{{Short description|French far-right informal group}} {{Use dmy|date=February 2026}} thumb|C9M logo The '''9 May Committee'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-12 |title=Neo-fascists march through Paris despite government commitment to ban ultra-right demonstrations |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/05/12/neo-fascists-march-through-paris-despite-government-commitment-to-ban-ultra-right-demonstrations_6671202_7.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-11 |title=Court allows controversial ultra-nationalist rally in Paris |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20250511-court-allows-controversial-c9m-ultra-nationalist-rally-in-paris |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> ('''C9M''', in French: ''Comité du 9-Mai'') is a French far-right informal group created in 1994 following the death of Sébastien Deyzieu, a 22-year-old nationalist activist who fell from a building on 7 May 1994 while trying to escape from police during a banned demonstration in Paris. Initially founded by the Groupe Union Défense (GUD), the Front National de la Jeunesse (FNJ) and the Jeunesses Nationalistes Révolutionnaires (JNR), the C9M has organized an annual commemoration in Paris ever since.
Over the years, the structure brought together various nationalist, neo-fascist and neo-Nazi movements. The organization of these events was taken over by the Bloc identitaire in the mid-2000s, then recovered by the JNR before they were disbanded. It was then taken over by Social Bastion and Zouaves Paris (ZVP), both successors to the GUD, in 2017. Following the dissolution of Bastion Social in 2019, the organization was taken over by L'Alvarium, ZVP and several satellite organizations of Social Bastion, and has been headed by Marc de Cacqueray-Valménier since 2023.
These gatherings fell into decline during the 2000s, before experiencing a resurgence following their revival by Social Bastion and ZVP. They have sometimes been banned by the authorities, and are the subject of anti-fascist counter-demonstrations.
== Context == On 7 May 1994, the Groupe Union Défense (GUD) and the Jeunesses Nationalistes Révolutionnaires (JNR) organized a demonstration in Paris entitled "Bienvenue aux ennemis de l'Europe !" ("Welcome to Europe's enemies!") to criticize US imperialism, particularly in the run-up to the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Normandy landings. The event was initially scheduled for 17:00 at Place Denfert-Rochereau.<ref>The official website states: "a demonstration to protest against the outrageous pomp of the commemorations of the American landings. It was also an opportunity to remember all the deaths caused by Yankee imperialist wars throughout the world over the last fifty years".</ref>
As the demonstration had been banned by the Paris police prefect, Philippe Massoni, the police were out in force on the Place Denfert-Rochereau, the planned venue for the demonstration.<ref name="LeclercqC9M2">Jacques Leclercq, « Comité du 9-Mai », ''Droites conservatrices, nationales et ultras : Dictionnaire 2005-2010'', L'Harmattan, {{p.|124}}.</ref> After clashes, 107 demonstrators were arrested, and only a few managed to escape from the police.<ref name="LeclercqC9M2" /> After a chase, Sébastien Deyzieu, an activist with L'Œuvre Française, tried to escape by climbing into a building, but fell to his death between the fourth and fifth floors of 4, rue des Chartreux.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-13 |title=L'extrême droite radicale tente une sortie sur le social, le 9 mai |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/04/13/l-extreme-droite-radicale-tente-une-sortie-sur-le-social-le-9-mai_5976929_823448.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref>
According to the demonstration's organizers, "some of the testimonies gathered may point to a police provocation used to credit a minister, Mr. Pasqua, with being an anti-fascist fighter".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leclercq |first=Jacques |title=Dictionnaire de la mouvance droitiste et nationale, de 1945 à nos jours |date=2008 |publisher=L'Harmattan |isbn=978-2-296-06476-8 |location=Paris |pages=346-347 |language=fr}}</ref>
== Inception == Following these events, the C9M was created by the GUD, the Front National de la Jeunesse and the Jeunesses Nationalistes Révolutionnaires<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Lesueur |first=Corentin |date=12 May 2024 |title=Les néofascistes souhaitent défiler samedi à Paris |work=Le Monde |pages=10}}</ref> to honor Deyzieu's death. The C9M attempted to invade the Minister of the Interior's apartment, then invaded the Fun Radio offices with handguns and demanded Charles Pasqua's resignation on air.