{{Short description|Species of rodent}} {{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}} {{Speciesbox | name = Vancouver Island marmot | image = Marmota vancouverensis 22927340.jpg | image_caption = In Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District, British Columbia, Canada | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Roach, N. |date=2017 |title=''Marmota vancouverensis'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T12828A22259184 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T12828A22259184.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = G1 | status2_system = TNC | status2_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106331/Marmota_vancouverensis |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> | genus = Marmota | parent = Marmota (Petromarmota) | species = vancouverensis | authority = (Swarth, 1911) | range_map = Marmota vancouverensis map.svg | range_map_caption = {{legend|#502D16|Current distribution}} {{legend|#C87137|Former distribution}} }} The '''Vancouver Island marmot''' ('''''Marmota vancouverensis''''') is a species of marmot endemic to Vancouver Island, in British Columbia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |title=Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmota vancouverensis): COSEWIC assessment and status report 2019 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/vancouver-island-marmot-2019.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www.canada.ca |date=6 December 2019}}</ref>
==Distribution== ''M. vancouverensis'' lives above {{Convert|1000|m}} elevation in meadows that face south to west, and habitat scarceness is believed to be the primary reason for its rarity.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Bryant, A.A. |author2=D.W. Janz |name-list-style=amp |date= 1996|title= Distribution and abundance of Vancouver Island marmots (''Marmota vancouverensis'') |url= https://andrewabryantservices.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/bryant-and-janz-1996.pdf |journal= Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume= 74|issue=4 |pages= 667–677| doi = 10.1139/z96-075|bibcode=1996CaJZ...74..667B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Milko, R.J. |author2=A.M. Bell |name-list-style=amp |date= 1986|title= Subalpine meadow vegetation of south central Vancouver Island|journal= Canadian Journal of Botany |volume= 64|issue= 4|page= 815| doi = 10.1139/b86-106|bibcode=1986CaJB...64..815M }}</ref>
Marmot surveys have been conducted on Vancouver Island since 1979. Beginning in the 1980s, this species experienced an 80–90% decline in population, such that by 2006 only 32 adults remained in the wild.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brashares|first1=Justin S.|last2=Werner|first2=Jeffery R.|last3=Sinclair|first3=A. R. E.|year=2010|title=Social 'meltdown' in the demise of an island endemic: Allee effects and the Vancouver Island marmot: Allee effects and the decline of the V.I. marmot|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=79|issue=5|pages=965–973|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01711.x|pmid=20546064|doi-access=free}}</ref> Since that time, the population has begun to increase as a result of an ongoing program to restore wild populations of this unique Canadian species.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team|date=2008|title=Recovery Strategy for the Vancouver Island Marmot (''Marmota vancouverensis'') in British Columbia|publisher= B.C. Ministry of Environment|location=Victoria, BC|url=http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/recovery/rcvrystrat/vi_marmot_rcvry_strat_2008%20.pdf| access-date = 2009-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Janz Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team|date= 2004|title= National Recovery Plan for the Vancouver Island Marmot (''Marmota vancouverensis'') in British Columbia|publisher=B.C. Ministry of Environment|location=Victoria, BC|url=https://andrewabryantservices.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/janz-et-al-2000.pdf|access-date=2009-07-13}}</ref> As of the fall of 2021, there were just over 250 wild marmots living in 25 colonies distributed between two metapopulations, and one isolated colony at Steamboat Mountain.<ref>{{cite web|author=Marmot Recovery Foundation|title=The Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis)|year=2021|location=Nanaimo, BC|url=http://marmots.org/about-marmots/current-status-2/|access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>
==Description== thumb|Vancouver Island marmot skull ''M. vancouverensis'' is typical of marmots in phenotype. It can however be distinguished from other marmots by its chocolate brown fur and contrasting white patches.<ref name=":2" /> The only species of marmot endemic to Vancouver Island,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nagorsen, D.W|date= 1987|title=''Marmota vancouverensis''|journal= Mammalian Species |issue= 270|pages= 1–5| doi = 10.2307/3503862|jstor= 3503862|bibcode= 1987MamSp.270....1N}}</ref> it apparently evolved rapidly since the retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet some 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Nagorsen, D.W. |author2=A. Cardini |name-list-style=amp |date= 2009|title= Tempo and mode of evolutionary divergence in modern and Holocene Vancouver Island marmots (''Marmota vancouverensis'')|journal= Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research |volume=47|issue=3|page=258| doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00503.x |doi-access= free|hdl=11380/690318|hdl-access=free}}</ref> It is distinct from other marmot species in terms of morphology,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cardini, A.