{{short description|Association of German research institutes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Infobox organization | name = Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science | native_name = Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften | native_name_lang = de | image = Max Planck Society logo.svg | image_border = | image_size = 225px | caption = Logo | abbreviation = MPG | predecessor = [[Kaiser Wilhelm Society]]<ref name=MPGorg/> | formation = {{start date and age|1911}}<ref name=MPGorg/> | type = Non-profit research organization<ref name=MPGorg/> | status = {{lang|de|[[Registered association (Germany)|Eingetragener Verein]]}} (e. V.) | headquarters = [[Munich]], Germany<ref name=MPGorg/> | coordinates = {{Coord|region:DE-BY|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | mapframe-zoom = 14 | leader_title = President | leader_name = [[Patrick Cramer]] | main_organ = Senate<ref name="MPGfacts"/> | num_staff = 25,740 (2024)<ref name="MPGfacts"/> | budget = €2.1 billion (2023)<ref name="MPGfacts"/> | website = {{official URL}} }} [[File:Max Planck Nobel 1918.jpg|thumb|[[Max Planck]], after whom the society is named]] The '''Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science''' ({{langx|de|'''Max-Planck-Gesellschaft''' zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.}}; '''MPG''') is a formally independent non-governmental and nonprofit association of German [[research institute]]s. Founded in 1911 as the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Society]],<ref name=MPGorg/><ref name="MPGportrait"/> it was renamed to the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist [[Max Planck]]. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany.<ref name="MPGfacts"/><ref name=MPGorg/>
==Mission== According to its primary goal, the Max Planck Society supports [[basic research|fundamental research]] in the [[natural science|natural]], [[life science|life]] and [[social science|social]] sciences, [[the arts]] and [[humanities]] in its 84 (as of January 2024)<ref name="MPGfacts"/> institutes and research facilities.<ref name=MPGorg/><ref name="MPGportrait"/> {{As of|2023|12|31}}, the society has a total staff of 24,655 permanent employees, including 6,688 contractually employed scientists, 3,444 doctoral candidates, and 3,203 guest scientists.<ref name="MPGfacts"/> 44.9% of all employees are female and 57.2% of the scientists are foreign nationals. The society's budget for 2023 was about €2.1 billion.<ref name="MPGfacts"/>
The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization, with 39 [[Nobel Prizes]] awarded to their scientists, and is widely regarded as one of the foremost basic research organizations in the world. In 2025, the [[Nature Index]] placed the '''Max Planck Institutes''' twelfth worldwide in terms of research published in ''Nature'' journals .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nature Index 2025 |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/institution-outputs/generate/all/global/all |access-date= |website=natureindex.com |archive-date= |archive-url= |url-status=live }}</ref> In terms of total research volume (unweighted by citations or impact), the Max Planck Society is only outranked by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] and Harvard University in the Times Higher Education institutional rankings.<ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/the-titans-institutional-rankings-by-output-and-citations/408424.article The titans: Institutional rankings by output and citations] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081138/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/the-titans-institutional-rankings-by-output-and-citations/408424.article |date=6 October 2014 }}, Times Higher Education, 17 September 2009</ref> The Thomson Reuters-Science Watch website placed the Max Planck Society as the second leading research organization worldwide following Harvard University in terms of the impact of the produced research over science fields.<ref>[http://archive.sciencewatch.com/inter/ins/09/09Top20Overall/ The Most-Cited Institutions Overall, 1999–2009]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426185924/http://archive.sciencewatch.com/inter/ins/09/09Top20Overall/ |date=26 April 2015 }}. Science Watch.</ref>
The Max Planck Society and its predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society hosted several renowned scientists in their fields, including [[Otto Hahn]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], and [[Albert Einstein]].
The Max Planck Society also hosts the ''[[Cornell University|Cornell]], [[University of Maryland, College Park|Maryland]], and Max Planck Pre-Doctoral Research School'', an intense week of lectures, informal conversations with guest faculty and fellow students from all over the world, professional development panels with academic and industrial speakers, research poster sessions, and social events.
==History== [[Image:Logo of the Max Planck Society.png|thumb|300px|The society's logo features [[Minerva]], the [[Roman mythology|Roman]] [[goddess]] of wisdom.]] The organization was established in 1911 as the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Society]], or ''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft'' (KWG), a non-governmental research organization named for the [[Wilhelm II|then German emperor]]. The KWG was one of the world's leading research organizations; its board of directors included scientists like [[Walther Bothe]], [[Peter Debye]], [[Albert Einstein]], and [[Fritz Haber]]. In 1946, [[Otto Hahn]] assumed the position of president of KWG, and in 1948, the society was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPG) after its former president (1930–37) [[Max Planck]], who died in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geschichte |url=https://www.mpg.de/geschichte |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=mpg.de |language=de }}</ref>
The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization. In 2006, the [[Times Higher Education|Times Higher Education Supplement]] rankings<ref>{{cite web |title=Top non-university institutions in science |publisher=[[Times Higher Education Supplement]] |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=164 |access-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924205818/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=164 |archive-date=24 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> of non-university research institutions (based on international peer review by academics) placed the Max Planck Society as No.1 in the world for science research, and No.3 in technology research (behind [[AT&T Corporation]] and the [[Argonne National Laboratory]] in the United States).