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Destal |first=Mathias |title=Marine est au courant de tout: argent secret, financements et hommes de l'ombre une enquête sur Marine Le Pen |last2=Turchi |first2=Marine |date=2017 |publisher=Flammarion |isbn=978-2-08-137691-5 |series=Flammarion enquête |location=Paris}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Turchi |first=Marine |date=2023-05-07 |title=Les deux anciens trésoriers de Marine Le Pen présents à la manifestation néofasciste à Paris |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/politique/070523/les-deux-anciens-tresoriers-de-marine-le-pen-presents-la-manifestation-neofasciste-paris |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Mediapart |language=fr}}</ref> On 16 May at 19:00, the C9M organized a demonstration in Place Denfert-Rochereau with L'Œuvre française and the National Front.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1994-05-18 |title=Après la mort d'un jeune militant Manifestation unitaire de l'extrême droite à Paris |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1994/05/18/apres-la-mort-d-un-jeune-militant-manifestation-unitaire-de-l-extreme-droite-a-paris_3825349_1819218.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref> Seven activists were sentenced to two to three years' deprivation of civil rights for the invasion of the radio station. Marine Le Pen, Philippe Péninque and Jean-Pierre Emié defended these activists at their appeal trial.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le GUD défile dans Paris |url=https://www.streetpress.com/sujet/1494414045-le-gud-defile-dans-paris |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=StreetPress |language=fr}}</ref>
== Organization == The C9M is an informal group made up of several far-right movements,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-05-08 |title=Accident de péniche à Saint-Michel Un homme meurt après son interpellation Un défilé sous haute tension |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/accident-de-peniche-a-saint-michel-un-homme-meurt-apres-son-interpellation-un-defile-sous-haute-tension-09-05-2005-2005932124.php |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=leparisien.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> bringing together nationalists, neo-fascists and neo-Nazis at the turn of the 2020s.<ref name=":0" />
Following the 1994 events, the C9M has organized a commemorative march every 9th of May. It takes the form of a torchlight procession from the Esplanade de l'Observatoire, near the Port-Royal station, to the Rue des Chartreux.<ref name="LeclercqC9M22">Jacques Leclercq, « Comité du 9-Mai », ''Droites conservatrices, nationales et ultras : Dictionnaire 2005-2010'', L'Harmattan, {{p.|124}}.</ref>
In 2005, the rally was organized by the Bloc Identitaire.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2005-05-08 |title=Accident de péniche à Saint-Michel Un homme meurt après son interpellation Un défilé sous haute tension |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/accident-de-peniche-a-saint-michel-un-homme-meurt-apres-son-interpellation-un-defile-sous-haute-tension-09-05-2005-2005932124.php |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Le Parisien|language=fr-FR}}</ref> In 2009, Serge Ayoub took over the organization of the C9M. His Jeunesses Nationalistes Révolutionnaires took charge of the security detail.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-05-10 |title=Des organisations nationalistes prévoient de défiler dimanche à Paris |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2014/05/10/01002-20140510ARTFIG00045-des-organisations-nationalistes-prevoient-de-defiler-dimanche-a-paris.php |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr}}</ref> Following the dissolution of his organizations JNR and Third Way after the Clément Méric affair in 2013, Serge Ayoub stopped organizing these gatherings.<ref name=":3" />
In December 2017, the C9M was taken over by Social Bastion and Zouaves Paris, two organizations that emerged from the GUD after its dissolution.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Macé |first=Maxime |last2=Plottu |first2=Pierre |title=Manifestation de néofascistes à Paris : «Ce qu’ils font devant chez nous est une action de propagande» |url=https://www.liberation.fr/politique/manifestation-de-neofascistes-a-paris-ce-quils-font-devant-chez-nous-est-une-action-de-propagande-20230506_IIPTCDQNRNHEXANA55GO6Z7LJM/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref> With Social Bastion disbanded in 2019, its satellite organizations took over the organization of the parade, alongside ZVP and L'Alvarium.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Quand des néo-fascistes défilent dans les rues de Paris {{!}} FranceSoir |url=https://www.francesoir.fr/politique-france/quand-des-neo-fascistes-defilent-dans-les-rues-de-paris |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.francesoir.fr |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Plottu |first=Pierre |date=2019-10-29 |title=Le mouvement néofasciste Bastion social renaît de ses cendres |url=https://www.slate.fr/story/183429/bastion-social-gud-extreme-droite-radicale-ultradroite |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Slate.