{{Short description|Burmish language}} {{Infobox language |name=Lhao Vo |altname=Maru |states=Myanmar, China |speakers={{sigfig|103,500|2}} |date=1997 |ref=e18 |script=Latin |familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |fam2=(Tibeto-Burman) |fam3=Lolo–Burmese |fam4=Burmish |fam5=Maruic |iso3=mhx |glotto=maru1249 |glottorefname=Maru }}
'''Lhaovo''' (the Burmese name: လော်ဝေါ်), also known as '''Maru''' (မရူ) and '''Langsu''' (the Chinese name: 浪速), is a Burmish language spoken in Burma and by a few thousand speakers in China.
==Distribution== Dai Qingxia (2005:3) reports 5,600 Langsu speakers in China. Many thousands more are dispersed across the eastern edge of Kachin State, Myanmar. *Luxi City: Yingpan Township (ယင်းဖန်မြို့နယ်, 营盘乡) *Lianghe County: Mengyang Township (မယ်ညန့်နယ်, 养乡) *Longchuan County: Bangwai Township (ဖန်ဝိုင်မြို့နယ်, 邦外乡) and Jingkan Township (ကျင်ခန်မြို့နယ်, 景坎乡)
The Langsu people call themselves ''{{IPA|lɔ̃³¹vɔ³¹}}'' (Chinese: ''Lang'e'' 浪峨){{sfnp|Dai|2005|p=3}}{{sfnp|Dai|2010|p=10}}
==Varieties== The standard Lhaovo dialect is that of the Dago’ (''{{IPA|tăkoʔ}}'') hill area, on the east side of N'Mai River valley in Kachin State.<ref name="Sawada2017" />
Sawada (2017) lists the following patois (subvarieties) of Lhaovo.<ref name="Sawada2017">{{Cite conference |last=Sawada |first=Hideo |date=2017 |title=Two Undescribed Dialects of Northern Burmish Sub-branch: Gyannoʔ and Thoʔlhang |conference=Presented at ICSTLL 50, Beijing, China |language=en}}</ref> *'''Gyanno’''' (autonym: ''{{IPA|kjɛn35 noʔ21 }}''): spoken in the west side of the N'Mai River in Sawlaw Township. *'''Tho’lhang''' (autonym: ''{{IPA|tʰaʔ21 lo̰22}}''): spoken in Htawlang and a few other villages in northern Sawlaw Township. *'''Lakin''' (autonym: ''{{IPA|lăkɛ̰22}}''): spoken in Lakin village, northern Sawlaw Township. *'''Lhangsu''' (autonym: ''{{IPA|la̰ŋ53 su53}}''; not the same as Langsu 浪速 of Yunnan): spoken in the area between Hkrang Hka and Sanin Hka, which are two tributaries of the Mali Hka. It is spoken in Sumprabum Township, including in the villages of {{lang|ha|Hting Tsa, N-gawk Hkyet}}, and {{lang|ha|Ma Awng}}.
===Langsong=== The Langsong (浪宋) are found in Zaoyang (早阳)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yúnlóng Xiàn Miáowěi Lìsùzú Xiāng Zǎoyáng |script-title=zh:云龙县苗尾傈僳族乡早阳 |trans-title=Zaoyang, Miaowei Lisu Ethnic Township, Yunlong County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vdefault.aspx?departmentid=60920 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504231255/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vdefault.aspx?departmentid=60920 |archive-date=2018-05-04 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}}</ref> in Yunlong County (in the Chinese province of Yunnan) as well as in Baocun (表村),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yúnlóng Xiàn Miáowěi Lìsùzú Xiāng Biǎocūn Biǎocūn |script-title=zh:云龙县苗尾傈僳族乡表村表村 |trans-title=Baocun, Baocun, Miaowei Lisu Township, Yunlong County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=37739 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010042953/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=37739 |archive-date=2016-10-10 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}}</ref> Laomo (老末), and Sancha (三岔).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yúnlóng Xiàn Miáowěi Lìsùzú Xiāng Biǎocūn Sānchà |script-title=zh:云龙县苗尾傈僳族乡表村三岔 |trans-title=Sancha, Baocun, Miaowei Lisu Township, Yunlong County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=37740 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225903/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=37740 |archive-date=2018-05-04 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhongguo shao shu minzu shehui lishi diaocha ziliao congkan xiuding bianji weiyuanhui |title=Jǐngpǒzú shèhuì lìshǐ diàochá |date=2009 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |page=57 |language=zh |script-title=zh:景颇族社会历史调查 |author-mask=Zhongguo shao shu minzu shehui lishi diaocha ziliao congkan xiuding bianji weiyuanhui 中国少数民族社会历史调查资料丛刊修订编辑委员会}}</ref> They reportedly speak a highly endangered language that may be possibly related to Langsu.