The domain ''mpg.de'' attracted at least 1.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a [[Compete.com]] study.<ref>{{cite web |title=Max Planck Society attracts almost 2m visitors online yearly |url=http://siteanalytics.compete.com/mpg.de?metric=uv |access-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702120103/http://siteanalytics.compete.com/mpg.de/?metric=uv |archive-date=2 July 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG=== # [[Adolf von Harnack]] (1911–1930) # [[Max Planck]] (1930–1937) # [[Carl Bosch]] (1937–1940) # [[Albert Vögler]] (1941–1945) # [[Max Planck]] (16 May 1945 – 31 March 1946) # [[Otto Hahn]] (as President of the KWG 1946 and then as Founder and President of the MPG 1948–1960) # [[Adolf Butenandt]] (1960–1972) # [[Reimar Lüst]] (1972–1984) # [[Heinz Staab]] (1984–1990) # [[Hans F. Zacher]] (1990–1996) # [[Hubert Markl]] (1996–2002) # [[Peter Gruss]] (2002–2014) # [[Martin Stratmann]] (2014–2023) # [[Patrick Cramer]] (2023–present)
==Max Planck Research Award== From 1990 to 2004, the "Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation" was presented to several researchers from a wide range of disciplines each year.
From 2004 to 2017, the "Max Planck Research Award" was conferred annually to two internationally renowned scientists, one of whom was working in Germany and one in another country. Calls for nominations for the award were invited on an annually rotating basis in specific sub-areas of the natural sciences and engineering, the life sciences, and the human and social sciences. The objective of the Max Planck Society and the [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]] in presenting this joint research award was to give added momentum to specialist fields that were either not yet established in Germany or that deserved to be expanded.<ref>https://www.mpg.de/mpResearchAward {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221013/http://www.mpg.de/mpResearchAward |date=3 March 2016 }} ''One Award – Two Winners'', Max-Planck-Gesellschaft</ref>
Since 2018, the award has been succeeded by the "Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award", annually awarded to an internationally renowned mid-career researcher with outstanding future potential from outside Germany but having a strong interest in a research residency in Germany for limited time periods, alternately in the fields of natural and engineering sciences, human sciences, and life sciences, as well as the "Max Planck-Humboldt Medal" awarded to other two finalists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mpg.de/awards/max-planck-humboldt-research-award |title=Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award |website=mpg.de }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/max-planck-humboldt-research-award.html |title=Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award |website=humboldt-foundation.de }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/65532760.html |title=Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award: For the first time, two top researchers from the humanities and social sciences have been honoured |website=humboldt-foundation.de |date=6 November 2019 |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803103602/https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/65532760.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mpg.de/13899495/max-planck-humboldt-research-award-goes-into-the-second-round |title=Two US social scientists honoured with prestigious prize |website=mpg.de |date=5 November 2019 }}</ref>
===Max Planck-Humboldt Research Awards and Medals=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Name ! Institution ! Field |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award |[[Geordie Williamson]] |[[University of Sydney]] |Mathematics |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |[[Torsten Hoefler]] |[[ETH Zurich]] |[[Artificial Intelligence]] and [[High-Performance Computing]] with applications in Climate Sciences |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |[[Laura Waller]] |[[University of California, Berkeley]] |[[Computational microscopy]] |- | rowspan="3" |2023 |Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award |[[Rotem Sorek]] |[[Weizmann Institute of Science]] |Bacterial defense mechanisms against viruses |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |[[Amy Buck]] |[[University of Edinburgh]] |Inter-species RNA communication |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |[[Kandice Tanner]] |[[National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda]] |Biophysics of the metastatic spread of cancer |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award |[[Margaret Roberts (political scientist)|Margaret Roberts]] |[[UCSD]] |Censorship and Disinformation |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |[[Vanessa Ogle]] |[[Yale University]] |Social Sciences |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |[[Wim Decock]] |[[Universities of Louvain-la-Neuve and Liége]] |Social Sciences |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award |[[Pablo Jarillo-Herrero]] |[[MIT]] |Quantum Materials |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |[[Anastassia Alexandrova]] |[[UCLA]] |Theoretical Chemistry |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |[[Sumit Gulwani]] |[[Microsoft]] |AI-assisted Programming |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award |[[Roberto Bonasio]] |[[University of Pennsylvania]] |Life sciences |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |[[Luciano Marraffini]] |[[Rockefeller University]] |Life sciences |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award |[[Ufuk Akcigit]] |[[University of Chicago]] |Macroeconomics |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |[[Elliot Tucker-Drob]] |[[University of Texas at Austin]] |Personality and developmental psychology |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award |[[Catherine Heymans]] |[[University of Edinburgh]] |Dark energy |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |[[Robert Wood (roboticist)|Robert Wood]] |[[Harvard University]] |Soft robotics |- |Max Planck-Humboldt Medal |Sam Payne |[[University of Texas at Austin]] |Tropical geometry |}