|author2=Thorington, R.W. Jr|author3=Polly, P.D|name-list-style=amp|date= 2007|title= Evolutionary acceleration in the most endangered mammal of Canada: speciation and divergence in the Vancouver Island marmot (Rodentia, Sciuridae)|journal= Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume= 20|issue= 5|pages= 1833–46| doi = 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01398.x|pmid= 17714301|s2cid=13288283|doi-access= free|bibcode=2007JEBio..20.1833C |hdl= 11380/690298|hdl-access= free}}</ref> genetics,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kruckenhauser, L.|author2=W. Pinsker|author3=E. Haring|author4=W. Arnold|name-list-style=amp|date= 1999|title= Marmot phylogeny revisited: molecular evidence for a diphyletic origin of sociality|journal= Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research|volume= 37|pages= 49–56| doi = 10.1046/j.1439-0469.1999.95100.x }}</ref> behaviour,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Blumstein D.T.|date= 1999|title= Alarm calling in three species of marmots|journal= Behaviour |volume= 136|issue= 6|pages= 731–757| doi = 10.1163/156853999501540|bibcode= 1999Behav.136..731B}}</ref> and ecology.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Bryant, A.A. |date=1998|title= Metapopulation ecology of Vancouver Island marmots (''Marmota vancouverensis'')|type=PhD dissertation|publisher= University of Victoria (Victoria, BC)| url = https://andrewabryantservices.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/bryant_1998_phd.pdf}}</ref>
An adult Vancouver Island marmot typically measures {{Convert|65 to 70|cm}} from the tip of its nose to the tip of its tail. However, weights show tremendous seasonal variation. An adult female that weighs {{Convert|3|kg}} when she emerges from hibernation in late April can weigh {{Convert abbreviated|4.5 to 5.5|kg}} by the onset of hibernation in late September or October. Adult males can be even larger, reaching weights of over {{Convert abbreviated|7.5|kg}}. In general, marmots lose about one-third of their body mass during the six-and-a-half months in which they hibernate during winter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal Profile – The Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Foundation |url=https://marmots.org/about-marmots/animal-profile/ |access-date=2022-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Behaviour== Like all marmots, the Vancouver Island marmot is exclusively herbivorous. Over 30 varieties of plants have been observed being consumed by marmots on Vancouver Island, who typically switch from grasses in the early spring to plants like lupines in the late summer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martell |first1=Arthur M. |last2=Milko |first2=Robert J. |date=1986 |title=Seasonal diets of Vancouver Island Marmots, Marmota vancouverensis |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/355598 |journal=The Canadian Field-Naturalist |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=241–245 |doi=10.5962/p.355598 |issn=0008-3550|doi-access=free |bibcode=1986CFNat.100..241M }}</ref> Marmots hibernate for various amounts of time depending upon site characteristics and weather conditions. Wild Vancouver Island marmots hibernate, on average, for about 210 days of the year, generally from late September or early October until late April or early May. They generally hibernate for shorter periods in captivity.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bryant, A.A. |author2=M. McAdie |name-list-style=amp |date= 2003|chapter= Hibernation ecology of wild and captive Vancouver Island marmots (''Marmota vancouverensis'')|chapter-url=https://andrewabryantservices.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/bryant-and-mcadie-2003-hibernation-ecology.pdf| pages= 159–166 |editor1=R. Ramousse |editor2=D. Allaine |editor3=M. Le Berre |title= Adaptive Strategies and Diversity in Marmots|publisher= International Marmot Network|location= Lyon, France| access-date = 2009-07-14 }}</ref>
Vancouver Island marmots typically first breed at three or four years of age, although some have been observed to breed as two-year-olds.<ref name="Bryant076">{{cite journal|author=Bryant A.A|date= 1996|title= Reproduction and persistence of Vancouver Island marmots (''Marmota vancouverensis'') in natural and logged habitats|url=https://andrewabryantservices.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/bryant-1996.pdf|journal= Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume= 74|issue= 4|pages= 678–687| doi = 10.1139/z96-076 |bibcode= 1996CaJZ...74..678B}}</ref> Male marmots have been noticed to mate with 2 or more females during mating season. Marmots breed soon after emergence from hibernation. Gestation is thought to be approximately 30–35 days. Litter sizes average 1–6 pups every other year, and weaned pups generally emerge above ground for the first time in early July.