{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the borage family Boraginaceae}} {{for multi|the neighborhood|Mertensia, New York|the genus of ctenophores|Mertensia (ctenophore)|the defunct nettle genus|Celtis}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Flickr - Nicholas T - Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve (3).jpg | image_caption = ''Mertensia virginica'' (type species) | taxon = Mertensia (plant) | authority = Roth 1797 | type_species = ''Mertensia virginica'' | type_species_authority = (L.) Persoon ex Link | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }}
'''''Mertensia''''' is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family Boraginaceae. They are perennial herbaceous plants with blue or sometimes white flowers that open from pink-tinged buds. Such a change in flower color is common in Boraginaceae and is caused by changes in soil pH.{{cn|date=April 2025}} ''Mertensia'' is one of several plants that are commonly called "'''bluebell'''". In spite of their common name, the flowers are usually salverform (trumpet-shaped) rather than campanulate (bell-shaped).
''Mertensia'' is native to most of North America and to a large part of Asia from western China to northeastern Russia.<ref name=nwh2014>Mare Nazaire, Xiao-Quan Wang, and Larry Hufford. 2014. "Geographic origins and patterns of radiation of ''Mertensia'' (Boraginaceae)". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''101'''(1):104-118. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.1300320}}.</ref> Its center of diversity is in the Rocky Mountains. ''Mertensia'' is mostly restricted to alpine, subalpine, and montane habitats.<ref name=nh2014>Mare Nazaira and Larry Hufford. 2014. "Phylogenetic Systematics of the Genus ''Mertensia'' (Boraginaceae)". ''Systematic Botany'' '''39'''(1):268-303. {{doi|10.1600/036364414X678107}}.</ref> Notable exceptions are ''Mertensia maritima'', a maritime plant of Arctic and subarctic coastlines, and ''Mertensia virginica'', which is found from the Appalachian Mountains west to Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri.<ref name=nwh2014/> Most of the species are endemic to very small areas of the Rocky Mountains.
''Mertensia virginica'' has the largest flowers in the genus and is commonly cultivated. It is sparingly naturalized in Europe.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} About 12 other species are known in cultivation.<ref name="rhs">Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref> The Inuit ate the rhizomes of ''Mertensia maritima''.<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}} (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
Many of the species of ''Mertensia'' are hard to distinguish and some are possibly cryptic.<ref name=nh2014/> Around 150 species names have been published in ''Mertensia''.<ref name=tropicosmertensia>''Mertensia'' in Tropicos (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Most authors have recognized about 45 species,<ref name="mabberley2008"/> but in 2014, the authors of a molecular phylogenetic study recommended the acceptance of at least 62.<ref name=nwh2014/>
== Species == According to Plants of the World Online there are 52 accepted species in the genus.<ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO |id=331765-2 |title=''Mertensia'' Roth |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref>
{{Linked species list | Mertensia arizonica | Greene | Mertensia bakeri | Greene | Mertensia bella | Piper | Mertensia brachycalyx | Piper | Mertensia brachyloba | Greene | Mertensia brevistyla | S.Watson | Mertensia campanulata | A.Nelson | Mertensia cana | Rydb. | Mertensia ciliata | (E.James ex Torr.) G.Don | Mertensia coronata | A.Nelson | Mertensia cusickii | Piper | Mertensia cynoglossoides | Greene | Mertensia davurica | (Sims) G.Don | Mertensia dschagastanica | Regel | Mertensia eastwoodiae | J.F.Macbr. | Mertensia fendleri | A.Gray | Mertensia franciscana | A.Heller | Mertensia grahamii | (L.O.Williams) Nazaire & L.Hufford | Mertensia humilis | Rydb. | Mertensia kamczatica | (Turcz.) DC. | Mertensia lanceolata | (Pursh) DC. | Mertensia lateriflora | Greene | Mertensia lineariloba | Rydb. | Mertensia longiflora | Greene | Mertensia longipedunculata | (A.Nelson) Nazaire & L.Hufford | Mertensia macdougalii | A.Heller | Mertensia maritima | (L.) Gray | Mertensia mexicana | L.O.Williams | Mertensia meyeriana | J.F.Macbr. | Mertensia nevadensis | A.Nelson | Mertensia nivalis | Rydb. | Mertensia oblongifolia | (Nutt.) G.Don | Mertensia oreophila | L.O.Williams | Mertensia ovata | Rydb. | Mertensia pallasii | (Ledeb.) G.Don | Mertensia paniculata | (Aiton) G.Don | Mertensia parvifolia | (L.O.Williams) Nazaire & L.Hufford | Mertensia platyphylla | A.Heller | Mertensia pratensis | A.Heller | Mertensia pterocarpa | (Turcz.) Tatew. & Ohwi | Mertensia rivularis | DC. | Mertensia serrulata | (Turcz.) DC. | Mertensia sibirica | (L.) G.Don | Mertensia simplicissima | (Ledeb.) G.Don | Mertensia sinica | Kamelin | Mertensia stylosa | (Fisch.) DC. | Mertensia subcordata | Greene | Mertensia tarbagataica | B.Fedtsch. | Mertensia tweedyi | Rydb. | Mertensia umbratilis | Greenm. | Mertensia virginica | (L.) Pers. ex Link | Mertensia viridis | (A.Nelson) A.Nelson }}