===Max Planck Research Award=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Name ! Institution ! Field |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |[[Bonnie Bassler]] |[[Princeton University]] |rowspan="2" |Sensory perception of organisms |- |{{ill|Martin Wikelski|de}} |[[Max Planck Institute for Ornithology]] |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[Bryan Stanley Turner]] |[[City University of New York]] |rowspan="2" |Religion and modernity – secularisation, social and religious pluralism |- |[[Hans Joas]] |[[Humboldt University of Berlin]] |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |[[Robert J. Schoelkopf]] |[[Yale University]] |rowspan="2" |Quantum nanoscience |- |[[Jörg Wrachtrup]] |[[University of Stuttgart]] |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |[[Christopher Field|Chris Field]] |[[Carnegie Institution for Science]] & [[Stanford University]] |rowspan="2" |Influence of climate change on ecosystems |- |{{ill|Markus Reichstein|de}} |[[Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry]] |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |[[Katharina Pistor]] |[[Columbia University Law School]] |rowspan="2" |Regulating international financial markets |- |[[Martin Hellwig]] |[[Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods]] |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |[[Sebastian Thrun]] |[[Stanford University]] |rowspan="2" |Intelligent systems |- |[[Bernhard Schölkopf]] |[[Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems]] |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |{{ill|Timothy George Bromage|de|Timothy Bromage}} |[[New York University College of Dentistry]] |rowspan="2" |Evolution |- |[[Michael Tomasello]] |[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |[[Karl Galinsky]] |[[University of Texas at Austin]] |rowspan="2" |History of memory |- |[[Aleida Assmann]] |[[University of Konstanz]] |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |[[Robert S. Langer]] |[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |rowspan="2" |Biomaterials |- |[[Peter Fratzl]] |[[Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces]] |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |[[Raymond Joseph Dolan]] |[[University College London]] & [[Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging]] |rowspan="2" |Neuromodulation and behaviour |- |{{ill|Hans-Christian Pape|de}} |[[University of Münster]] |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |[[Alina Payne]] |[[Harvard University]] |rowspan="2" |Art history |- |[[Horst Bredekamp]] |[[Humboldt University of Berlin]] |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |Christopher Carilli |[[Array Operations Center|National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro]] |rowspan="2" |Astrophysics |- |[[Christof Wetterich]] |[[Heidelberg University]] |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |[[Eugene W. Myers]] |[[University of California, Berkeley]] |rowspan="2" |Bioinformatics |- |[[Martin Vingron]] |[[Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics]] |}
==Organization== [[Image:München - Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.JPG|thumb|300px|Entrance of the administrative headquarters of the Max Planck Society in [[Munich]]]] The Max Planck Society is formally an ''[[eingetragener Verein]]'', a registered association with the institute directors as scientific members having equal voting rights.<ref>{{cite web |title=MPG Organization |url=http://www.mpg.de/183267/organisation/ |access-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112064016/http://www.mpg.de/183267/organisation |archive-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The society has its registered seat in [[Berlin]], while the administrative headquarters are located in [[Munich]]. Since June 2023, chemist and molecular biologist [[Patrick Cramer]] has been the President of the Max Planck Society.<ref>{{cite web |title=About us <nowiki>|</nowiki> President |url=https://www.mpg.de/president |publisher=Max Planck Society |access-date=8 April 2025 }}</ref>
Funding is provided predominantly from federal and state sources, but also from research and license fees and donations. One of the larger donations was the castle [[Schloss Ringberg]] near [[Kreuth]] in Bavaria, which was pledged by Luitpold Emanuel in Bayern ([[Duke in Bavaria]]). It passed to the Society after the duke died in 1973, and is now used for conferences.
===Max Planck Institutes and research groups=== {{main|List of Max Planck Institutes}} The Max Planck Society consists of over 80 research institutes.<ref name="MPGinstitutes"/> In addition, the society funds a number of Max Planck Research Groups (MPRG) and International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS). The purpose of establishing independent research groups at various universities is to strengthen the required networking between universities and institutes of the Max Planck Society.
The research units are primarily located across Europe with a few in South Korea and the U.S. In 2007, the Society established its first non-European centre, with an institute on the Jupiter campus of [[Florida Atlantic University]] focusing on neuroscience.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Florida courts German life-sciences institute |last=Check |first=Erika |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7160 |pages=264–265 |date=20 September 2007 |doi=10.1038/449264b |pmid=17882174 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..264C |doi-access= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience Website |url=http://www.maxplanckflorida.org/ |access-date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326032254/http://www.maxplanckflorida.org/ |archive-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Max Planck Institutes operate independently from, though in close cooperation with, the universities, and focus on innovative research that does not fit into the university structure due to its [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] or [[Transdisciplinarity|transdisciplinary]] nature or that require resources that cannot be met by the state universities.
Internally, Max Planck Institutes are organized into research departments headed by directors such that each MPI has several directors, a position roughly comparable to anything from full professor to department head at a university. Other core members include Junior and Senior Research Fellows.<ref name="Max Planck Society: postdoctoral and doctoral jobs notifications">{{cite web |url=http://positions.dolpages.com/scholarships-listing/germany-max-planck-institute |title=Max Planck Society: postdoctoral and doctoral jobs notifications |date=2017 |publisher=DolPages |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023008/http://positions.dolpages.com/scholarships-listing/germany-max-planck-institute |archive-date=19 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In addition, there are associated institutes:<ref name="MPGinstitutes"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Name !City !Country !Section |- |[[Ernst Strüngmann Institute]] |Frankfurt am Main |Germany |Biology & Medicine |}
Max Planck Society also has a collaborative center with [[Princeton University]]—[[Max Planck Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics]]—located in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], in the U.S.<ref name="MPGPrinceton">{{cite web |url=http://www.mpg.de/7021596 |title=International – Max Planck Center / Partnerinstitute – Max Planck-Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics |date=2015 |publisher=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122836/http://www.mpg.de/7021596 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The latest Max Planck Research Center has been established at [[Harvard University]] in 2016 as the [[Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean]].
