Meta-waveguide

In [[photonics]], a '''meta-waveguide''' is a physical structures that guides [[electromagnetic waves]] with engineered functional [[subwavelength]] structures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Meng |first1=Yuan |last2=Chen |first2=Yizhen |last3=Lu |first3=Longhui |last4=Ding |first4=Yimin |last5=Cusano |first5=Andrea |last6=Fan |first6=Jonathan A. |last7=Hu |first7=Qiaomu |last8=Wang |first8=Kaiyuan |last9=Xie |first9=Zhenwei |last10=Liu |first10=Zhoutian |last11=Yang |first11=Yuanmu |date=2021-11-22 |title=Optical meta-waveguides for integrated photonics and beyond |journal=Light: Science & Applications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=235 |doi=10.1038/s41377-021-00655-x |pmid=34811345 |pmc=8608813 |bibcode=2021LSA....10..235M |issn=2047-7538}}</ref> Meta-waveguides are the result of combining the fields of [[metamaterial]]s and [[Electromagnetic metasurface|metasurfaces]] into [[integrated optics]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sciences |first=Chinese Academy of |title=Allying meta-structures with diverse optical waveguides for integrated photonics and more |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-12-allying-meta-structures-diverse-optical-waveguides.html |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheben |first1=Pavel |last2=Halir |first2=Robert |last3=Schmid |first3=Jens H. |last4=Atwater |first4=Harry A. |last5=Smith |first5=David R. |date=August 2018 |title=Subwavelength integrated photonics |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0421-7 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=560 |issue=7720 |pages=565–572 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0421-7 |pmid=30158604 |bibcode=2018Natur.560..565C |s2cid=52117964 |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The design of the subwavelength architecture allows exotic waveguiding phenomena to be explored.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Zhaoyi |last2=Kim |first2=Myoung-Hwan |last3=Wang |first3=Cheng |last4=Han |first4=Zhaohong |last5=Shrestha |first5=Sajan |last6=Overvig |first6=Adam Christopher |last7=Lu |first7=Ming |last8=Stein |first8=Aaron |last9=Agarwal |first9=Anuradha Murthy|author9-link=Anu Agarwal |last10=Lončar |first10=Marko |last11=Yu |first11=Nanfang |date=July 2017 |title=Controlling propagation and coupling of waveguide modes using phase-gradient metasurfaces |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2017.50 |journal=Nature Nanotechnology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=675–683 |doi=10.1038/nnano.2017.50 |pmid=28416817 |bibcode=2017NatNa..12..675L |osti=1412777 |issn=1748-3395}}</ref>

Meta-waveguides can be classified by [[Waveguide (optics)|waveguide]] platforms or by design methods.<ref name=":1" /> If classified by underlying waveguide platform, engineered subwavelength structures can be classified in combination with [[dielectric waveguide]]s, [[optical fiber]]s, or [[Plasmonic metamaterial|plasmonic waveguides]]. If classified by design methods, meta-waveguides can be classified as either using design primarily by physical intuition, or by computer algorithm based inverse design methods.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Molesky |first1=Sean |last2=Lin |first2=Zin |last3=Piggott |first3=Alexander Y. |last4=Jin |first4=Weiliang |last5=Vucković |first5=Jelena |last6=Rodriguez |first6=Alejandro W. |date=November 2018 |title=Inverse design in nanophotonics |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-018-0246-9/ |journal=Nature Photonics |language=en |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=659–670 |doi=10.1038/s41566-018-0246-9 |arxiv=1801.06715 |bibcode=2018NaPho..12..659M |s2cid=55105919 |issn=1749-4893}}</ref>