== Classification == ''Mertensia'' is a member of the tribe Cynoglosseae.<ref name=cohen2014>James I. Cohen. 2014. "A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Boraginaceae: evolutionary relationships, taxonomy, and patterns of character evolution". ''Cladistics'' '''30'''(2):139-169. {{doi|10.1111/cla.12036}}</ref> Its closest relative is the monotypic Eurasian genus ''Asperugo''. These two are probably close to ''Anoplocaryum'', a genus of Central Asia and Siberia. The relationships of ''Anoplocaryum'' have never been investigated by cladistic analysis of DNA sequences.
== Taxonomy == The type species for ''Mertensia'' is ''M. virginica''.<ref name="ingmertensia">''Mertensia'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see ''External links'' below).</ref> ''Mertensia'' is divided into two sections: Stenhammaria and Mertensia. Section Stenhammaria consists of the circumboreal ''M. maritima'' and 11 of the 12 species from Asia.<ref name=nh2014/>
The Central Asian species, ''M. dschagastanica'', is assigned to section Stenhammaria, but it is morphologically unusual and might constitute a third section of ''Mertensia''. It has never been sampled for DNA.
Section Mertensia consists of all of the North American species plus ''M. rivularis'', a denizen of the Russian half of the Beringian floristic region.
The North American species ''M. pilosa'' has been reported from Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.<ref name=popov1953>Mikhail G. Popov. 1953. "Boraginaceae". pages 67-691 and 701-716. In: Boris K. Schischkin (editor). ''Flora of the USSR'', volume 19 - Tubiflorae. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR: Moskva, Leningrad,, Russia. (published by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR).</ref><ref name=lavoott1974>Rose Lavoott (translator). 1974. "Boraginaceae". pages 73-508 and 516-531. In: English translation of: Boris K. Schischkin (editor). ''Flora of the USSR'', volume 19 - Tubiflorae. Keter Press: Jerusalem, Israel. For: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.</ref> It is the only species of ''Mertensia'' that is native to both Asia and North America. It resembles ''M. rivularis'' and might be closer to that species than to the other species of North America. It also resembles ''M. platyphylla'' and some authors have placed it in synonymy under ''Mertensia platyphylla'' variety ''platyphylla''.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} It has not yet been sampled in a molecular phylogenetic study.
With the possible exception of ''M. pilosa'', North American ''Mertensia'' is a monophyletic group consisting of three clades that are known informally as the Pacific Northwest clade, the Southern Rocky Mountain clade, and the Central Rocky Mountain clade.<ref name=nwh2014/> These groups are named for the region where most of their species occur, but each includes species from well outside of that region.
== History == In 1753, in his landmark ''Species Plantarum'', Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus placed five species in the genus ''Pulmonaria''.<ref name="linnaeus1753">Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné). 1753. ''Species Plantarum'', 1st edition, '''1''':135-136. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii (Lars Salvius). (A facsimile with an introduction by William T. Stearn was published by the Ray Society in 1957). (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Albrecht Wilhelm Roth, in 1797, separated what are now ''M. virginica'', ''M. maritima'', and ''M. sibirica'' from ''Pulmonaria'' to form the genus ''Mertensia'',<ref name="ipnimertensia">''Mertensia'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> based on their smaller and differently structured calyx, their different anther position, and the presence of nectar glands on the inner surface of the corolla.<ref name=roth1797>Albrecht Wilhelm Roth. 1797. "Mertensia". ''Catalecta Botanica'' '''1''':34-35. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Roth described one species as ''Mertensia pulmonarioides'', apparently unaware that Linnaeus had already described it as ''Pulmonaria virginica''.<ref name=pringle2004>James S. Pringle. 2004. "Nomenclature of the Virginia-bluebell, ''Mertensia virginica'' (Boraginaceae)". SIDA, contributions to botany '''21'''(2):771-775.(see ''External links'' below)</ref> He thus created a superfluous synonym that has been a source of confusion ever since.