===International Max Planck Research Schools=== Together with the Association of Universities and other Education Institutions in Germany, the Max Planck Society established numerous International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS) to promote junior scientists: * Cologne Graduate School of Ageing Research, [[Cologne]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.age.mpg.de/de/karrriere/imprs-age/about-the-imprs-age-graduate-school/ |title=About us::Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing |access-date=24 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183503/http://www.age.mpg.de/de/karrriere/imprs-age/about-the-imprs-age-graduate-school/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 }}</ref> * [[Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics]] * International Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems, at the [[Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems]] located in [[Tübingen]] and [[Stuttgart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imprs.is.mpg.de/ |title=IMPRS for Intelligent Systems |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808104650/https://imprs.is.mpg.de/ |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School on Adapting Behavior in a Fundamentally Uncertain World (Uncertainty School), at the Max Planck Institutes for Economics, for Human Development, and/or Research on Collective Goods * International Max Planck Research School for Analysis, Design and Optimization in Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering, [[Magdeburg]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pe-imprs.mpg.de/ |title=International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) |website=www.pe-imprs.mpg.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205132845/http://www.pe-imprs.mpg.de/ |archive-date=5 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics, [[Heidelberg]] at the [[Max Planck Institute for Astronomy|MPI for Astronomy]] * International Max Planck Research School for Astrophysics, [[Garching]] at the [[Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics|MPI for Astrophysics]] * International Max Planck Research School for Complex Surfaces in Material Sciences, [[Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imprs-cs.mpg.de |title=IMPRS Complex Surfaces in Material Science |website=www.imprs-cs.mpg.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702133103/http://www.imprs-cs.mpg.de/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science, [[Saarbrücken]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imprs-cs.de |title=International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science |website=www.imprs-cs.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603211921/http://www.imprs-cs.de/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Earth System Modeling, [[Hamburg]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earthsystemschool.de/ |title=Grünes Hamburg – Blog über Nachhaltigkeit und erneuerbare Energien - |website=Grünes Hamburg – Blog über Nachhaltigkeit und erneuerbare Energien |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630063206/http://www.earthsystemschool.de/ |archive-date=30 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Elementary Particle Physics, Munich, at the [[Max Planck Institute for Physics|MPI for Physics]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mppmu.mpg.de/imprs/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229225207/http://www.mppmu.mpg.de/imprs/ |archive-date=29 December 2008 }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, [[Marburg]] at the [[Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology]] * [[International Max Planck Research School for Evolutionary Biology]], [[Plön]] at the [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.evolbio.mpg.de/imprs |title=Short Portrait |website=www.evolbio.mpg.de |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213055754/http://www.evolbio.mpg.de/imprs |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School "From Molecules to Organisms", [[Tübingen]] at the [[Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imprs.tuebingen.mpg.de/ |title=Home – International Max Planck Research School |publisher=Imprs.tuebingen.mpg.de |date=21 February 2019 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717073110/http://www.imprs.tuebingen.mpg.de/ |archive-date=17 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Global Biogeochemical Cycles, [[Jena]] at the [[Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imprs-gbgc.de |title=IMPRS-gBGC |website=imprs-gbgc.de |access-date=30 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219133039/http://imprs-gbgc.de/ |archive-date=19 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School on Gravitational Wave Astronomy, [[Hannover]] and Potsdam [[Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics|MPI for Gravitational Physics]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://imprs-gw.aei.mpg.de/ |title=Home |website=imprs-gw.aei.mpg.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531132523/http://imprs-gw.aei.mpg.de/ |archive-date=31 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research]], Bad Nauheim at the [[Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://imprs.mpi-hlr.de/ |title=IMPRS-HLR – IMPRS-HLR |website=imprs.mpi-hlr.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619095531/http://imprs.mpi-hlr.de/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Berlin at the [[Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Information |url=https://www.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de/graduate_program/general_information |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=www.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=ZIBI Graduate School |url=https://www.zibi-berlin.de/about/zibi-gs/index.html |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=www.zibi-berlin.de |language=en }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, [[Nijmegen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpi.nl/imprs |title=IMPRS Graduate School — Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics |website=www.mpi.nl |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606031406/http://www.mpi.nl/imprs |archive-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, [[Göttingen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpneuro.uni-goettingen.de |title=MSc/PhD/MD-PhD Neuroscience Program |website=www.gpneuro.uni-goettingen.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602034809/http://www.gpneuro.uni-goettingen.de/ |archive-date=2 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, [[Tübingen]]<ref>http://www.neuroschool-tuebingen.de {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401135041/https://www.neuroschool-tuebingen.de/ |date=1 April 2019 }} formerly IMPRS for Neural and Behavioral Sciences {{cite web |url=http://www.neuroschool-tuebingen-cogni.de/ |title=Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Sciences |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413162135/http://www.neuroschool-tuebingen-cogni.de/ |archive-date=13 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Marine Microbiology (MarMic), joint program of the [[Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology]] in [[Bremen]], the [[University of Bremen]], the [[Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research]] in [[Bremerhaven]], and the [[Jacobs University Bremen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marmic.mpg.de/marmic/ |title=MarMic |website=www.marmic.mpg.