{{Short description|Memorial in Oxfordshire, England}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Otheruses|List of martyrs' monuments and memorials}} {{coord|51.75509|N|1.25901|W|display=title}} [[File:At Oxford 2024 021.jpg|thumb|Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford]] [[Image:The Martyrs Memorial against the west side of Balliol.jpg|thumb|The Martyrs' Memorial, looking back towards [[Balliol College]] from Magdalen Street]] [[Image:The Taylor Institute from behind the Martyrs' Memorial, in Oxford, England.jpg|thumb|The lower section of the Martyrs' Memorial, looking towards the [[Taylor Institution]]]]
The '''Martyrs' Memorial''' is a stone monument positioned at the intersection of [[St Giles' Street, Oxford|St Giles']], [[Magdalen Street]] and [[Beaumont Street]], to the west of [[Balliol College, Oxford]], England. It commemorates the 16th-century [[Oxford Martyrs]].
==History== The monument was built 300 years after the events of the [[English Reformation]] and commemorates the [[Bishop of Worcester]], [[Hugh Latimer]], and [[Bishop of London]], [[Nicholas Ridley (martyr)|Nicholas Ridley]], who were burned nearby on 16 October 1555 after having been convicted for heresy because of their Protestant beliefs after a quick trial. It also commemorates the former [[archbishop of Canterbury]] [[Thomas Cranmer]], who was similarly executed (after having watched his colleagues' painful deaths while imprisoned in a nearby tower and the Vatican having permitted his degradation from holy orders in February) on 21 March 1556. The Rev. [[Charles Pourtales Golightly]] (a descendant of [[Huguenot]]s who fled to England in that earlier era) and other Anglican clergy raised the funds to erect the monument during the Victorian era. They opposed the 19th-century [[Oxford Movement]] (also known as the Tractarian Movement), led by [[John Keble]], [[John Henry Newman]] and others. Golightly and his colleagues were alarmed at the [[Anglo-Catholic]] realignment the movement was bringing into the [[Church of England]], and wanted the memorial to reflect the university's [[Protestant]] profession and anti-Catholic tradition.<ref name=jec>{{cite web |title = The Martyrs' Memorial at Oxford |url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-4157139_ITM*|publisher= The Journal of Ecclesiastical History | accessdate = 21 August 2008}}</ref>
==Description== Designed by [[George Gilbert Scott]], the monument was completed in 1843 after two years' work, having replaced "a picturesque but tottering old house". The [[Victorian Gothic]] memorial, whose design dates from 1838, has been likened to the steeple of a cathedral, though it was consciously patterned on the [[Eleanor crosses]] erected by King Edward I between 1290 and 1294 to the memory of his wife, Queen Eleanor of Castile (1241–1290). [[Henry Weekes]] sculpted the three statues of Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley.<ref name=odnb_weekes>{{cite web |title = Stevens T. 'Weekes, Henry (1807–1877)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004) |url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28969 |publisher= Oxford University Press| accessdate = 19 March 2008}}</ref> The statues are carved from [[Caen stone]] while the monument itself is made of [[Magnesian Limestone|Magnesian limestone]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford |url=https://gilbertscott.org/martyrs-memorial-oxford/ |website=gilbertscott.org |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref> The monument is listed at [[Listed building|Grade II*]].<ref name=ioe>{{NHLE |desc = The Martyrs' Memorial |num= 1107172 | accessdate = 19 March 2008}}</ref>
The inscription on the base of the Martyrs' Memorial reads:
<blockquote>To the Glory of God, and in grateful commemoration of His servants, Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, Hugh Latimer, Prelates of the [[Church of England]], who near this spot yielded their bodies to be burned, bearing witness to the sacred truths which they had affirmed and maintained against the errors of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Church of Rome]], and rejoicing that to them it was given not only to believe in Christ, but also to suffer for His sake; this monument was erected by public subscription in the year of our Lord God, MDCCCXLI [1841].</blockquote>
[[Cuthbert Bede]] (in his novel ''[[The Adventures of Mr Verdant Green]]'') wrote about the setting of the Martyrs' Memorial thus in 1853: <blockquote>He who enters the city, as [[Verdant Green|Mr Green]] did, from the [[Woodstock Road (Oxford)|Woodstock Road]], and rolls down the shady avenue of St Giles', between [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]] and the [[Taylor Buildings]], and past the graceful Martyrs' Memorial, will receive impressions such as probably no other city in the world could convey.</blockquote>
The actual execution site is close by in [[Broad Street, Oxford|Broad Street]], just outside the line of the old city walls. The site is marked by an iron cross sunk in the road.
==Current condition==
The Memorial deteriorated during the 20th century, but underwent a full restoration in 2002,<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford Inscriptions: The Protestant Martyrs’ Memorial |url=http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/streets/inscriptions/central/martyrs_memorial.html |website=Oxford History |publisher=Oxford History |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> as part of the 75th anniversary of the [[Oxford Preservation Trust]]. The Oxford Preservation Trust opened a public fundraising campaign in April 2001,<ref>{{cite web |title=Raising the Money |url=https://www.oxfordpreservation.org.uk/content/raising-money |website=Oxford Preservation Trust |publisher=The Oxford Preservation Trust |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> and subsequently cleaned the memorial, repainted the heraldic shields, and reshaped and replaced the incomplete and missing statues.<ref>{{cite web |title=OPT’s Anniversary Project |url=https://www.oxfordpreservation.org.uk/content/opt%E2%80%99s-anniversary-project |website=The Oxford Preservation Trust |publisher=The Oxford Preservation Trust |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> The restored monument was unveiled in January 2003.
Popular rumour is that in the past students have misled foreign tourists about the nature of the Memorial and convinced them it was the spire of an underground church, which could be toured for a modest fee. This would result in the tourists venturing down a nearby flight of stairs which actually led to the public toilets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordcityguide.com/TouristInfo/SightSeeing.html |title=Sightseeing |publisher=Oxfordcityguide.com |accessdate= 24 May 2011}}</ref>
==See also== {{commonscat|Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford}} * [[Christian martyrs]] * [[Religion in the United Kingdom]] * [[Oxford Spanish Civil War memorial]] {{-}}
==References== {{reflist}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1843]] [[Category:History of Oxford]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Oxford]] [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Oxfordshire]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Oxford]] [[Category:Christianity in Oxford]] [[Category:Martyrs' monuments and memorials]] [[Category:1843 establishments in England]]