<ref name="marmots.org">{{Cite web |title=Animal Profile – The Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Foundation |url=https://marmots.org/about-marmots/animal-profile/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Conservation status== Causes of marmot population declines are numerous. Over the long term (i.e., periods involving thousands of years), climate changes have caused both increases and declines of open alpine habitat that constitute suitable marmot habitat.<ref>{{cite conference|author=Hebda, R.J.|author2=O. McDadi|author3=D. Mazzucchi|name-list-style=amp|date=2005|title= History of habitat and the decline of the Vancouver Island Marmot (''Marmota vancouverensis'')|book-title=Proceedings of the Species at Risk 2004 Pathways to Recovery Conference|location= Victoria, B.C. |editor= T.D. Hooper | url = http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/PubDocs/bcdocs/400484/hebda_edited_final_feb_8.pdf | access-date = 2009-07-13 }}</ref> Over more recent time scales, population dynamics may have been influenced by short-term weather patterns and systematic changes in the landscape. In particular, forest clearcutting at low elevations<ref>Wilson, E.O: "The Future of Life", p. 52. Little, Brown, 2002</ref> likely altered dispersal patterns. Sub-adult marmots typically disperse from the subalpine meadows in which they were born. Dispersal involves traversing lowland conifer forests and valleys to other subalpine meadows. However, clearcutting has provided marmots with new open areas which constitute habitat. Unfortunately, rapid forest regeneration makes such man-made habitats unsuitable over a few years. One study concluded that clearcuts therefore act as a kind of population "sink" in which long-term reproduction and survival rates are reduced to the point of unsustainability.<ref name="Bryant076" /> One 2005 study concluded the main cause of recent decline to be predation "associated with forestry and altered predator abundance and hunting patterns". This study also revealed seasonal variations in mortality rates, where the probability of death was low during hibernation, and high in August.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author1=Bryant, A.A. |author2=R.E. Page |name-list-style=amp |date= 2005|title= Timing and causes of mortality in the endangered Vancouver Island Marmot (''Marmota vancouverensis'')|journal= Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume= 83|issue= 5|pages= 674–682|url= https://andrewabryantservices.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/bryant-and-page-2005.pdf|doi = 10.1139/z05-055 |bibcode=2005CaJZ...83..674B }}</ref> Major predators upon Vancouver Island marmots include golden eagles (''Aquila chrysaetos''), cougars (''Puma concolor'') and wolves (''Canis lupus'').<ref>{{cite journal|author=Aaltonen, K.|author2=A.A. Bryant|author3=J.A. Hostetler|author4=M.K. Oli|name-list-style=amp|date= 2009|title= Reintroducing endangered Vancouver Island marmots: Survival and cause-specific mortality rates of captive-born versus wild-born individuals|journal=Biological Conservation |volume= 142|issue= 10|page= 2181| doi = 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.019|bibcode=2009BCons.142.2181A }}</ref>
The population crash may also be due to the Allee effect, named after zoologist Warder Clyde Allee. Allee proposed that social animals require a critical mass in order to survive, because survival requires group activities, such as warning of predators and migration. A decline below that threshold precipates rapid decline. Ecologist Justin Brashares suggests that at least some of the marmot's group behavior is learned, so that the loss of marmot "culture" has caused them to become more solitary, and interact aggressively rather than cooperatively when they do encounter each other.<ref>{{cite web|last=Platt|first=John|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/2010/07/09/marmot-meltdown-averted-vancouver-island-species-on-the-brink-of-extinction-regaining-social-bonds/|title=Marmot meltdown averted: Vancouver Island species on the brink of extinction regaining social bonds|access-date=October 27, 2012|publisher=Scientific American}}</ref>
The Vancouver Island marmot remains one of the world's rarest mammals. By 1997 their population had declined to the point that it became necessary to capture several individuals to create a "genetic lifeboat" for the eventual restoration of the wild population. The first marmots went to Toronto Zoo in 1997, and others were later sent to the Calgary Zoo and Mountainview Conservation and Breeding Centre in Langley, British Columbia.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|author=Bryant, A.A.|date=2007|title=Recovery efforts for Vancouver Island marmots, Canada.|editor=Soorae PS|journal=Re-introduction News|publisher=IUCN|volume=26|pages=30–32|url=https://andrewabryantservices.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/bryant_2007_reintroduction_news.pdf}}</ref>
In 1998 a new model for species recovery was developed involving the collaboration of government, private industry and public donors. A census in late 2003 resulted in a count of only 21 wild marmots known to be present on four mountains of Vancouver Island. After these findings, marmots were released from captivity in different places to try to get the population back up to a reasonable number.