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606141928/http://www.marmic.mpg.de/marmic/ |archive-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs, Hamburg<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maritimeaffairs.org |title=Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law – Activities of the Past Years |website=www.maritimeaffairs.org |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227200257/http://www.maritimeaffairs.org/ |archive-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology]], [[Freiburg]] * [[International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences]], Munich<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imprs-ls.de |title=Welcome – IMPRS for Molecular Life Sciences: From Biological Structures to Neural Circuits |website=www.imprs-ls.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004171957/http://imprs-ls.de/ |archive-date=4 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, Göttingen<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpmolbio.uni-goettingen.de/ |title=MSc/PhD Molecular Biology Program |website=www.gpmolbio.uni-goettingen.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613055443/http://www.gpmolbio.uni-goettingen.de/ |archive-date=13 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Cell Biology and Bioengineering, [[Dresden]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imprs-mcbb.de/ |title=PHP version not supported |website=www.imprs-mcbb.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612203358/http://imprs-mcbb.de/ |archive-date=12 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School Molecular Biomedicine, program combined with the 'Graduate Programm Cell Dynamics And Disease' at the University of [[Münster]] and the [[Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imprs-mbm-cedad.mpg.de/ |title=IMPRS |website=www.imprs-mbm-cedad.mpg.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708162627/http://www.imprs-mbm-cedad.mpg.de/ |archive-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School on Multiscale Bio-Systems, Potsdam<ref>{{cite web |url=http://imprs.mpikg.mpg.de/ |title=IMPRS on Multiscale Bio-Systems — IMPRS |website=imprs.mpikg.mpg.de |language=en |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203041031/http://imprs.mpikg.mpg.de/ |archive-date=3 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology]], at the [[University of Konstanz]] and the [[Max Planck Institute for Ornithology]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orn.mpg.de/2453/Short_portrait |title=Short Portrait |website=www.orn.mpg.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605012452/http://www.orn.mpg.de/2453/Short_portrait |archive-date=5 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orn.mpg.de/en |title=Homepage |website=www.orn.mpg.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607153922/http://www.orn.mpg.de/en |archive-date=7 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School on Reactive Structure Analysis for Chemical Reactions (IMPRS RECHARGE), [[Mülheim an der Ruhr]], at the [[Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://imprs.cec.mpg.de/index.php?id=1124 |title=IMPRS: Home |website=imprs.cec.mpg.de |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923111018/https://imprs.cec.mpg.de/index.php?id=1124 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Science and Technology of Nano-Systems, Halle at [[Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics]] * [[International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science]]<ref>{{cite web |title=International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science |url=http://www.mps.mpg.de/solar-system-school |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901054521/http://www.mps.mpg.de/solar-system-school |archive-date=1 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> at the [[University of Göttingen]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Doctoral Studies in Physics: IMPRS at the University of Göttingen |url=http://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/phd-prophys/488933.html |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919222331/http://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/phd-prophys/488933.html |archive-date=19 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> hosted by [[Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research|MPI for Solar System Research]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research |url=http://www.mps.mpg.de/en |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901222253/http://www.mps.mpg.de/en/ |archive-date=1 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics, [[Bonn]], at the [[Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy|MPI for Radio Astronomy]] (formerly the International Max Planck Research School for Radio and Infrared Astronomy)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/en/imprs |title=PhD School |website=www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607165751/http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/en/imprs |archive-date=7 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy, Cologne<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mpifg.de/fo/doc_program_en.html |title=MPIfG: Doctoral Program |access-date=23 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906133359/http://www.mpifg.de/fo/doc_program_en.html |archive-date=6 September 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * International Max Planck Research School for Surface and Interface Engineering in Advanced Materials, Düsseldorf at [[Max Planck Institute for Iron Research GmbH]] * [[International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics]], Hamburg<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imprs.ufast.de/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 March 2011 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927162428/http://imprs.ufast.de/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Max Planck Schools === * Max Planck School of Cognition<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cognition.maxplanckschools.org/en |title=Home – Max Planck School of Cognition }}</ref> * Max Planck School Matter to Life<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mattertolife.maxplanckschools.org/ |title=Home |website=mattertolife.maxplanckschools.org }}</ref> * Max Planck School of Photonics<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://photonics.maxplanckschools.org/en/home |title=Home – Max Planck School of Photonics }}</ref>
=== Max Planck Center === * The Max Planck Centre for Attosecond Science (MPC-AS), [[POSTECH]] [[Pohang]] * The Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase Materials, POSTECH Pohang
===Max Planck Institutes=== Among others: * [[Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz|Kunsthistorische Institut in Florenz – Max-Planck-Institut]], Florence, Italy * Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience * [[Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – caesar|Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – caesar, Bonn]] *Max Planck Institute for Aeronomics in [[Katlenburg-Lindau]] was renamed to [[Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research]] in 2004; * [[Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen]] in [[Tübingen]]; * [[Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology]] in [[Ladenburg|Ladenburg b. Heidelberg]] was closed in 2003; * Max Planck Institute for Economics in Jena was renamed to the [[Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History]] in 2014; * Max Planck Institute for Ionospheric Research in [[Katlenburg-Lindau]] was renamed to Max Planck Institute for Aeronomics in 1958; * [[Max Planck Institute for Metals Research]], [[Stuttgart]] * Max Planck Institute of Oceanic Biology in [[Wilhelmshaven]] was renamed to Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology in 1968 and moved to [[Ladenburg]] 1977; * [[Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research]] in Munich merged into the [[Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences]] in 2004; * Max Planck Institute for Protein and Leather Research in [[Regensburg]] moved to [[Munich]] 1957 and was united with the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in 1977; * Max Planck Institute for the Study of the Scientific-Technical World in [[Starnberg]] (from 1970 until 1981 (closed)) directed by [[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker]] and [[Jürgen Habermas]]. * [[Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology]] * [[Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology]] * [[Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law]] * [[Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics]] * [[Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding]] * [[Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces]] in [[Potsdam]] * [[Max Planck Institute for Coal Research]] in [[Mülheim]]
