{{Short description|Ballot measure in Los Angeles County, California for transportation projects}} {{use mdy dates|date=November 2023}} {{Infobox referendum | name = Measure R | image= | caption= | flag_image = Flag of Los Angeles County, California.svg | title = County of Los Angeles Sales Tax | location = [[Los Angeles County, California]], [[U.S.]] | date = {{Start date|2008|11|04|}} | yes = 2039214 | no = 962569 | total = | electorate = | map = | mapdivision = | notes = Los Angeles County Official Results<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rrcc.co.la.ca.us/elect/08110018/rr0018pd.html-ssi|title=CM}}</ref> }} '''Measure R''' was a [[History of direct democracy in the United States|ballot measure]] during the November 2008 elections in [[Los Angeles County, California]], that proposed a half-cent [[sales taxes]] increase on each dollar of taxable sales (originating in or made from Los Angeles County) for thirty years in order to pay for transportation projects and improvements. The measure was approved by voters with 67.22% of the vote, just over the [[Supermajority#Two-thirds majority|two-thirds majority]] required by the state of California to raise local taxes.<ref name="steve">{{cite news|last=Hymon|first=Steve|title=A Closer Look at Half-Cent Sales Tax Hike, Measure R|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-oct-30-me-roadsage30-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=30 October 2008}}</ref> The project was touted as a way to "improve the environment by getting more Angelenos out of their cars and into the region's growing subway, light rail, and bus services."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-dreier/measure-j_b_2069147.html|title=LA's Measure J Will Create Jobs and Clean the Environment|last=Dreier|first=Peter|date=November 3, 2012|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=6 February 2013}}</ref> It will result in the construction or expansion of a dozen rail lines in the county.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-may-15-la-me-metro-budget-20110515-story.html|title=Los Angeles County is poised to accelerate its rail projects|last=Bloomekatz|first=Ari|date=May 15, 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>

==Funding== The ballot measure created an ordinance called the Traffic Relief and Rail Expansion Ordinance, which included an expenditure plan defining specific projects to be funded, timeframes for availability of funds, and expected levels of funding. The ordinance became effective on 2 January 2009 and is set to expire in year 2039.<ref>http://media.metro.net/measure_R/documents/expenditure_plan.pdf Measure R Expenditure Plan</ref><ref>http://media.metro.net/measureR/images/ordinance.pdf Measure R Ordinance</ref> Projects to be funded include expansion of light rail and subway services, freeway expansions, and funds for local cities to spend on their own transportation infrastructure.<ref name="Dan">{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PSWB&p_theme=pswb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=123C7D56012F2578&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Measure R would boost transit|last=Abendschein|first=Dan|date=October 11, 2008|work=Pasadena Star-News|accessdate=6 February 2013}}</ref>

After the passage of Measure&nbsp;R in November 2008, the new sales tax rate in Los Angeles County rose to 8.75% (since 2013, 9-10%), second only to [[Alameda County]] in California (though there were a few cities whose sales tax rates exceeded the new rate).<ref name=steve /> Before passage, the Los Angeles Economic Development Agency estimated that it would cost each county resident about $25 a year, and each family about $80.<ref name = "Dan" />

===Allocation=== The tax is expected to raise $40&nbsp;billion over thirty years. After subtracting 1.5% for administrative costs, the remaining money must be spent as follows:

* 35% for transit capital projects, e.g.&nbsp;new rail and [[bus rapid transit]] lines * 3% for transit capital on the [[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]] [[commuter rail]] system * 2% for miscellaneous transit capital, e.g. rail rolling stock, maintenance facilities * 20% for highway capital projects * 5% for operations on new rail lines * 20% for bus operation improvements * 15% for local return, i.e. &nbsp;transportation money that individual cities decide how to spend

