewis. ''Meyer London.'' New York: The Tamiment Library, New York University, 1975. * Perkal, Meyer Leon. "Meyer London and Jewish trade unionism in New York, 1896-1926" PhD diss., Brooklyn College, 1964. * Rogoff, Harry, ''An East Side Epic: The Life and Work of Meyer London.'' New York: Vanguard Press, 1930.
{{s-start}} {{s-par|us-hs}} {{US House succession box | state=New York| district=12 | before=[[Henry M. Goldfogle]] | after= Henry M. Goldfogle | years=1915–1919 }} {{US House succession box | state=New York| district=12 | before=Henry M. Goldfogle | after= [[Samuel Dickstein (congressman)|Samuel Dickstein]] | years=1921–1923 }} {{s-end}} {{Third Party US Reps}} {{USCongRep-start|congresses= 64th-65th & 67th [[United States Congress]] |state=[[New York's congressional delegations|New York]]}} {{USCongRep/NY/64}} {{USCongRep/NY/65}} {{USCongRep/NY/67}} {{USCongRep-end}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:London, Meyer}} [[Category:1871 births]] [[Category:1926 deaths]] [[Category:People from Kalvarija, Lithuania]] [[Category:People from Suwałki Governorate]] [[Category:Emigrants from Congress Poland to the United States]] [[Category:Lithuanian secular Jews]] [[Category:American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent]] [[Category:Jewish United States representatives]] [[Category:Socialist Labor Party of America politicians from New York (state)]] [[Category:Socialist Party of America politicians from New York (state)]] [[Category:Socialist Party of America United States representatives from New York (state)]] [[Category:Politicians from New York City]] [[Category:Jewish socialists]] [[Category:International Ladies Garment Workers Union leaders]] [[Category:New York University School of Law alumni]] [[Category:Pedestrian road incident deaths]] [[Category:Road incident deaths in New York City]] [[Category:20th-century United States representatives]]