== Open access publishing == {{see also|Open access in Germany}} The Max Planck Society describes itself as "a co-founder of the international Open Access movement".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openaccess.mpg.de/2365/en |title=The 13th"Berlin OA conference" was the second one focussing on the large-scale transition of scholarly journals to Open Access as put forward by the OA2020 initiative |language=en |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607005651/https://openaccess.mpg.de/2365/en |archive-date=7 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Together with the [[European Cultural Heritage Online Project]] the Max Planck Society organized the Berlin Open Access Conference in October 2003 to ratify the [[Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing]]. At the Conference the [[Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities]] was passed. The Berlin Declaration built on previous open access declarations, but widened the research field to be covered by open access to include humanities and called for new activities to support open access such as "encouraging the holders of cultural heritage" to provide open access to their resources.<ref>{{cite book |last=Regazzi |first=John J. |title=Scholarly Communications: A History from Content as King to Content as Kingmaker |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |date=2015 |page=192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Clu3BgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0810890886 |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825022434/https://books.google.de/books/about/Scholarly_Communications.html?id=Clu3BgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=25 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Max Planck Society continues to support [[open access]] in Germany and mandates institutional [[self-archiving]] of research outputs on the eDoc server and publications by its researchers in [[open access journals]] within 12 months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/europe-and-north-america/germany/ |title=Germany – Global Open Access Portal |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702013410/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/europe-and-north-america/germany/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> To finance open access the Max Planck Society established the Max Planck Digital Library. The library also aims to improve the conditions for open access on behalf of all Max Planck Institutes by negotiating contracts with open access publishers and developing infrastructure projects, such as the Max Planck [[open access repository]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mpg.de/7608810/unstoppable-open-access |title=The unstoppable rise of Open Access |language=en |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825021308/https://www.mpg.de/7608810/unstoppable-open-access |archive-date=25 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Criticism == {{Criticism section|date=February 2024}}
=== Pay for PhD students === In 2008, the [[General Court (European Union)|European General Court]] ruled in a case brought by a PhD student against the Max Planck Society that "a researcher preparing a doctoral thesis on the basis of a grant contract concluded with the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV, must be regarded as a worker within the meaning of Article 39 EC only if his activities are performed for a certain period of time under the direction of an institute forming part of that association and if, in return for those activities, he receives remuneration".<ref>{{cite web |title=Case C-94/07 Andrea Raccanelli v Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62007CJ0094 |date=17 July 2008 |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925175632/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62007CJ0094 |archive-date=25 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2012, the Max Planck Society was at the centre of a controversy about some PhD students not being given [[employment contracts]]. Of the 5,300 students who at the time wrote their PhD thesis at the 80 Max Planck Institutes 2,000 had an employment contract. The remaining 3,300 received grants of between 1,000 and 1,365 Euro.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wut der Doktoranden Schafft die Stipendien ab! |newspaper=Der Spiegel |url=http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/jobundberuf/0,1518,823951,00.html |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=23 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505012251/http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/jobundberuf/0,1518,823951,00.html |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=live |last1=Mersch |first1=Britta }}</ref> According to a 2011 statement by the Max Planck Society "As you embark on a PhD, you are still anything but a ''proper'' scientist; it's during the process itself that you become a ''proper'' scientist... a PhD is ''an apprenticeship in the lab'', and as such it is usually not paid like a ''proper'' job – and this is, by and large, the practice at all research institutions and universities".<ref>{{cite web |title=Scholarships are also a sign of quality What is a doctoral thesis all about? |url=http://www.mpg.de/5724370/scholarships |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916181921/http://www.mpg.de/5724370/scholarships |archive-date=16 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The allegation of wage dumping for young scientists was discussed during the passing of the 2012 "Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz" (Scientific Freedom Law) in the [[German Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz |url=http://dbtg.tv/fvid/1772856 |date=29 June 2012 }}</ref>
=== Freedom of expression === In February 2024, the Max Planck Society faced widespread criticism for terminating the employment of Lebanese-Australian professor [[Ghassan Hage]] from the [[Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology]], citing his social media posts on the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] as incompatible with the society's core values.