{{short description|British army officer and politician (1673–1748)}} {{other people}} {{redirect|General Wade}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = Field Marshal The Right Honourable | name = George Wade | birth_date = 1673 | death_date = {{death date|df=y|1748|3|14}} | image = Attributed to Johan van Diest - Field-Marshal George Wade, 1673 - 1748. Commander-in-chief in Scotland - Google Art Project.jpg | caption = Portrait of Wade attributed to Johan van Diest | nickname = | birth_place = Killavally, County Westmeath | death_place = | allegiance = England <br /> Great Britain | branch = English Army <br /> British Army | service_years = 1690–1748 | rank = Field Marshal | battles = {{plainlist| *Nine Years' War *War of the Spanish Succession *Jacobite rising of 1715 *War of the Quadruple Alliance *War of the Austrian Succession *Jacobite rising of 1745 }} | signature = George Wade signature (cropped1).jpg }}
Field Marshal '''George Wade''' (1673 – 14 March 1748) was a British army officer and politician who served in the Nine Years' War, War of the Spanish Succession, Jacobite rising of 1715 and War of the Quadruple Alliance. He went on to be a military commander during the War of the Austrian Succession and Commander-in-Chief of the Forces during the Jacobite rising of 1745. While commanding the British Crown forces in Scotland, Wade was responsible for constructing hundreds of miles of military roads, many of which remain in use.
==Early career== Born the son of Jerome Wade in Killavally, County Westmeath, Ireland, he spent his early years in English Tangier, where his father was a member of the Tangier Garrison.<ref>Salmond, James Bell. ''Wade in Scotland''. Moray Press, 1938 p.29</ref> Wade was commissioned into the Earl of Bath's Regiment on 26 December 1690<ref name=heath>Heathcote, p. 285</ref> and served in Flanders in 1692, fighting at the Battle of Steenkerque in August 1692 during the Nine Years' War and earning a promotion to lieutenant on 10 February 1693.<ref name=heath/> He transferred to Sir Bevil Granville's Regiment on 19 April 1694<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28377?docPos=2|title=George Wade|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/28377|access-date=5 May 2012}}</ref> and was promoted to captain on 13 June 1695.<ref name=heath/>
During the War of the Spanish Succession, he first served under Marlborough, seeing action in Flanders at the Siege of Kaiserwerth in April 1702, the Siege of Venlo in September 1702, the Siege of Roermond in October 1702 and the Capture of Liège also in October 1702. He was promoted to major on 20 March 1703 and to lieutenant colonel in October 1703.<ref name=heath/> In 1704 he joined the staff of Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway as adjutant-general in Portugal,<ref name=heath/> and distinguished himself as colonel of the Huntingdon's Regiment during the Battle of Alcántara, where he was wounded in April 1706.<ref name=heath/> He repelled a large force of cavalry at Vila Nova and then commanded the 3rd infantry brigade during the Battle of Almansa in April 1707.<ref name=heath/> He was promoted to brigadier general on 1 January 1708.<ref name=odnb/>
He served as second in command to James Stanhope in Menorca in 1708,<ref name=heath/> leading one of the storming parties on Fort St. Philip, before returning to Spain in 1710, where he fought at the Battle of Saragossa in August 1710.<ref name=heath/> He was promoted to major-general on 3 October 1714<ref name=heath1>Heathcote, p. 286</ref> and became commander of the British forces in Ireland in November 1714.<ref name=odnb/>
Wade returned home to join in the suppression of the Jacobite rising of 1715 and undertook security duties in Bath, where he unearthed a haul of Jacobite weapons.<ref name=odnb/> He entered politics as MP for Hindon in 1715.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=5360|page=2|date=30 August 1715}}</ref> On 19 March 1717, he became colonel of the Earl of Plymouth's Regiment of Horse.<ref name=odnb/>
In 1719, he served as second-in-command to Viscount Cobham<ref name=heath1/> during the War of the Quadruple Alliance when Cobham led a force of 4,000 troops on a raid on the Spanish coastline which captured Vigo and occupied it for ten days before withdrawing.<ref>Rodger p. 229</ref> The same year he was one of the original backers of the Royal Academy of Music, establishing a London opera company that commissioned numerous works from Handel and others.<ref>Thomas McGeary. ''The Politics of Opera in Handel's Britain''. Cambridge University Press, 2013. p. 254</ref>
He became MP for Bath in 1722,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=6045|page=4|date=24 March 1722}}</ref> retaining the seat for 25 years.<ref name=heath1/> His house, built around 1700, is situated next to Bath Abbey and is now a Grade I listed building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=442123|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017221556/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=442123|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2012|title=Marshal Wade's House|work=Images of England|publisher=English Heritage|access-date=25 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dargan |first=Pat |title=Bath in 50 Buildings |publisher=Amberley Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=9781445659640}}</ref>