''Mertensia'' was named after the German botanist, Franz Carl Mertens.<ref name="quattrocchiIII">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'', volume III. CRC Press: Baton Rouge, New York, London, Washington DC. {{ISBN|978-0-8493-2673-8}} (vol. III). (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
In the time since ''Mertensia'' was erected in 1797, it has been the subject of six major revisions. These, in chronological order, were done by George Don (George Don, the younger (G. Don), not George Don, the elder (Don)),<ref name=gdon1838>George Don (G.Don). 1838. "A general history of the dichlamydeous plants comprising complete descriptions of the different orders". volume '''4''' (Corolliflorae): ''Mertensia''. pages 318-320, 372. Gilbert and Rivington: London, UK. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> Asa Gray,<ref name=gray1886>Asa Gray. 1886. ''Synoptical Flora of North America'', volume 2, part 1 (Gamopetalae after Compositae): "Boraginaceae": pages 177-207. ''Mertensia'': pages 179, 199-201. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, and Company: New York, NY, USA. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> James Francis Macbride,<ref name=macbride1916>James Francis Macbride. 1916. "The true mertensias of western North America". ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium. New Series'' '''48''':1-20. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> Per Axel Rydberg,<ref name=rydberg1922>Per Axel Rydberg. 1922. ''Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains'', 2nd edition. ''Mertensia''. pages 730-736. reprinted in 1954 by Hafner Publishing Company: New York, NY, USA. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> Louis Otho Williams,<ref name=williams1937>Louis Otho Williams. 1937. "A monograph of the genus ''Mertensia'' in North America". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 24 (1):17-159. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> and Mikhail Grigorevich Popov.<ref name=popov1953/><ref name=lavoott1974/>
Asa Gray divided ''Mertensia'' into two sections: Stenhammaria and Mertensia.<ref name=gray1874>Asa Gray. 1874. "Notes on Borraginaceae" (sic). ''Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'' '''10'''(New Series volume 2):48-62. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> The section Stenhammaria was named for the Swedish naturalist and clergyman Christian Stenhammar, who is best known for his work in lichenology. Gray defined the section Stenhammaria as consisting only of the littoral species ''M. maritima'', but in 2014, it was expanded to comprise 12 species.<ref name=nh2014/>
In 1886, Asa Gray described seven species in ''Mertensia''. After Gray completed his monograph of ''Mertensia'', many species were discovered by botanical expeditions in the western United States. Many of the species recognized by Macbride and Rydberg were later placed in synonymy by Louis O. Williams in his treatment of North American ''Mertensia'' in which he accepted only 24 species, far fewer than Macbride and Rydberg. ''M. pilosa'' was not mentioned anywhere in the monograph by Williams, not even as a synonym. Popov (1953) recognized the same 24 North American species as Williams as well as 14 species from Asia, including ''M. pilosa''. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA data has shown that many of the species are polyphyletic, but no comprehensive revision of the Asian or of the North American species has been attempted since 1953.
In 1967, one of the sections delineated by Popov was raised to the rank of genus as ''Pseudomertensia''.<ref name=riedl1967>Harald Udo von Riedl. 1967. ''Pseudomertensia''. pages 58-63. In: "Boraginaceae". pages 1-281. In: Karl Heinz Rechinger (editor). ''Flora Iranica'', monograph 48. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt: Graz, Austria.</ref> This reclassification has been confirmed by molecular phylogenies which place ''Pseudomertensia'' closer to ''Myosotis'' than any of the genera that have been sampled so far.
== Evolution == In the earlier infrageneric classifications of ''Mertensia'', some of the groups were based on shared "primitive" characters rather than the derived character states that show true phylogenetic relationships. In ''Mertensia'', as elsewhere, such groups have often proved to be paraphyletic. More recently, molecular phylogenetics has greatly clarified the ancestral and derived character states in ''Mertensia''. Some of the traits evolving later have appeared independently as many as seven times.