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mpg.de/21510445/statement-ghassan-hage |title=Statement of the Max Planck Society about Prof. Ghassan Hage }}</ref> This decision was publicly condemned by numerous scholars and academic organizations, who argued it infringed on Hage's [[freedom of expression]]. German newspaper [[Welt am Sonntag]] initially reported on Hage's posts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/plus249881966/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Antisemitismus-Skandal-erschuettert-deutsche-Nobelpreis-Schmiede.html |title=Antisemitismus-Skandal erschüttert deutsche Nobelpreis-Schmiede |date=5 February 2024 |work=Die Welt |access-date=9 February 2024 |language=de |issn=0173-8437 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Matt |editor-first1=Suzy |editor-first2=James |editor-first3=Jo |editor-last1=Freeman-Greene |editor-last2=Ley |editor-last3=Case |url=https://theconversation.com/as-the-war-in-gaza-continues-germanys-unstinting-defence-of-israel-has-unleashed-a-culture-war-that-has-just-reached-australia-223329 |title=As the war in Gaza continues, Germany's unstinting defence of Israel has unleashed a culture war that has just reached Australia |date=13 February 2024 |doi=10.64628/AA.tgm3hc9wf }}</ref> Following the dismissal, global academic communities, including Israeli scholars,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/14zLOH4ErUoDwqcPrbGnh6awNSx-DIWuL/view |title=Letter in support of Prof. Ghassan Hage - Prof. Dr. Patrick Cramer.pdf |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://drive.usercontent.google.com/download?id=14zLOH4ErUoDwqcPrbGnh6awNSx-DIWuL&export=download |archive-date=2 October 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the German Association of Social and Cultural Anthropology,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dgska.de/stellungnahme-des-vorstands-zur-wissenschaftsfreiheit-in-deutschland/ |title=Statement of the Board of the German Association of Social and Cultural Anthropology (GASCA) on Academic Freedom in Germany |publisher=dgska.de |access-date=18 February 2024 }}</ref> the [[British Society for Middle Eastern Studies]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brismes.ac.uk/news/letter-max-planck-society-professor-ghassan-hage |title=Letter to Max Planck Society Regarding Professor Ghassan Hage |publisher=brismes.ac.uk |access-date=18 February 2024 }}</ref> the [[European Association of Social Anthropologists]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://easaonline.org/outputs/support/mps0224.shtml |title=EASA letter regarding academic freedom and Prof. Ghassan Hage |publisher=easaonline.org |access-date=18 February 2024 }}</ref> the [[American Anthropological Association]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://americananthro.org/advocacy-statements/letter-to-max-planck-institute-for-social-anthropology/ |title=Letter to Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology |date=16 February 2024 |publisher=americananthro.org |access-date=18 February 2024 }}</ref> the Council for Humanities, Arts and Sciences and the [[Australian Anthropological Society]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aas.asn.au/content.aspx?page_id=2507&club_id=143481&item_id=3696&pst=23552 |title=Letter to Max Plank Society re: Ghassan Hage 15/02 |publisher=aas.asn.au |access-date=27 February 2024 }}</ref> the Canadian Anthropology Society,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cas-sca.ca/en/casca-executive-statement-academic-freedom-antisemitism-and-the-dismissal-of-ghassan-hage-from-the-max-planck-institute-for-social-anthropology/ |title=CASCA Executive Statement: "Academic freedom, antisemitism, and the dismissal of Ghassan Hage from the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology" |publisher=cas-sca.ca/ |date=5 March 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 }}</ref> a Japanese group of scholars,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/11qifqd3wr84qTpOLO--s-egRDLdsADH5/view?fbclid=IwAR2BkkI3E5VZz4iFmLifmgZnzh8_FKEE1sKprWT1jBrQ4x2Ri55mPyj_eNI_aem_AZDnCXaad-tS71LVAiKfuX9oSWKdeuHr5-AjGn1TzzylQQFq812scjO-IzaSePTGg10 |title=Statement in support of Ghassan Hage from Japan |access-date=6 March 2024 }}</ref> the Australian Sociological Association,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/ClubExpressClubFiles/671860/documents/TASA_letter_to_Prof_Dr_Rao_regarding_Ghassan_Hage_740007786.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIA6MYUE6DNNNCCDT4J&Expires=1711369744&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DTASA_letter_to_Prof_Dr_Rao_regarding_Ghassan_Hage.pdf&Signature=tPjsL%2B72cevSJikb78N%2BcWsgokM%3D/ |title=Urgent Appeal for the Preservation of Academic Freedom |publisher=tasa.au/ |date=1 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 }}</ref> rallied in support of Hage, extensively citing Hage's own intellectual work, urging the society to reverse its decision. The Max Planck Society and the President Patrick Cramer have not yet respond to these letters, as of July 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://magazin.zenith.me/de/gesellschaft/forschung-deutschland-und-der-gaza-krieg?fbclid=IwAR02lE7hEW6M-botObDmKzYT5oQy3hWKyH5ksZZ2AzV1oeWLKsk-PZthG5E |title=Der Skandal um Ghassan Hage |date=23 February 2024 |work=Zenith |access-date=6 March 2024}}{{cite web |url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2024/02/29/professor-ghassan-sage-sacking-firing-max-planck-society/ |title=Professor Hage's sacking in Germany could have a serious impact on Australian universities |date=29 February 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/as-the-war-in-gaza-continues-germanys-unstinting-defence-of-israel-has-unleashed-a-culture-war-that-has-just-reached-australia-223329/ |title=As the war in Gaza continues, Germany's unstinting defence of Israel has unleashed a culture war that has just reached Australia |publisher=the conversation.com |date=13 February 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024 }}</ref> The Max Planck Society has made public statements expressing support for the state of Israel in the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mpg.de/max-planck-israel-programme/ |title=Additional funding for German-Israeli collaborations |publisher=mpg.de |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=25 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/3/24/the-max-planck-society-must-end-its-unconditional-support-for-israel#:~:text=We%2C%20a%20diverse%20group%20of,as%20a%20whole%2C%20about%20Israel%2D/ |title=The Max Planck Society must end its unconditional support for Israel |publisher=aljazeera.com |date=24 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 }}</ref> Hage filed a legal challenge contesting his dismissal. In December 2024, the Labour Court Halle rejected the dismissal claim of Ghassan Hage.<ref> [https://www.mpg.de/23849527/labour-court-halle-rejects-dismissal-claim-of-ghassan-hage Labour Court Halle rejects dismissal claim of Ghassan Hage, December 10, 2024] </ref>
=== Allegations of misconduct === Since at least 2018, there have been numerous accusations of bullying and harassment by senior researchers and directors at the Max Planck Society. In 2018, two high-profile cases of bullying were made public. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching accused director [[Guinevere Kauffmann]] of insulting and bullying students and making racist remarks.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.361.6403.630 |title=New case of alleged bullying rocks the Max Planck Society |journal=Science |date=2018 |doi=10.1126/science.361.6403.630 |language=en |access-date=14 March 2025 |last1=Kupferschmidt |first1=Kai |volume=361 |issue=6403 |pages=630–631 |pmid=30115786 |bibcode=2018Sci...361..630K |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/pascalemueller/guinevere-kauffmann-max-planck |title=A Star Scientist From The Max Planck Society Allegedly Harassed And Bullied Her Colleagues |website=www.buzzfeednews.com |date=27 June 2018 |language=en |access-date=14 March 2025 }}</ref> Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences also accused director [[Tania Singer]] of bullying and intimidation.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.361.6403.630 |title=New case of alleged bullying rocks the Max Planck Society |journal=Science |date=2018 |doi=10.1126/science.361.6403.630 |language=en |access-date=14 March 2025 |last1=Kupferschmidt |first1=Kai |volume=361 |issue=6403 |pages=630–631 |pmid=30115786 |bibcode=2018Sci...361..630K |url-access=subscription }}</ref> As of April 2025, both remain at the Max Planck Society.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mpg.de/314299/soziale-neurowissenschaften-tania-singer |title=Prof. Dr. Tania Singer |website=www.mpg.de |language=en |access-date=14 March 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mpg.de/7083531/astrophysics-kauffmann |title=Dr. Guinevere Kauffmann, Ph.D. |website=www.mpg.de |language=en |access-date=14 March 2025 }}</ref>
