Maurice Arnoux

{{Short description|French flying ace}} {{Infobox military person | name = Maurice Arnoux | image = Maurice Arnoux, octobre 1936 (cropped).jpg | caption = Maurice Arnoux,1936 | birth_name = Maurice Albert Alfred Jean Arnoux | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1895|9|7}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1940|6|6|1895|9|7}} | birth_place = Montrouge, Hauts-de-Seine, France | death_place = | burial_label = | burial_place = Montrouge Cemetery, Paris | burial_coordinates = {{coord|48|49|20|N|2|19|9|E|display=inline,title}} | nickname = | allegiance = France | branch = French Army French Air Force | service_years = 1914–1918, 1939–1940 | rank = Commandant | unit = MF49 MF55 N49/Spa49 | commands = | battles = | awards = Légion d'honneur Médaille militaire Croix de Guerre | relations = | other_work = Air racing/record attempts; service in World War II }}

Commandant '''Maurice Albert Alfred Jean Arnoux'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Acte de naissance |url=http://consultation.archives.hauts-de-seine.net/mdr/index.php/docnumViewer/afficheDocnum/49/N/vue |year=1895 |page=49 |website=Archives en ligne de l'état civil des Hauts de Seine, commune de Montrouge |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref> (7 September 1895 – 6 June 1940) was a French World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories. After the end of the First World War, he continued his aviation career during the 1930s as an air racer and aviation record setter until the Second World War. He returned to flying fighter planes during the early days of World War II, but was killed in action in 1940.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/france/arnoux.php |title=Maurice Arnoux |website=The Aerodrome |accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref>

==World War I service== On 19 December 1914, Arnoux was inducted for military service with the 2e Groupe d'Aviation. He was stationed on the Serbian front as a driver until February 1916. After being decorated by the Serbs, he was returned to France for pilot's training. On 23 May 1916, he was granted Military Pilot's Brevet No. 3539. After some further flying experience, he was trained on Nieuport fighters. On 13 April 1917, he was assigned to a Nieuport squadron, ''Escadrille 49''. He shared a victory with a squadron-mate on 28 June 1917. During the latter part of 1918, he would share two victories over enemy aircraft; he would also single-handedly destroy two German observation balloons.

==Civilian flying career== Arnoux took part in many air races and events during the 1930s. In August 1931 he took part in the Dunlop Cup Tour of France, flying a Farman 234, and came second, winning 12,000 francs.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1931/1931%20-%200981.html |title=Dunlop Cup Tour of France |issue=1185 |volume=XXIII |pages=919–921 |journal=Flight |date=11 September 1931 |accessdate=20 July 2017}}</ref> The following year he entered the same aircraft in the ''Challenge International de Tourisme''. In the Technical Tests, held at Staaken, Berlin, his aircraft managed only 39th place out of 41,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1932/1932%20-%200867.html |title=The International Touring Competition |first=Edwin A. |last=Heinze |issue=1235 |volume=XXIV |pages=803–805 |journal=Flight |date=26 August 1932 |accessdate=20 July 2017}}</ref> and in the subsequent race around Europe, a distance of approximately {{convert|4530|mi|km}} over six days, he came 23rd out of 24 to complete the race.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1932/1932%20-%200890.html |title=The International Touring Competition |first=Edwin A. |last=Heinze |issue=1236 |volume=XXIV |pages=826–827 |journal=Flight |date=2 September 1932 |accessdate=20 July 2017}}</ref>

On 2 June 1933 he competed in the first ''Douze Heures d'Angers'' race, a competition confined to tourist two-seater aircraft with engines no larger than 8 litres. Flown around triangular course based at the Avrille Aerodrome at Angers, the race was to cover the furthest distance in twelve hours, combining endurance with speed. Arnoux flew a Farman 356 fitted with a Renault Bengali engine, covering {{convert|1992|km|mi}} at an average speed of {{convert|166.5|kph|mph|abbr=on}}, and coming in 6th place.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1933/1933%20-%200157.html |title=The Angers "12 Hours Contest" |issue=1282 |volume=XXV |pages=734–735 |journal=Flight |date=20 July 1933 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref>

In May 1934 Arnoux won the Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe, flying a Caudron low-wing cantilever monoplane, fitted with a 300 hp Renault six-cylinder engine. The {{convert|2000|km|mi|adj=on}} race was flown from Étampes-Mondésir Aerodrome over a {{convert|100|km|mi|adj=on}} triangular course, and Arnoux completed it 5 hours 8 minutes and 31 seconds, at an average speed of {{convert|389|kph|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1934/1934%20-%200531.html |title=Coupe Deutsch |issue=1327 |volume=XXVI |page=531 |journal=Flight |date=31 May 1934 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref> Soon afterwards, in June, he made a presentation flight in his winning aircraft at an Anglo-French event at Buc Aerodrome to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Louis Blériot's 1909 flight across the English channel, which was attended by Blériot himself, President Albert Lebrun, the French Air Minister General Victor Denain, British Air Minister Lord Londonderry and Air Vice-Marshal Philip Joubert de la Ferté.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1934/1934%20-%200659.html |title=A Bleriot Anniversary |issue=1331 |volume=XXVI |page=661 |journal=Flight |date=28 June 1934 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref> The following year however, he only managed third place.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1935/1935%20-%201324.html |title=A Family Affair |issue=1379 |volume=XXVII |page=600 |journal=Flight |date=30 May 1935 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref>