Ancestral states in ''Mertensia'' include short plant height (< 40 cm), long stamens (> 1.5 mm), filaments inserted higher in the corolla, calyces divided at least <sup>2</sup>⁄<sub>3</sub> of the way to the base, and acute to acuminate calyx lobe apices. Their derived alternatives are greater plant height (> 40 cm), short stamens (< 1.5 mm), filaments attached lower in the corolla, and calyces divided less than halfway to the base, and obtuse calyx lobe apices.
The nutlets and pollen of ''Mertensia'' are nearly uniform and consequently, are not of much taxonomic value.<ref name=fukuda2012>Tomoko Fukuda and Hiroshi Ikeda. 2012. "Palynological analysis and taxonomic position of the genus ''Mertensia'' (Boraginaceae)". ''Botany'' '''90'''(8):722-730. {{doi|10.1139/b2012-024}}.</ref>
There are no known fossils of ''Mertensia''. A molecular clock analysis has estimated that ''Mertensia'' diverged from ''Asperugo'' in the late Oligocene or early Miocene. ''Asperugo'' and ''Mertensia'' do not closely resemble each other morphologically. Being mostly plants of subarctic climates, ''Mertensia'' spread southward and to lower elevation during periods of Pleistocene glaciation, then retreated northward and to higher elevation during interglacials.<ref name=nwh2014/> ''Mertensia'' originated in Asia and dispersed over the Beringian land bridge to North America. Most of the groups that originated in Asia are more diverse there,<ref name=harrison2001>Sandy P. Harrison, G. Yu, H. Takahara, and Iain Colin Prentice. 2001. "Diversity of temperate plants in East Asia". ''Nature'' '''413'''(6852):129-130.</ref><ref name=ricklefs2004>Robert E. Ricklefs, Hong Qian, and Peter S. White. 2004. "The region effect on mesoscale plant species richness between eastern Asia and eastern North America". ''Ecography'' '''27'''(2):129-136.</ref> but ''Mertensia'' is a conspicuous exception in having most of its species in North America.
==Gallery== <gallery> Mertensia alpina (7977046090).jpg|Alpine bluebells (''Mertensia alpina'') Mertensiaarizonica.jpg|Aspen Bluebells (''Mertensia arizonica'')<ref>[https://www.americansouthwest.net/plants/wildflowers/mertensia-arizonica.html Mertensia Arizonica, Aspen Bluebells]</ref> Mertensia brevistyla TPrendusi lg.jpg|Short-styled Bluebell (''Mertensia brevistyla'')<ref>Teresa Prendusi, [https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/mertensia_brevistyla.shtml Short-styled Bluebell (Mertensia brevistyla)]</ref> Shot of blue mountain bluebells flowers hanging from a stem mertensia ciliata.jpg|Mountain bell (''Mertensia ciliata'') Mertensia franciscana1.jpg|Franciscan bluebells (''Mertensia franciscana'') Mertensia lanceolata NPS-1.jpg|Prairie bluebells (''Mertensia lanceolata'') Mertensia longiflora 1718.JPG|Long bluebells (''Mertensia longiflora'') Mertensia maritima (3701701247).jpg|Oysterplant (''Mertensia maritima'') Mertensia oblongifolia flowers (3525613924).jpg|Oblongleaf bluebells (''Mertensia oblongifolia'') Tall Bluebells (3816794344).jpg|Tall bluebells (''Mertensia paniculata'') Virginia Bluebells at Rocky River.jpg|Virginia bluebells (''Mertensia virginica'') </gallery>
== References == {{Reflist}}
==External links== * [https://books.google.com/books/about/Mabberley_s_Plant_book.html?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC Mabberley's Plant-book] * [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Mertensia ''Mertensia'' (Search)] <span style="color:green;">And</span> [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Mertensia&exact=true ''Mertensia'' (Search Exact)] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx Names] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.tropicos.org Tropicos] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/default.asp Science and Conservation] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden] * [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=F112E27809EEBC147AE67587219C04CB?find_family=&find_genus=Mertensia+&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Mertensia''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI] * [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Mertensia ''Mertensia''] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/ Index Nominum Genericorum] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm?references References] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm NMNH Department of Botany] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mnh.si.edu/rc/ Research and Collections] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mnh.si.edu/ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History] * [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044106418866;view=1up;seq=46 page 34] {{color|green|And}} [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044106418866;view=1up;seq=47 page 35] {{color|green|In:}} [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009712348 ''Catalecta Botanica''] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.hathitrust.org/ HathiTrust] * [http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326776 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: M-Q] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF02A Botany & Plant Science] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF Life Science] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ CRC Press] * {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] (Biodiversity Heritage Library): :* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358154#page/147/mode/1up page 135] {{color|green|And}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358154#page/148/mode/1up page 136] {{color|green|In:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358012 ''Species Plantarum'', 1st ed. (1753)] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669 View Record of title 25] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/825 Titles by Carl von Linné (1707-1778)] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/A Authors] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] :*[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/34585#page/791/mode/1up Nomenclature of the Virginia bluebell] {{Color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/34585#page/1/mode/1up Volume 21, View Book] {{Color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8113#/summary SIDA, contributions to botany] {{Color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] :* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9906#page/327/mode/1up page 318] {{color|green|And}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9906#page/381/mode/1up page 372] {{color|green|In}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9906#page/2/mode/1up volume 4] {{color|green|Of}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/502#/summary A general history of the dichlamydeous plants] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/588#/titles Don, George, 