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> In 2023, the C9M organization was taken over by Marc de Cacqueray-Valménier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marc de Cacqueray, noble et nazi |url=https://www.streetpress.com/sujet/1699454359-marc-cacqueray-valmenier-noble-nazi-gud-extreme-droite-division-martel-c9m-chatillon-loustau |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=StreetPress |language=fr}}</ref> That same year, after the parade in Paris, the rally continued in Saint-Cyr-l'École, where a neo-Nazi rock concert was held.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Un concert de groupes néonazis organisé dans une salle Simone-Veil à l'issue de la manifestation d'ultradroite à Paris |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/paris/un-concert-de-groupes-neonazis-organise-dans-une-salle-simone-veil-a-l-issue-de-la-manifestation-d-ultradroite-a-paris_AN-202305090642.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=BFMTV |language=fr}}</ref>
== Participants == In 2007, the rally was reinforced by Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) football supporters who came to commemorate, in addition to the death of Sébastien Deyzieu, the death of Julien Quemener, a supporter killed by a policeman after a match between PSG and Hapoel Tel Aviv.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=LASKE |first=Karl |title=A Paris, défilé cagoulé d'extrémistes de droite |url=https://www.liberation.fr/societe/2007/05/11/a-paris-defile-cagoule-d-extremistes-de-droite_92841/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref>
[[File:9_mai_2010_3.jpg|alt=Photographie du GUD à la marche du Comité du 9-Mai de 2010.|thumb|The GUD at the C9M march in 2010]] In 2010, several political movements, including former Alsatian MP Robert Spieler's Nouvelle Droite Populaire, Pierre Vial's Terre et Peuple, the Nationalistes Autonomes de Lorraine, the French Renewal, the GUD and Serge Ayoub's Jeunesses Nationalistes Révolutionnaires, took part in the demonstration.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2010-05-09 |title=9 mai 2010 : un ancien du GUD menace des journalistes |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/05/09/9-mai-2010-un-ancien-du-gud-menace-des-journalistes_5976935_823448.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref> In 2018, activists from the Italian neo-fascist organization CasaPound took part in the march.<ref name=":5" /> This was also the first year that the Social Bastion took part in the Paris demonstration.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Krempp |first=Guillaume |title=Extrême droite : première sortie parisienne pour le Bastion social |url=https://www.liberation.fr/actualites/2018/05/10/extreme-droite-premiere-sortie-parisienne-pour-le-bastion-social_1649174/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref> In 2019, ''France-Soir'' noted the absence of Alexandre Gabriac, a former regular at these gatherings, as well as Yvan Benedetti, president of L'Œuvre Française, of which Sébastien Deyzieu was a member.<ref name=":5" /> In 2022, the parade included L'Alvarium, the Rassemblement Étudiant de Droite, and members of the Collectif Némésis.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Salut nazi, prière de rue et agression, les fafs manifestent dans Paris |url=https://www.streetpress.com/sujet/1652181799-salut-nazi-priere-rue-agression-fafs-manifestent-paris-extreme-droite |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=StreetPress |language=fr}}</ref> In 2023, the violent neo-Nazi group Division Martel took part in the security detail and assaulted a passer-by alongside the demonstration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La division Martel, les bébés néonazis parisiens |url=https://www.streetpress.com/sujet/1697625538-fafleaks-division-martel-bebes-neonazis-parisiens-gud-marc-cacqueray |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=StreetPress |language=fr}}</ref> Several nationalist-revolutionary activists also took part in the rally.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Massol |first=Nicolas |title=Croix celtiques, cagoules et gants coqués : au cœur du sinistre cortège des néofascistes à Paris |url=https://www.liberation.fr/politique/elections/croix-celtiques-cagoules-et-gants-coques-au-coeur-du-sinistre-cortege-des-neofascistes-a-paris-20230508_SDDI3CYZVVDYFKIXL3XPSJFQMU/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref> Among the demonstrators were also alleged associates of Marine Le Pen Axel Loustau and Olivier Dugue.<ref name=":11" /> Interviewed on the matter by Sud Radio, Marine Le Pen denied, however, that the people involved were close to her, and disassociated herself from the demonstration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Manifestation d'ultradroite à Paris : Élisabeth Borne déplore des images «choquantes» |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/manifestation-d-ultradroite-a-paris-le-pen-condamne-des-provocations-inadmissibles-20230509 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr}}</ref>