In July 1935 he won the third ''Douze Heures d'Angers'', flying {{convert|2041|mi|km}} in twelve hours at an average speed of {{convert|170|mph|kph|abbr=on}} in a Caudron C.430 ''Rafale''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1935/1935%20-2-%200099.html |title=The Douze Heures d'Angers |issue=1386 |volume=XXVIII |page=85 |journal=Flight |date=18 July 1935 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref> In August 1935, flying a Caudron monoplane with a Renault engine, he set a new speed record for {{convert|100|km|mi}} carrying a passenger. His speed was approximately {{convert|285|mph|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1935/1935%20-2-%200211.html |title=The Four Winds: Another Caudron Record |issue=1390 |volume=XXVIII |page=189 |journal=Flight |date=15 August 1935 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref> thumb|Arnoux's grave in the ''Cimetière de Montrouge''. In mid-July 1936 he won the ''Douze Heures d'Angers'' for the second time, completing {{convert|1649|km|mi}} at an average speed of {{convert|274|kph|mph|abbr=on}}, in a race cut short by bad weather.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%202007.html |title=The Six Hours of Angers |issue=1438 |volume=XXX |page=100 |journal=Flight |date=16 July 1936 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref> Soon after, on 25 and 26 July 1936, he competed in the third annual Grand Prix of the Aero Club of France, in which aircraft flew from Deauville to Cannes the first day, and returning the next. Arnoux won in his Caudron C.684, with an average speed of {{convert|192|mph|kph|abbr=on}}, winning the cup and cash prize of 20,000 francs.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%202229.html |title=Deauville-Cannes-Deauville |issue=1442 |volume=XXX |page=186 |journal=Flight |date=13 August 1935 |accessdate=20 July 2017}}</ref> In September he claimed a new world record for aircraft weighing not more than {{convert|560|kg|lb}}, flying over {{convert|1000|km|mi}}, at a speed of {{convert|248.5|mph|kph|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%202453.html |title=The Four Winds |issue=1446 |volume=XXX |page=266 |journal=Flight |date=10 September 1936 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref> and in October was the co-pilot of a Caudron C.448 Goéland, one of three aircraft taking part in a French Aero Club race from Paris to Saigon and back, a distance of {{convert|14700|mi|km}}, for a 1,800,000 franc (over £17,000) prize. With his co-pilot André Japy, he was in the lead, until an undercarriage failure at Karachi forced them to retire with a damaged wing.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%202932.html |title=Paris-Saigon-Perhaps |issue=1453 |volume=XXX |page=445 |journal=Flight |date=29 October 1936 |accessdate=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17271212 |title=Paris-Saigon Air Race |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |location=Sydney, Australia |date=22 October 1936 |accessdate=20 July 2017 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

In August 1937 he took part on the Istres–Damascus–Paris Air Race, flying as co-pilot with Paul Codos in the Breguet 470 ''Fulgur'', and coming fifth in a race dominated by Italian Savoia-Marchetti aircraft.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1937/1937%20-%202346.html |title=Marseilles-Damascus-Paris |issue=1496 |volume=XXXII |pages=204–207 |journal=Flight |date=26 August 1937 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref>

On 28 December 1937, flying a Caudron-Renault aircraft Arnoux set a new altitude record for a light single-seater, reaching a height of {{convert|25675|ft|m}}, and later established a new speed record, flying {{convert|100|km|mi}} at an average speed of {{convert|207.43|mph|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11136135 |title=Three Records by French Airmen |newspaper=The Argus |issue=28503 |location=Melbourne, Australia |date=29 December 1937 |accessdate=20 July 2017 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

==Military honors== Besides the ''Croix de Guerre'' with six palmes and two stars, Maurice Arnoux also won two major French awards for valor: ''Médaille Militaire'' "Elite pilot who distinguishes himself each day by new exploits. Always prepared to accomplish all his missions with the same zeal and courage; pursuit, reconnaissance or strafing trenches. He has already downed two balloons and one aircraft and has executed missions successfully both in day and night reconnaissances of long distances without allowing himself to be impeded by enemy attacks. During the night of 17 September 1918, while on reconnaissance behind enemy lines to strafe a train station a low altitudes, he returned with his plane damaged by enemy fire. Five citations."<ref name="theaerodrome">{{cite web |title=Maurice Arnoux |url=http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/france/arnoux.php |website=www.theaerodrome.com |accessdate=30 July 2020 |date=1997}}</ref> ''Médaille Militaire'' citation, 4 October 1918 Chevalier de la ''Légion d'Honneur'' "Remarkable officer pilot as shown by his brilliant professional qualities and by his spirit, courage and ardor beyond praise. Always volunteers for the most painful and perilous missions. After having brilliantly served in an Escadrille of reconnaissance, he transferred to pursuit aviation where he was classed among the best. Has downed five enemy planes. Cited in orders eight times."<ref name="theaerodrome"/> Chevalier de la ''Légion d'Honneur'' citation, 13 July 1919

==References== {{reflist}}

==Bibliography== * Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank (1993). ''Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918.'' London, UK: Grub Street Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-948817-54-0}}.

==External links== *{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.as14-18.net/Arnoux Biography, list of aerial victoires, color profile of his plane]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arnoux, Maurice}} Category:1895 births Category:1940 deaths Category:French World War I flying aces Category:French recipients of the Legion of Honour Category:French recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France) Category:People from Hauts-de-Seine Category:French military personnel killed in World War II