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants === Lhao Vo has the following consonant sounds:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hideo |first=Sawada |title=Outline of Phonology of Lhaovo (Maru) of Kachin State |publisher=Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies |year=1999 |location=In Linguistic & Anthropological Study of the Shan Culture Area, report of research project, Grant-in-Aid for International Scientific Research (Field Research) |pages=97–147}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Labial ! rowspan="2" |Dental/<br>Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Post-<br>alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar ! rowspan="2" |Glottal |- !<small>plain</small> !<small>pal.</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>pal.</small> |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !<small>voiceless</small> |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|pʲ}} |{{IPA link|t}} | | |{{IPA link|k}} |{{IPA link|kʲ}} |({{IPA link|ʔ}}) |- !<small>aspirated</small> |{{IPA link|pʰ}} |{{IPA link|pʰʲ}} |{{IPA link|tʰ}} | | |{{IPA link|kʰ}} |{{IPA link|kʰʲ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |Affricate !<small>voiceless</small> | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|t͡s̪}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | | colspan="2" | | |- !<small>aspirated</small> | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|t͡s̪ʰ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} | | colspan="2" | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative !<small>voiceless</small> | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|f}} |{{IPA link|s̪}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} | | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|x}} | |- !<small>voiced</small> | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|v}} | | | | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɣ}} |{{IPA link|ɦ}} |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|mʲ}} |{{IPA link|n}} | |{{IPA link|ɲ}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |Tap | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|ɾ}} | | | colspan="2" | | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|l}} | |{{IPA link|j}} | colspan="2" | | |}
* Sounds /p, t, k, ʔ, m, n, ŋ, j/ can all be heard in final position. * /ʔ/ is only written in final position.
=== Vowels === There is a distinction among creaky vowel sounds:<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="4" |Front ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Back |- ! colspan="2" |<small>plain</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>creaky</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>creaky</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>creaky</small> |- align="center" !Close | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|i}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ḭ}} | | |{{IPA link|u}} |{{IPA link|ṵ}} |- !Mid |{{IPA link|e}} |{{IPA link|ø}} |{{IPA link|ḛ}} |{{IPA link|ø̰}} | | |{{IPA link|o}} |{{IPA link|o̰}} |- align="center" !Open | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |{{IPA link|a}} |{{IPA link|a̰}} | | |- !Diphthong | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |au |a̰ṵ | | |}
* /i, ḭ/ can also range to [ɪ, ɪ̰]. * Vowels /e, o/ when preceding a word-final /-ŋ/ can also be heard as nasalized [ẽ, õ].
When preceding a final glide /-j/, each vowel has the following allophones: {| class="wikitable" !Phoneme !Allophones |- |/aj/ |[aɪ̆], [ɛ] |- |/auj/ |[auɪ̆], [ɔɪ̆] |- |/uj/ |[uɪ̆], [ʉ], [ʉɪ̆] |- |/ej/ |[əɪ̆] |}
===Tones=== Lhao Vo has three lexical tones: high, low and falling. Low tone may be a different analysis of creaky vowels. In Latin script, falling tone is unmarked, e.g. {{angbr|lo}} etc.; low tone is {{angbr|lo꞉}} etc., and high tone is {{angbr|loˮ}} etc. (or {{angbr|lobʼ}} etc. with a final ''b, d, g''). Final glottal stop is written {{angbr|lo,}} etc. in falling tone, {{angbr|lo;}} etc. in low tone, and {{angbr|loʼ}} in high tone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lhaovo |url=https://kachinportal.aa-ken.jp/en/languages/#lhaovo |website=Kachin Portal Site |access-date=2023-07-17 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001165638/https://kachinportal.aa-ken.jp/en/languages/#lhaovo |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Dai |first=Qingxia 戴慶廈 |title=Làngsùyǔ yánjiū |date=2005 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |isbn=9787105068159 |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:浪速语研究 |trans-title=Study of the Maru Language}} * {{Cite book |last=Dai |first=Qingxia 戴庆厦 |title=Piànmǎ Cháshānrén jí qí yǔyán |date=2010 |publisher=Shangwu yinshuguan |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:片马茶山人及其语言 |trans-title=The Chashan People of Pianma and Their Language}} * {{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Nathan |last2=Cooper |first2=Douglas |date=2020 |title=A Machine Readable Collection of Lexical Data on the Burmish Languages |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3759030 |publisher=Zenodo |language=en |type=Data Set |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3759030 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite book |last=Yabu Shirō 藪司郎 |title=Historical and Cultural Studies in Burma |date=1988 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies, Sophia University |editor-last=Yoshiaki Ishizawa |location=Tokyo |pages=65–132 |chapter=A Preliminary Report on the Study of the Maru, Lashi and Atsi Languages of Burma}} {{refend}}
==External links== * [http://hdl.handle.net/10106/5598 Consonant Ear Training and Tones] * [https://digital.soas.ac.uk/maru Maru fieldwork of John Okell from 1969] * [http://www.lhaovo.co Lhaovo language site]
{{Languages of Burma}} {{Languages of China}} {{Sino-Tibetan languages}} {{Lolo-Burmese languages}}
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Category:Burmish languages Category:Languages of Myanmar Category:Languages of Yunnan
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