==Transportation projects== [[File:LA Metro Measure R map.svg|thumb|right|Geographic map of the LA Metro system showing all transit projects included in Measure R]] Examples of transportation projects and improvements cited by proponents of Measure&nbsp;R include beginning the so-called [[D Line Extension|Subway to the Sea]], get the [[C Line (Los Angeles Metro)|Green Line]] light rail to [[Los Angeles International Airport]], widen the [[Interstate 5 in California|5&nbsp;Freeway]] at the bottleneck before the [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] line, and add [[High-occupancy vehicle lane|carpool lanes]]. The sales tax froze regular fares until 2010 and froze fares for [[senior citizen|seniors]], the disabled, students, and those on [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] thru 14 September 2014.<ref name="steve"/>

Most of the projects depending on Measure&nbsp;R for money will require additional funding. This is because in order to secure political support, proponents aimed to offer "something for many constituencies", leading to an ambitious list of transportation projects, which relies in part on federal and state funds making up part of the funding of proposed projects, as has been the case for past projects.<ref name=steve /> Planned expenditures included:<ref>{{cite web |title=Proposed One-Half Cent Sales Tax for Transportation Outline of Expenditure Categories |url=http://media.metro.net/measure_R/documents/expenditure_plan.pdf |website=Metro |accessdate=17 August 2020}}</ref>

*Transit Projects **[[Eastside Transit Corridor]] **Crenshaw/LAX Line ([[K Line (Los Angeles Metro)|K Line]]) **[[K Line Extension to Torrance|South Bay Green Line Extension]] **[[San Fernando Valley]] [[Interstate 405 (California)|Interstate 405]] Corridor Connection **[[G Line (Los Angeles Metro)|San Fernando Valley Canoga Corridor]] **San Fernando Valley East North-South Rapidways **[[Southeast Gateway Line]] **[[D Line Extension]] **Capital Project Contingency *Highway Projects **Alameda Corridor East Grade Separations Phase II **[[BNSF]] Grade Separations in Gateway Cities **Countywide Soundwall construction **High Desert Corridor **[[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate 5]] / [[California State Route 14|SR-14]] additional capacity **[[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate 5]] additional capacity [[Interstate 605 (California)|Interstate 605]] to Orange County **[[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate 5]] additional capacity [[California State Route 134|SR-134]] to [[California State Route 170|SR-170]] **[[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate 5]] North additional capacity [[California State Route 14|SR-14]] to Kern County **Highway Operational Improvements in Arroyo Verdugo **Highway Operational Improvements in Las Virgenes/Malibu subregion **[[Interstate 405 (California)|Interstate 405]], [[Interstate 110 (California)|Interstate 110]], [[Interstate 105 (California)|Interstate 105]], and [[California State Route 91|SR-91]] Ramp and Interchange Improvements **[[Interstate 605 (California)|Interstate 605]] Hot Spot Interchanges **[[Interstate 710 (California)|Interstate 710]] North gap closure **[[Interstate 710 (California)|Interstate 710]] South early action **[[California State Route 138|SR-138]] additional capacity **Capital Project Contingency

==Political support==

===Proponents=== Among prominent politicians, Los Angeles Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]], county Supervisor [[Zev Yaroslavsky]], and Assemblyman [[Mike Feuer]] (D-Los Angeles) were the most vocal proponents. The Los Angeles County Federation of Labor and the [[Los Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce]] supported it.

Having donated $900,000, the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] (LACMA) was the "largest single donor to the effort to raise the sales tax in the county and build more mass transit". According to LACMA surveys, the top three reasons people do not visit the museum pertain to transportation: prospective visitors "live too far, there's too much traffic, and the museum is inconvenient to freeways and mass transit".<ref>{{cite news|last=Hymon|first=Steve|title=Why LACMA Spent $900,000 on Measure R|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2008/11/why-lacma-spent.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=3 November 2008}}</ref>