These marmots are still classified as endangered.<ref>{{cite web| author =COSEWIC|date= 2008|title= COSEWIC assessment and updated status report on the Vancouver Island marmot (''Marmota vancouverensis'') in Canada. |publisher=Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa. | url = http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/document/dspDocument_e.cfm?documentID=1650| access-date = 2009-07-13 }}</ref> The cumulative captive breeding program has steadily grown, with 130 individuals in captivity (2010) and 442 weaned pups born in captivity since 2000. A number of individuals have been released to Strathcona Provincial Park, Mount Cain, Mount Washington and more southern mountains. The Marmot Recovery Foundation has built a dedicated marmot facility on Mount Washington to further facilitate captive breeding and pre-release conditioning. Between 2003 and 2010, the Marmot Recovery Foundation and the British Columbia Ministry of Environment have released 308 marmots back into the wild.<ref>{{cite web|title=Toronto Zoo>Conservation>Mammals|url=http://www.torontozoo.com/conservation/captive-breeding.asp?pg=marmot|access-date=2009-09-22 }}</ref> More releases are expected in the upcoming years to increase the wild population, estimated at 250–300 individuals in 2010, and 350–400 individuals in 2013. The wild population was counted at 250 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/helping-to-bring-vancouver-island-marmots-back-from-edge-of-extinction-5106412|title = Helping to bring Vancouver Island marmots back from edge of extinction| date=27 February 2022 }}</ref> Due to conservation and recovery efforts, the population of Vancouver Island marmots has significantly increased since 2003. Nevertheless, Vancouver Island marmot populations continue to fluctuate due to natural events as well as increased predation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=BJORKMAN |first1=ANNE D. |last2=VELLEND |first2=MARK|year=2010|title=Defining Historical Baselines for Conservation: Ecological Changes Since European Settlement on Vancouver Island, Canada |journal=Conservation Biology|volume=24|issue=6 |pages=1559–1568 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01550.x |pmid=20586787|bibcode=2010ConBi..24.1559B|s2cid=9073405}}</ref>
== Related species == Based on genetic analyses, the closest relatives of the Vancouver Island marmot are the hoary marmot (''M. caligata'') and the Olympic marmot (''M. olympus'').<ref>{{cite journal|author=Steppan, S.J.|author2=Akhverdyan, M.R.|author3=Lyapunova, E.A.|author4=Fraser, D.G.|author5=Vorontsov, N.N.|author6=Hoffmann, R.S.|author7=Braun, M.J|name-list-style=amp|date=1999|title= Molecular phylogeny of the marmots (Rodentia: Sciuridae): Tests of evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses|journal=Systematic Biology |volume=48|issue=4|pages=715–34| doi = 10.1080/106351599259988 |pmid=12066297|doi-access=free}}</ref> There is some debate, on genetic grounds, about which of the two nearby mainland species is most closely related to the Vancouver Island marmot or when marmots first arrived on the island.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kruckenhauser L, Pinsker W, Haring E, Arnold W |date=1999|title= Marmot phylogeny revisited: molecular evidence for a diphyletic origin of sociality|journal= J Zool Syst Evol Res |volume=37|pages=49–56| doi = 10.1046/j.1439-0469.1999.95100.x}}</ref> The differences in DNA observed between species is small. In 2009, Nagorsen and Cardini identified, from museum specimens, substantial physical differences between species that can be explained only by rapid evolution in a relatively isolated island context.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Nagorsen D. |author2=Cardini A. |date=2009|title=Tempo and mode of evolutionary divergence in modern and Holocene Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) (Mammalia, Rodentia)|journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research|volume=47 |issue=3|pages= 258–267|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00503.x|doi-access=free|hdl=11380/690318|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