In 2025, militants from Hungary, Germany, Italy and Spain joined the parade.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-10 |title=A Paris, près d’un millier de militants d’ultradroite ont défilé samedi, à l’appel du groupuscule néofasciste Comité du 9 mai |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2025/05/10/a-paris-pres-d-un-millier-de-militants-d-ultradroite-ont-defile-samedi-a-l-appel-du-groupuscule-neofasciste-comite-du-9-mai_6604831_3224.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref> Also present were Marc de Cacqueray-Valménier, a leading figure in the nationalist-revolutionary movement, Jean-Eudes Gannat, head of L'Alvarium, Raphaël Ayma, former parliamentary aide to a National Rally MP, Axel Loustau, and the Novelum Carcassonne group.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Macé |first=Maxime |last2=Plottu |first2=Pierre |last3=Allard |first3=photos Denis |title=Nervis violents et saluts nazis : l’extrême droite a défilé dans Paris ce samedi |url=https://www.liberation.fr/politique/nervis-violents-et-saluts-nazis-lextreme-droite-a-defile-dans-paris-ce-samedi-20250510_PTQX7GA3QVHVDKTVV6ZSGC7J7M/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref> Thirteen people were arrested, including counter-demonstrators.<ref name=":12" />
== Influx == According to ''Libération'', the gatherings fell into decline during the 2000s.<ref name=":13" /> alt=Photographie de la marche du Comité du 9-Mai de 2010.|right|thumb|The C9M march in 2010 In 2010, the commemoration took place on the same day as Joan of Arc Day. Up to 700 people marched from Place de la Madeleine to the Joan of Arc statue on Place des Pyramides.<ref name=":8" />
In 2017, the march gathered only 80 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le GUD défile dans Paris |url=https://www.streetpress.com/sujet/1494414045-le-gud-defile-dans-paris |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=StreetPress |language=fr}}</ref> According to ''Libération'', the takeover of the C9M by ZVP and the Social Bastion saw these rallies regain momentum.<ref name=":4" /> In 2018, the number of participants to the C9M march increased dramatically, with over 170 people making it to the parade.<ref name=":9" /> In 2019, around 300 people took part in the commemorative march.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, only a dozen activists attended the commemoration.<ref name=":4" /> In 2022, almost 300 people demonstrated.<ref name=":10" /> In 2023, the event attracted 550 participants, according to the prefecture.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Turchi |first=Marine |date=2023-05-07 |title=Les deux anciens trésoriers de Marine Le Pen présents à la manifestation néofasciste à Paris |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/politique/070523/les-deux-anciens-tresoriers-de-marine-le-pen-presents-la-manifestation-neofasciste-paris |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Mediapart |language=fr}}</ref> In 2024, more than 600 far-right activists, and up to 850 according to BFM TV, took to the streets.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title=Les néofascistes du Comité du 9 mai défilent à Paris en toute impunité pour leurs 30 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2024/05/11/les-neofascistes-du-comite-du-9-mai-defilent-a-paris-en-toute-impunite-pour-leurs-30-ans_6232676_823448.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Alemagna |first=Lilian |title=C9M : la manifestation des néofascistes à Paris finalement autorisée par la justice |url=https://www.liberation.fr/politique/c9m-la-manifestation-des-neofascistes-a-paris-finalement-autorisee-par-la-justice-20240511_DKYDJSBEDBDURF2QSX2VYLKWEY/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-11 |title=REPORTAGE. "Vous n'êtes que des fachos !" : des centaines de militants d'ultradroite manifestent à Paris dans un climat tendu |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/reportage-vous-n-etes-que-des-fachos-plusieurs-centaines-de-militants-d-ultradroite-manifestent-a-paris_6538370.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}</ref> In 2025, a thousand people marched.<ref name=":11" />
== Bans == In 2008, the Paris police prefect, Michel Gaudin, banned the parade because of the "unprecedented risk of confrontation" between far-right and far-left demonstrators.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-05-08 |title=Le préfet de police de Paris interdit un défilé annuel de l'extrême droite radicale |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2008/05/08/le-prefet-de-police-de-paris-interdit-un-defile-annuel-de-l-extreme-droite-radicale_1042472_823448.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref>