===Opponents=== Los Angeles County Supervisors [[Michael D. Antonovich]], [[Don Knabe]], and [[Gloria Molina]] were opposed to the measure, claiming that the "spending plan favors the [[Westside (Los Angeles County)|Westside]]" and denies other parts of the county such as [[San Fernando Valley]] their "fair share of sales tax revenues".<ref name=villa>{{cite news|last=Villacorte |first=Christina |title=CA: L.A. County Supervisors to Vote on Whether to Put Measure R Extension on Ballot |url=http://www.masstransitmag.com/news/10756277/ca-la-county-supervisors-to-vote-on-whether-to-put-measure-r-extension-on-ballot |newspaper=Mass Transit |date=7 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814111641/http://www.masstransitmag.com/news/10756277/ca-la-county-supervisors-to-vote-on-whether-to-put-measure-r-extension-on-ballot |archivedate=August 14, 2014 }}</ref> MTA board member John Fasana opposed Measure&nbsp;R because he believed it does not "provide enough assurances" that funds will be spent as planned.<ref name=steve />

==Expansion of Measure== ===Measure J=== {{Infobox multichoice referendum | name = Measure J | image= | caption= | title = Los Angeles County Sales Tax for Transportation | location = [[Los Angeles County, California]], U.S. | date = {{Start date|2012|11|06|}} | choice1 = Yes | percentage1 = 66.11 | choice2 = No | percentage2 = 33.89 | total = | electorate = | map = | mapdivision = | outcome = Did not reach 2/3 [[supermajority]]; failed to pass | notes = }} The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors decided to ask voters on the November 2012 ballot whether or not to extend the half-cent sales tax increase for an additional 30 years until 2069. The board's 10–3 vote came just one day before the opening of the expanded [[G Line (Los Angeles Metro)|Metro Orange Line]] - the first project funded by Measure R.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/metro-orange-line-extension-los-angeles-board-of-supervisors-sales-tax-measure-r-antonio-villaraigosa-zev-yaroslavsky-160885375.html|title=Expansion of Measure R Half-Cent Sales Tax to Hit Ballot in November|last=Tan|first=Caroline|date=June 30, 2012|work=NBC 4 Southern California|accessdate=6 February 2013}}</ref> Proponents such as Mayor Villaraigosa maintain that it would save money by allowing Metro to take advantage of record low interest rates and construction costs, create thousands of jobs, and speed up the completion of certain projects.<ref name=villa /> In order to fund more transportation projects at the present time, the measuring would permit "bonding against future revenues"—i.e.,&nbsp;to "take out loans from the investment market that will not be paid back until beginning in 2039". The extension would not result in new transportation projects; it would merely allow projects on the current list to be completed more quickly, in 10 years instead of 30.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/antonio-villaraigosa/not-waiting-for-washingto_b_1457525.html|title=Not Waiting for Washington: Continue Measure R Until the Voters Themselves Decide to End It|last=Villaraigosa|first=Antonio|date=April 27, 2012|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=6 February 2013}}</ref> The proposal, Measure J, went before the voters on November 6, 2012. It failed to pass, receiving 66.1% of the vote where 66.7% was required.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/11/measure-j-la-county-transit-tax-extension-fails.html|title=Measure J, L.A. County transportation tax extension, fails|date=November 7, 2012|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=6 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_21948976/measure-j-transit-tax-falling-short-two-thirds|title=Measure J: Transit tax falling short of two-thirds majority|date=November 7, 2012|work=Daily News Los Angeles|accessdate=6 February 2013}}</ref>

===Measure M=== {{Infobox referendum | name = Measure M | image= | caption= | title = Los Angeles County Traffic Improvement Plan | location = [[Los Angeles County, California]], U.S. | date = {{Start date|2016|11|08|}} | yes = 2259654 | no = 916375 | total = | electorate = | map = | mapdivision = | notes = Los Angeles County Official Results<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.lavote.net/#year=2016&election=3496|title=Election Results}}</ref> }} On the November 2016 ballot, LACMTA proposed a $120 billion plan to expand upon Measure R, adding new transit projects and expediting others previously approved under Measure R. The plan, known as Measure M, would make measure R '''permanent''' and add an additional half-cent sales tax.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Laura J. |date=March 18, 2016 |title=MTA shows what taxpayers will get if they OK a $120-billion sales tax increase |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-transit-projects-20160319-story.html |work=The Los Angeles Times |accessdate=June 22, 2016}}</ref> Measure M passed with 70.15% of the vote, clearing the two-thirds majority required.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lavote.net/election-results#year=2016&election=3496|title=LA County Election Results|last=|first=|date=|website=www.lavote.net|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>