In 2021, [[Nicole Boivin]], a director of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (renamed the Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology in 2022), was removed after an internal investigation by the Max Planck Society reportedly determined that she had bullied junior researchers and plagiarized their work, along with other accusations. In December 2021, a court ruling reinstated her as a director. However in April 2022, she was removed following a vote by a governing board of the Max Planck Society.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abq3381 |title=Max Planck archaeology director removed after alleged bullying |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=www.science.org |date=2022 |doi=10.1126/science.abq3381 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, as of April 2025, she is still employed as a Research Group Leader.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gea.mpg.de/person/49612/2944 |title=Prof. Nicole Boivin |website=www.mpg.de |language=en |access-date=14 March 2025 }}</ref> The same year, ecologist [[Ian T. Baldwin|Ian Baldwin]], a director at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, was accused of harassing doctoral candidates and postdoctoral researchers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/bildung/machtmissbrauch-am-max-planck-institut-er-fragte-immer-wieder-mit-wem-ich-geredet-hatte-a-abf9875b-ffef-4ad0-88a4-72f36729dda4 |title=Er fragte immer wieder, mit wem ich geredet hatte |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=www.spiegel.de |date=31 December 2021 |last1=Haug |first1=Kristin }}</ref>
In March 2025, a joint investigation between [[Deutsche Welle]] and [[Der Spiegel]] concluded that within the Max Planck Society, there was "a systemic failure to hold abusive staff members or their institutes accountable". Interviews with over 30 scientists, many recruited internationally, revealed that more than half experienced or witnessed misconduct by senior staff, particularly directors and group leaders. Women and people of color were identified as being at higher risk of such abuse. Many of those interviewed within the report wished to remain anonymous to avoid retaliation. Specific allegations of misconduct against [[Jan-Michael Rost]], director of the [[Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems]] in [[Dresden]], were highlighted within the report.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uncovered: Abuse at top German science institution – DW – 03/13/2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/abuse-elite-scientists-germany-max-planck-society-v2/a-71897800 |website=dw.com |access-date=19 March 2025 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Haug |first1=Kristin |title=(S+) Machtmissbrauch: Junge Forscher erheben Vorwürfe gegen Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/bildung/machtmissbrauch-an-max-planck-instituten-nachwuchsforscher-erheben-vorwuerfe-a-8fa639b8-8871-4ce2-9946-e61ebb3cab14 |website=Der Spiegel |date=13 March 2025 |language=de |access-date=19 March 2025 }}</ref>
==Nobel Laureates==
===Kaiser Wilhelm Society (1914–1948)=== # [[Max von Laue]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 # [[Richard Willstätter]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1915 # [[Fritz Haber]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 # [[Max Planck]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 # [[Albert Einstein]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 # [[Otto Meyerhof]], Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1922 # [[James Franck]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925 # [[Carl Bosch]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931 # [[Otto Heinrich Warburg]], Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1931 # [[Werner Heisenberg]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932 # [[Hans Spemann]], Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 # [[Peter J. W. Debye]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936 # [[Richard Kuhn]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938 # [[Adolf Butenandt]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 # [[Otto Hahn]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1944
===Max Planck Society (since 1948)=== # [[Walter Bothe]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 # [[Karl Ziegler]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963 # [[Feodor Lynen]], Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1964 # [[Manfred Eigen]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967 # [[Konrad Lorenz]], Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973 # [[Georges Köhler]], Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 # [[Klaus von Klitzing]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 1985 # [[Ernst Ruska]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 # [[Johann Deisenhofer]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1988 # [[Hartmut Michel]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1988 # [[Robert Huber]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1988 # [[Bert Sakmann]], Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991 # [[Erwin Neher]], Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991 # [[Paul Crutzen]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 # [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]], Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995 # [[Theodor W. Hänsch]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 2005 # [[Gerhard Ertl]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2007 # [[Stefan W. Hell]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014 # [[Reinhard Genzel]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 2020 # [[Emmanuelle Charpentier]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 # [[Klaus Hasselmann]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 2021 # [[Benjamin List]], Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2021 # [[Svante Pääbo]], Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2022 # [[Ferenc Krausz]], Nobel Prize in Physics in 2023
==See also== * [[Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft]] * [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community]] * [[Harnack medal]] * [[Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres]] * [[Schloss Ringberg]] * [[Ultrabright electron]]
==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist |refs = <ref name="MPGfacts">{{cite web |title=About us <nowiki>|</nowiki> Facts and Figures |url=https://www.mpg.de/facts-and-figures |publisher=Max Planck Society |access-date=24 October 2025 }}</ref> <ref name=MPGorg>{{cite web |title=About us <nowiki>|</nowiki> Organisation |url=https://www.mpg.de/183267/organisation |publisher=Max Planck Society |access-date=8 April 2025 }}</ref> <ref name="MPGportrait">{{cite web |title=About us <nowiki>|</nowiki> Short portrait |url=https://www.mpg.de/short-portrait |publisher=Max Planck Society |access-date=8 April 2025 }}</ref> <ref name="MPGinstitutes">{{cite web |url=https://www.mpg.de/institutes |title=Max Planck Institutes and Experts |publisher=Max Planck Society |access-date=8 April 2025 }}</ref> }}
===Sources=== {{refbegin}} * Alison Abbott: ''German science starts facing up to its historical amnesia'', in: Nature Vol 403 (2000), p. 474f. (article about the Commission for the history of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft under National Socialism) * Gretchen Vogel: ''Aufbau Ost: Max Planck's East German Experiment'', in: Science Vol. 326, 6 November 2009 (about the new institutes in the eastern part of Germany) {{refend}}
==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}}
{{Max Planck Society}} {{Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Max Planck Society| ]] [[Category:1911 establishments in Germany]] [[Category:Scientific organisations based in Germany]] [[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1911]] [[Category:Organisations based in Munich]]