In 2023, the demonstration caused a scandal, especially on the left, against a backdrop of numerous union demonstrations banned in opposition to pension reform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Des néonazis dans les rues en toute impunité |url=https://www.humanite.fr/politique/extreme-droite/des-neonazis-dans-les-rues-en-toute-impunite-794066 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=L'Humanité |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Les justifications de Nunez sur la manif d’extrême droite ne passent pas du tout à gauche |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/politique/article/apres-la-manif-de-l-ultra-droite-a-paris-laurent-nunez-ne-convainc-pas-la-gauche_217583.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Le HuffPost |language=fr}}</ref> Prefect Laurent Nuñez responded to the controversy by stating that he had not had sufficient legal grounds to ban the demonstration. The following day, the French executive reversed course, and Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin asked the prefect to issue prohibition orders against requests for demonstrations from the far-right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=EDITO. Gérald Darmanin veut renvoyer la patate chaude des manifestations de l’ultradroite à la justice |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/l-edito-politique/edito-gerald-darmanin-veut-renvoyer-la-patate-chaude-des-manifestations-de-l-ultra-droite-a-la-justice_5791493.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=Ultradroite : comment expliquer le revirement du gouvernement en 24 heures ? |url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/politique/ultradroite-comment-expliquer-le-revirement-du-gouvernement-en-24-heures-7900263152 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.rtl.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> In 2024, the Paris prefecture of police banned the rally, fearing public order disturbances and nationalist statements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turchi |first=Marine |date=2024-05-07 |title=La préfecture de police de Paris interdit la manifestation néofasciste du 11 mai |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/070524/la-prefecture-de-police-de-paris-interdit-la-manifestation-neofasciste-du-11-mai |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Mediapart |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-07 |title=La préfecture de police interdit la manifestation annuelle d’ultradroite « Comité du 9-mai », |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2024/05/07/ultradroite-la-prefecture-de-police-interdit-la-manifestation-annuelle-du-comite-du-9-mai_6232070_3224.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=Paris : la préfecture de Police interdit une manifestation de l'ultradroite |url=https://actu.fr/ile-de-france/paris_75056/paris-la-prefecture-de-police-interdit-une-manifestation-de-l-ultradroite_61042055.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=actu.fr |language=fr}}</ref> The demonstration was finally authorized by the administrative court, with the prefectoral order suspended on the grounds that it violated the freedom to protest.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" />
In 2025, initially banned by the Paris Police Prefecture, the Paris Administrative Court finally authorized the demonstration.<ref name=":11" />
== Counter-protests == Since 2003, antifascist activists from the Réseau No Pasarán, Section carrément anti-Le Pen (SCALP), the Confédération nationale du travail (CNT), the Anarchist Federation, SUD Étudiant and Alternative libertaire have been mobilizing in response to these demonstrations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-09 |title=Manifestation antifasciste du 8 mai à Paris |url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-au-fond-a-gauche/20110509.RUE1123/manifestation-antifasciste-du-8-mai-a-paris.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Le Nouvel Obs |language=fr}}</ref> In 2005, SCALP and the CNT organized a counter-demonstration.<ref name=":2" /> In 2007, 200 anti-fascist demonstrators who gathered to counter-demonstrate were preventively arrested.<ref name=":7" /> In 2025, an "anti-fascist and anti-racist" counter-protest planned for the same location was banned, while the C9M rally was finally authorized. Several counter-demonstrators were arrested.<ref name=":11" />
== Attacks on press freedom == In 2023, activists providing security for the demonstration refused to allow journalists to take photos of the rally, even though it was public.<ref name=":14" /> According to ''Mediapart'', the demonstration "took place in a climate of great hostility towards the press, and was surrounded by a police force that was too small for its dangerous nature".<ref name=":14" />
In 2024, journalists have been prevented from taking photos or videos by the C9M security service.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" />
== Notes and references == {{Reflist}}
Category:Police brutality in France Category:20th century in Paris Category:1994 in France Category:French nationalism Category:Far-right politics in France