==Scotland== [[File:Ruthven Barracks (1983).JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|Ruthven Barracks, Kingussie]] The government of George I sent Wade to inspect Scotland in 1724.<ref name=heath1/> He recommended the construction of barracks, bridges and proper roads to assist in the control of the country. On 10 May 1725, he was appointed ''Commander in Chief of His Majesty's forces, castles, forts and barracks in North Britain'' and was tasked with carrying out his own recommendations.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=6371|page=1|date=8 May 1725}}</ref> Over the next twelve years Wade directed the construction of some {{convert|240|mi|km}} of roads and 30 bridges (including the Wade's Bridge at Aberfeldy).<ref name=odnb/> General Wade's military roads linked the garrisons at Ruthven, Fort George, Fort Augustus, and Fort William.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Sir Kenneth |title=Paper entitled General Wade & his Roads |publisher=Inverness Scientific Society |date=13 April 1897}}</ref>
thumb|upright=1.2|Section of Wade's military road between Inverness and Kingussie, built in the wake of the 1715 Jacobite rebellion
A reference in verse is said to be inscribed on a stone at the start of one of his military roads in Scotland: {{poemquote|If you had seen this road before it was made, You would lift up your hands and bless General Wade.<ref name=heath1/>}}
Wade also organised a militia, "Highland Watches", and called on members of the landed gentry to sign up<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcmh.org.uk/archive/reviews/NewarkHighlanderMessenger.pdf |title=Highlander: The History of the Legendary Highland Soldier |publisher=British Commission for Military History |date=Autumn 2009 |access-date=5 May 2012}}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> and raised the first six companies in 1725 (three of Campbells and one each of Frasers, Grants, and Munros).<ref name=watch>{{cite web |title=The Black Watch Regiment (1739-2006) |url=http://www.reocities.com/Bohemiabhoy/black.html |url-status=dead |access-date=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052059/http://www.reocities.com/Bohemiabhoy/black.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Also in 1725, Wade put down an insurrection after the government attempted to extend the "malt tax" to Scotland, and enraged citizens in Glasgow drove out the military and destroyed the home of their M.P.<ref>Chalmers, p.871</ref> He was promoted to lieutenant general on 15 April 1727.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=6572|page=3|date=11 April 1727}}</ref>
On 1 June 1732, he became Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7097|page=1|date=3 June 1732}}</ref> and on 19 June 1733, he became Governor of Fort William, Fort George and Fort Augustus.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7205|page=1|date=16 June 1733}}</ref> He was promoted to general of horse on 17 July 1739.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=7823|page=1|date=14 July 1739}}</ref>
He raised four more "Highland Watch" companies in 1739, which were subsequently reorganized as the Black Watch regiment.<ref name=watch/> He still had the time to sign his support to the Foundling Hospital, which was established in 1739 in London.<ref>Royal Charter, p.10</ref> On 22 June 1742, he was appointed Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=8129|page=2|date=19 June 1742}}</ref> and on 24 June 1742, he was appointed a member of the Privy Council.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=8130|page=1|date=22 June 1742}}</ref>
==War of the Austrian Succession== On 17 December 1743 he became a field marshal<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=8284|page=5|date=13 December 1743}}</ref> with his appointment to the joint command of the Anglo-Austrian force in Flanders against the French in the War of the Austrian Succession.<ref name=heath1/> Wade organised an advance towards Lille in July 1744, but the action became stalled in the face of logistical problems.<ref name=odnb/> He resigned from his command in March 1745 and returned home to become Commander-in-Chief of the Forces.<ref name=heath1/>
==Jacobite rising== [[File:George Wade monument, Westminster Abbey.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Wade's memorial in Westminster Abbey]] In October 1745, during the Jacobite rising, Wade concentrated his troops in Newcastle upon Tyne, on the east coast of England; however, the Jacobite forces advanced from Scotland down the west coast of England via Carlisle into Lancashire and the speed of their advance left Wade scrambling.<ref name=heath1/> In freezing conditions and with his men starving, he failed to counter their march into England or their subsequent retreat back from Derby to Scotland. Wade was replaced as Commander-in-Chief by Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, who led the army to success at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746.<ref>Pollard p. 41–42</ref>