1798-1856] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/a authors] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] :* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118370#page/675/mode/1up page 179] {{color|green|And}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118370#page/695/mode/1up page 199] {{color|green|In:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118370#page/491/mode/1up volume 2, part 1] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/118370#page/7/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/57429#/summary Synoptical flora of North America:] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/172#/titles Gray, Asa, 1810-1888] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/a authors] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] :* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54436#page/23/mode/1up Louis Otho Williams 1937] {{color|green|In}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54436#page/2/mode/1up volume 24] {{color|green|Of}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/702#/summary Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles titles] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] :* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22173#page/56/mode/1up Asa Gray 1874] {{color|green|In}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22173#page/5/mode/1up volume 10 (New Series volume 2)] {{color|green|Of}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3934#/summary Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles titles] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41764330?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents James Francis Macbride 1916] * [https://archive.org/details/floraofrockymoun00rydbrich Per Axel Rydberg 1922] {{color|green|At}} [https://archive.org/ Internet Archive] * [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24112 ''Mertensia''] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?7483 Species Records for ''Mertensia''] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?7483 ''Mertensia''] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?160 List of genera] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?160 Boraginaceae] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://web.archive.org/web/20000816163915/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl List of families] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en Families and Genera in GRIN] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl?language=en Queries] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://web.archive.org/web/20041015103620/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl GRIN taxonomy for plants] * [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/211512 ''Mertensia''] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/21571 Boraginaceae] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/1538097 Boraginales] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/91888 lamiids] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/71274 asterids] {{color|teal|··· In ···}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3193 Embryophyta] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/131221 Streptophytina] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/35493 Streptophyta] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/33090 Viridiplantae] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/2759 Eukaryota] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.uniprot.org/ UniProt] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=211512&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock ''Mertensia''] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=21571&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Boraginaceae] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=1538097&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Boraginales] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=91888&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock lamiids] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=71274&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock asterids] {{color|teal|··· In ···}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=3193&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Embryophyta] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=131221&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Streptophytina] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=35493&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Streptophyta] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=33090&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Viridiplantae] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&name=Eukaryota&lvl=3&srchmode=1&keep=1&unlock Eukaryota] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi Taxonomy Browser] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy Taxonomy Database] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ NCBI] (National Center for Biotechnology Information) * [https://www.itis.gov/ItisDataTools/jsp/hierarchy.jsp Display Results] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/hierarchy.html Hierarchical Report with Plantae and Genus selected] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/access.html Data Access] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/ ITIS] * [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2062572 ''Mertensia''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2526451 Boraginaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2626737 Boraginales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2575786 Magnoliopsida] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2619118 Tracheophyta] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2008197 Plants] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ Global Species] * [http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Boraginaceae/Mertensia/ ''Mertensia''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Boraginaceae/ Boraginaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/ Angiosperms] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/ Browse] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.theplantlist.org/ The Plant List] * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=8757 ''Mertensia''] {{color|green|At}} [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM_toc.html Table of families and genera] {{color|green|At}} [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html Jepson eFlora] * [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MERTE USDA Plants Profile] * {{Wikispecies-inline|Mertensia_(Boraginaceae)|''Mertensia''}} * {{Commons category-inline|Mertensia|''Mertensia''}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q765547}}
Category:Mertensia Category:Boraginaceae genera Category:Flora of Northern America