On the 23rd of July, 2019, the Eno Center of Transportation released a report titled "Measure M: Lessons from a Successful Transportation Ballot Campaign", authored by Michael Manville of the [[UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs]]. This report uses Measure M as a successful example of ballot measures as a means to fund transportation. The [[Time horizon|horizon year]] for the tax scheme is [[2057]].

Measure M programmed funding for the following projects:<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hymon |first1=Steve |title=Measure M project descriptions |url=https://thesource.metro.net/2016/11/08/measure-m-project-descriptions/ |accessdate=15 August 2020 |agency=The Source |publisher=Metro |date=8 November 2016}}</ref> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} *[[LAX/Metro Transit Center]] connection to [[SkyLink (Los Angeles International Airport)|SkyLink]] *[[D Line Extension]] Phase 3 *[[High Desert Corridor]] (cancelled in 2019) *[[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate 5]] capacity increase *[[Foothill Extension]] *[[North Hollywood to Pasadena Bus Rapid Transit Project]] *[[East San Fernando Valley Light Rail Transit Project]] *[[Southeast Gateway Line]] (Phases 1 & 2) *[[K Line (Los Angeles Metro)|K Line]] Track Enhancement *[[California State Route 71#Future|SR-71 freeway gap]] *[[Los Angeles River bicycle path]] *[[Sepulveda Transit Corridor]] (Phases 1 & 2) *[[Vermont Transit Corridor]] *[[California State Route 57|SR-57]]/[[California State Route 60|SR-60]] Interchange capacity increase *[[K Line Extension to Torrance]] *[[Interstate 710]] South Corridor Project (Phases 1 & 2) *[[Interstate 105 (California)|Interstate 105]] Express Lanes *[[Eastside Transit Corridor]] *[[K Line Northern Extension]] *[[Interstate 405 (California)|Interstate 405]]/[[Interstate 110 (California)|Interstate 110]] Interchange capacity increase *[[Interstate 605 (California)|Interstate 605]]/[[Interstate 10 (California)|Interstate 10]] Interchange *[[California State Route 60|SR-60]]/[[Interstate 605 (California)|Interstate 605]] HOV Direct Connectors *[[Lincoln Boulevard Transit Corridor]] *[[Interstate 110 (California)|Interstate 110]] express lane extension *[[Interstate 405 (California)|Interstate 405]] South Bay curve project *[[C Line (Los Angeles Metro)|C Line]] extension to [[Norwalk/Santa Fe Springs station|Norwalk/Santa Fe Springs Metrolink]] *[[San Fernando Valley]] Transit Improvements *[[G Line (Los Angeles Metro)#Conversion to light rail|G Line conversion to light rail]] *[[San Fernando, California|City of San Fernando]] Bike Master Plan *[[Los Angeles Streetcar]] {{div col end}}

In March 2020, the [[Inglewood, California|City of Inglewood]] reallocated $233 million from Measure M highway improvement funds to help finance the [[Inglewood Transit Connector]] [[people mover]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: Want football fans to take transit? Build a people mover to the new Inglewood stadium |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-03-19/inglewood-people-mover-stadium |accessdate=22 April 2020 |agency=Los Angeles Times |date=19 March 2020}}</ref>

==See also== * [[Los Angeles Metro Rail]] * [[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] * [[Twenty-eight by '28]]

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * [http://www.metro.net/projects/measurer/ Metro | projects | Measure R ] * [http://theplan.metro.net Measure M: Metro’s Plan to Transform Transportation in LA]

{{Los Angeles elections}}

[[Category:Ballot measures in Los Angeles County, California]] [[Category:2008 California ballot propositions]] [[Category:Transportation ballot measures in the United States]]