It was because of the difficulties Wade encountered marching his troops cross-country from Newcastle to Carlisle that he built his Military Road west of Newcastle in 1746, entailing such destruction of Hadrian's Wall. Wade helped plan the road but had died before construction began in 1751.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Spain|first=GRB|title=The original survey for the Newcastle-Carlisle military road.|journal=Archaelogica Aeliana|volume=Series 4 xiv|page=17}}</ref> His Military Road is still in use today as the B6318; it should not be confused with the Military Way built by the Romans immediately south of Hadrian's Wall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heddonhistory.weebly.com/hadrians-wall.html|title=Hadrian's Wall|publisher=Heddon on the Wall Local History Society|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
Wade received mention in a verse sung as part of God Save the King around 1745:<ref name=heath1/>
{{poemquote|Lord, grant that Marshal Wade May, by thy mighty aid, Victory bring. May he sedition hush And, like a torrent, rush Rebellious Scots to crush. God save the King.}}
== Family life == Wade died unmarried on 14 March 1748 and is buried at Westminster Abbey, where his life is recognised by a monument created by Louis-François Roubiliac.<ref>Hiatt, p.4</ref>
Wade left two natural (illegitimate) sons, Captains William and John Wade, and two natural daughters, Jane Erle and Emilia. Wade left most of his estate to his natural children although he provided generously for the widow and children of his brother William, Canon of Windsor, Berkshire. Wade had a second natural daughter named Emilia, who was married first in 1728 to a Mr John Mason and then to a Mr Jebb.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Sources== * {{cite book|last=Chalmers|first=George|title=Caledonia, or, A historical and topographical account of North Britain, vol. 2|year=1887}} * {{cite book|last=Heathcote|first=Tony|title=The British Field Marshals 1736-1997|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Ltd|year=1999|isbn= 0-85052-696-5}} * {{cite book|last=Hiatt|first=Charles|title=Westminster Abbey : a short history and description of the church and conventual buildings with notes on the monuments|publisher=Forgotten Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4400-3478-7}} * {{cite book|last=Pollard|first=Tony|title=Culloden: The History and Archaeology of the last Clan Battle|publisher=Pen & Sword Military |year=2009|isbn=978-1-84884-020-1}} * {{cite book|last=Rodger|first=Nicholas|title=Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2006|isbn=978-0-14-102690-9}} * {{cite book|title=A copy of the Royal Charter establishing a hospital for the maintenance and education of exposed and deserted children|year=1739}}
==External links== {{Commons category}} *{{cite DNB|wstitle=Wade, George}}
{{s-start}} {{s-par|gb}} {{s-bef | before = Reynolds Calthorpe, the younger | before2 = Richard Lockwood }} {{s-ttl | title = Member of Parliament for Hindon | years = 1715–1722 | with = Reynolds Calthorpe | with2 = John Pitt }} {{s-aft | after = Henry Ludlow Coker | after2 = Robert Gray }}
{{s-bef | before = Robert Gay | before2 = John Codrington }} {{s-ttl | title = Member of Parliament for Bath | years = 1722–1747 | with = John Codrington | with2 = Robert Gay | with3 = John Codrington | with4 = Philip Bennet | with5 = Robert Henley }} {{s-aft | after = Sir John Ligonier | after2 = Robert Henley }} |- {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=The Viscount Windsor}} {{s-ttl|title=Colonel of Wade's Regiment of Dragoon Guards|years=1717–1748}} {{s-aft|after=Hon. Charles Howard}} {{s-bef|before=1st Baron Carpenter}} {{s-ttl|title=Commander-in-Chief, Scotland|years=1724–1740}} {{s-aft|after=Sir John Cope}} {{s-bef|before=Joseph Sabine}} {{s-ttl|title=Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed|years=1732–1733}} {{s-aft|after=Rich Russell}} {{s-bef|before=Jasper Clayton}} {{s-ttl|title=Governor of Inverness|years=1733–1748}} {{s-aft|after=Henry Hawley}} {{s-bef|before=Charles Sibourg}} {{s-ttl|title=Governor of Fort William|years=1733–1743}} {{s-aft|after=Humphrey Bland}} {{s-bef|before=Sir Charles Wills}} {{s-ttl|title=Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance|years=1741–1748}} {{s-aft|after=Sir John Ligonier}} {{s-bef|before=The Earl of Stair}} {{s-ttl|title=Commander-in-Chief of the Forces|years=1745}} {{s-aft|after=Duke of Cumberland}} {{s-end}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wade, George}} Category:1673 births Category:1748 deaths Category:3rd Dragoon Guards officers Category:People from County Westmeath Category:British field marshals Category:British military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession Category:British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession Category:British Army personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745 Category:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies Category:British MPs 1715–1722 Category:British MPs 1722–1727 Category:British MPs 1727–1734 Category:British MPs 1734–1741 Category:British MPs 1741–1747 Category:British military personnel of the War of the Quadruple Alliance