Meta-waveguides can provide new degrees of design freedom to the available structural library for [[optical waveguides]] in integrated photonics.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Advantages can include enhancing the performance of conventional waveguide based integrated optical devices and creating novel device functionalities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Applications of meta-waveguides include beam/polarization splitting,<ref name=":2" /> integrated waveguide mode converters,<ref name=":3" /> versatile waveguide couplers,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meng |first1=Yuan |last2=Liu |first2=Zhoutian |last3=Xie |first3=Zhenwei |last4=Wang |first4=Ride |last5=Qi |first5=Tiancheng |last6=Hu |first6=Futai |last7=Kim |first7=Hyunseok |last8=Xiao |first8=Qirong |last9=Fu |first9=Xing |last10=Wu |first10=Qiang |last11=Bae |first11=Sang-Hoon |date=2020-04-01 |title=Versatile on-chip light coupling and (de)multiplexing from arbitrary polarizations to controlled waveguide modes using an integrated dielectric metasurface |url=https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-8-4-564 |journal=[[Photonics Research]] |language=EN |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=564–576 |doi=10.1364/PRJ.384449 |s2cid=213576669 |issn=2327-9125|url-access=subscription }}</ref> lab-on-fiber sensing,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Principe |first1=Maria |last2=Consales |first2=Marco |last3=Micco |first3=Alberto |last4=Crescitelli |first4=Alessio |last5=Castaldi |first5=Giuseppe |last6=Esposito |first6=Emanuela |last7=La Ferrara |first7=Vera |last8=Cutolo |first8=Antonello |last9=Galdi |first9=Vincenzo |last10=Cusano |first10=Andrea |date=March 2017 |title=Optical fiber meta-tips |journal=Light: Science & Applications |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e16226 |doi=10.1038/lsa.2016.226 |pmid=30167235 |pmc=6062173 |issn=2047-7538}}</ref> nano-optic endoscope imaging,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pahlevaninezhad |first1=Hamid |last2=Khorasaninejad |first2=Mohammadreza |last3=Huang |first3=Yao-Wei |last4=Shi |first4=Zhujun |last5=Hariri |first5=Lida P. |last6=Adams |first6=David C. |last7=Ding |first7=Vivien |last8=Zhu |first8=Alexander |last9=Qiu |first9=Cheng-Wei |last10=Capasso |first10=Federico |last11=Suter |first11=Melissa J. |date=September 2018 |title=Nano-optic endoscope for high-resolution optical coherence tomography in vivo |journal=Nature Photonics |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=540–547 |doi=10.1038/s41566-018-0224-2 |pmid=30713581 |pmc=6350822 |bibcode=2018NaPho..12..540P |issn=1749-4893}}</ref> on-chip wavefront shaping,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zi |last2=Li |first2=Tiantian |last3=Soman |first3=Anishkumar |last4=Mao |first4=Dun |last5=Kananen |first5=Thomas |last6=Gu |first6=Tingyi|author6-link=Tingyi Gu |date=2019-08-07 |title=On-chip wavefront shaping with dielectric metasurface |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3547 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-11578-y |pmid=31391468 |pmc=6686019 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.3547W |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> structured-light generations,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=He |first=Tiantian |last4=Meng |first4=Yuan |last5=Liu |first5=Zhoutian |last6=Hu |first6=Futai |last7=Wang |first7=Rui |last8=Li |first8=Dan |last9=Yan |first9=Ping |last10=Yan |first10=Ping |last11=Liu |first11=Qiang |date=2021-11-22 |title=Guided mode meta-optics: metasurface-dressed waveguides for arbitrary mode couplers and on-chip OAM emitters with a configurable topological charge |url=https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-29-24-39406 |journal=Optics Express |language=EN |volume=29 |issue=24 |pages=39406–39418 |doi=10.1364/OE.443186 |pmid=34809306 |s2cid=243813207 |issn=1094-4087|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021OExpr..2939406H }}</ref> and [[optical neural network]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khoram |first1=Erfan |last2=Chen |first2=Ang |last3=Liu |first3=Dianjing |last4=Ying |first4=Lei |last5=Wang |first5=Qiqi |last6=Yuan |first6=Ming |last7=Yu |first7=Zongfu |date=2019-08-01 |title=Nanophotonic media for artificial neural inference |url=https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-7-8-823 |journal=[[Photonics Research]] |language=EN |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=823–827 |doi=10.1364/PRJ.7.000823 |arxiv=1810.07815 |s2cid=173991055 |issn=2327-9125}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Changming |last2=Yu |first2=Heshan |last3=Lee |first3=Seokhyeong |last4=Peng |first4=Ruoming |last5=Takeuchi |first5=Ichiro |last6=Li |first6=Mo |date=2021-01-04 |title=Programmable phase-change metasurfaces on waveguides for multimode photonic convolutional neural network |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=96 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-20365-z |pmid=33398011 |pmc=7782756 |arxiv=2004.10651 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12...96W |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> The meta-structures can also be further integrated with van der Waals materials to add more functionalities and reconfigurability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meng |first1=Yuan |last2=Feng |first2=Jiangang |last3=Han |first3=Sangmoon |last4=Xu |first4=Zhihao |last5=Mao |first5=Wenbo |last6=Zhang |first6=Tan |last7=Kim |first7=Justin S. |last8=Roh |first8=Ilpyo |last9=Zhao |first9=Yepin |last10=Kim |first10=Dong-Hwan |last11=Yang |first11=Yang |last12=Lee |first12=Jin-Wook |last13=Yang |first13=Lan |last14=Qiu |first14=Cheng-Wei |last15=Bae |first15=Sang-Hoon |date=2023-04-21 |title=Photonic van der Waals integration from 2D materials to 3D nanomembranes |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41578-023-00558-w |journal=Nature Reviews Materials |volume=8 |issue=8 |language=en |pages=498–517 |doi=10.1038/s41578-023-00558-w |bibcode=2023NatRM...8..498M |issn=2058-8437|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yuan |last2=Huang |first2=Yu |last3=Duan |first3=Xiangfeng |date=March 2019 |title=Van der Waals integration before and beyond two-dimensional materials |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=567 |issue=7748 |pages=323–333 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1013-x |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free |pmid=30894723 |bibcode=2019Natur.567..323L }}</ref>

== References ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meta-waveguide}} [[Category:Photonics]] [[Category:Nanotechnology]] [[Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics]] [[Category:Electromagnetic radiation]]