== In popular culture == Because of their endangered status, Vancouver Island marmots have become a conservation symbol in British Columbia. * Mukmuk, "sidekick" to the three official mascots for the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, is portrayed as a member of the species. * The Victoria Royals hockey team mascot, "Marty the Marmot", is based on the Vancouver Island marmot, which the team created to represent the importance of the species to the Vancouver Island region. The marmot was also the former mascot of the now defunct Victoria Salmon Kings hockey team. * Wild marmots: ''Chopper'', ''Marlu'', and ''Van Isle Violet'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Van Isle marmots bundling up for prolonged winter, regular forecaster misses annual assignment |url=https://nanaimonewsnow.com/2021/02/02/van-isle-marmots-bundling-up-for-prolonged-winter-regular-forecaster-misses-annual-assignment/ |website=NanaimoNewsNOW |access-date=5 December 2021 |language=en |quote=Violet lives at Mount Washington but had a malfunction in her tracker battery so members of the foundation haven't been able to keep tabs on her since the summer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Letterio |first1=Amandalina |title=Vancouver Island marmots predict a longer winter - BC News |url=https://www.castanet.net/news/BC/323830/Vancouver-Island-marmots-predict-a-longer-winter |website=castanet.net |access-date=5 December 2021 |language=en |date=2021-02-02}}</ref> Groundhog Day forecast, via the ''Marmot Recovery Foundation'' at Nanaimo, Vancouver Island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Van Isle groundhog Violet delivers her 2020 Groundhogs Day Prediction – The Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Foundation |url=https://marmots.org/van-isle-violet-delivers-her-2020-groundhogs-day-prediction/ |website=marmots.org |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=B.C.'s own groundhog Van Isle Violet predicts long winter |url=https://infotel.ca/newsitem/bcs-own-groundhog-van-isle-violet-predicts-long-winter/it70015 |website=INFOnews |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> In 2023 the Vancouver Island marmot was featured on a United States Postal Service forever stamp as part of the ''Endangered Species'' set, based on a photograph from Joel Sartore's ''Photo Ark''. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall, South Dakota.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species |work=United States Postal Service |url=https://about.usps.com/newsroom/national-releases/2023/0419ma-postal-service-spotlights-endangered-species.htm |access-date=May 11, 2023}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist|2}}
==Further reading== *{{cite web | author = Bryant, Andrew | author2 = Don Blood | title = Vancouver Island marmot | url = http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/marmot.pdf | access-date = 14 July 2009 | archive-date = 14 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014085737/http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/marmot.pdf }}. Species at Risk series, B.C. Ministry of Environment, Victoria, February 1999. 6 pp. * Champan, Joseph A., and George A. Feldhamer, eds. Wild Mammals of North America. The Johns Hopkins UP, 1982. * {{Cite journal|author= Markels, Alex|title= Last stand|url= http://www.audubonmagazine.org/features0405/endangered-species.html|access-date= 14 July 2009|journal= Audubon Magazine|date= May 2004|archive-date= 28 November 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081128075751/http://www.audubonmagazine.org/features0405/endangered-species.html}} * Michael, Huchins, ed. "Vancouver Island Marmot." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopidia. 16 vols. Gale, 2004. *Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 754–818 ''in'' Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. * Wilson, Don E., and Sue Ruff, eds. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1999. * "Vancouver Island Marmot." World Book Encyclopedia. 13th ed. Chicago: World Book Incorporated, 2008.
==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Marmota vancouverensis|''Marmota vancouverensis''}} *{{Wikispecies-inline|Marmota vancouverensis|''Marmota vancouverensis''}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q746636}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Marmots Category:Rodents of Canada Category:Vancouver Island Category:Endemic fauna of British Columbia Category:Mammals described in 1911