{{Short description|Palace building in Helsingør, Denmark}} {{Infobox building | name = Marienlyst Palace | native_name = Marienlyst Slot | image = Marienlyst Slot.jpg | alt = | caption = Main façade of Marienlyst Castle | former_names = Lundhave Pavilion | alternate_names = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | map_caption = | building_type = | architectural_style = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassicism]] and [[Louis XVI style|Louis XVI]] | structural_system = | cost = | location = Marienlyst Allé 32, [[Helsingør]], [[Denmark]] | client = King [[Frederick II of Denmark]] | owner = Helsingør Municipality Museums | current_tenants = | landlord = | coordinates = {{coord|56|2|31.2|N|12|36|7|E|type:landmark_region:DK|display=inline,title}} | altitude = | construction_start_date = 1587 | completion_date = 1588 | inauguration_date = | demolished_date = | height = | diameter = | other_dimensions = | floor_count = | floor_area = | main_contractor = | architect = [[Hans van Steenwinckel the Elder|Hans van Steenwinckel]]<br />[[Nicolas-Henri Jardin]] (current building) | structural_engineer = | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | awards = | references = }}
'''Marienlyst Castle''' ({{langx|de|Marienlyst Slot|label=Danish}}) is a palatial residence located in [[Helsingør]], [[Denmark]]. It was named after [[Frederik V of Denmark|King Frederik V of Denmark's]] second wife, [[Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Juliana Maria]], the [[queen consort]] of Denmark and [[Norway]]. The building formerly served as a royal [[pavilion]] of [[Kronborg Castle]] and was mostly used as a venue for pleasure and hunting. It was also used by the [[director-general]] of the [[Helsingør Custom House|Øresund Custom House]], Colonel [[Adam Gottlob von Krogh]] and his wife Magdalene, between 1796 and 1847.
[[Hans van Steenwinckel the Elder|Hans van Steenwinckel]], the royal [[architect]], designed and built the original pavilion and [[parterre]] garden in 1587, for King [[Frederick II of Denmark]]. The royal estate was then purchased in 1758 by [[Count]] [[Adam Gottlob Moltke]], who completely changed the original pavilion and garden with the help of [[French people|French]] [[architect]] [[Nicolas-Henri Jardin]] between 1759 and 1763. The additions led to its present-day [[architectural structure]] and [[façade]]. Jardin also redesigned the original parterre gardens, changing them to a larger, more modern [[garden à la française]] design, with symmetrical [[hedge]]s, avenues, [[fountain]]s and mirror ponds. Within the castle wall boundaries, these elegant garden grounds remain to a large extent intact, but outside, much of the garden has been lost, including the most renowned romantic landscape garden in Denmark, designed by [[Johan Ludvig Mansa]] in the 1790s. This was mostly due to the sale of much of the original property by the Helsingør municipality which had purchased the entire Marienlyst estate at [[auction]] in 1851. One of the lot purchasers was J.S. Nathanson, who in 1859 built [[Hotel Marienlyst]], the first luxury hotel in Helsingør, named after the castle.
Between 1919 and 1921, local Helsingør gardener [[Gudmund Nyeland Brandt]], removed the last remnants of the romantic gardens, replacing them with an 18th-century garden design to match the castle's [[classical architecture]]. For the most part it is these gardens visitors will see today. They have been part of Helsingør Municipality Museums since 1930.
==History== ===St Anne's Friary===
In [[Middle Ages|medieval times]] there was a [[chapel]] dedicated to [[Saint Anne]] in the area, which probably belonged to the Guild of St. Anna in Helsingør. In 1438 the chapel was given to a community of [[Franciscan]] friars which had been founded in 1419, who then converted the chapel into a [[friary]] also dedicated to Saint Anne, of which nothing remains except the street name, Sankt Anna Gade in Helsingør. The friary was confiscated by the crown during the [[Reformation in Denmark|Reformation of 1536]] and was probably part of the royal property on the grounds, called Lundegaard, where an old stone house is known to have existed in 1576.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
===Frederick II's pavilion and garden===
During the 1420s, King [[Eric of Pomerania]] created [[Kronborg|Kronborg Castle]], the castle immortalized in Shakespeare's play, ''[[Hamlet]]''. It was built like a strong fortress for guarding [[Øresund]] and ensuring payment of [[Sound Dues|sound dues]] which were enforced by the immediate firing of all [[cannons]] on any [[ship]] that refused to pay. It was very effective and collected two thirds of crown revenues. By the late [[Renaissance]], tastes had changed and Kronborg's high walls and [[bastions]] made it impossible to have a grand [[Italian Renaissance garden|renaissance garden]]. An old monastery north of the yard was therefore chosen as the new location and named Lundhave after the royal estate.
In 1587, [[Hans van Steenwinckel the Elder|Hans van Steenwinckel]] the royal [[architect]] built a [[parterre]] garden and a [[pavilion]] for King [[Frederick II of Denmark]].<ref name="DSDE Steenwinckel">{{cite web|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Ren%C3%A6ssance/Hans,_d.%C3%A6._van_Steenwinckel|title=Hans van Steenwinckel|year=2009|publisher=Den Store Danske Encyklopædi|language=da|access-date=29 November 2009|location=Copenhagen}}</ref><ref name="Appel">{{cite web|url=http://nationalparker.skovognatur.dk/NR/rdonlyres/E8EF4DF0-31E0-4496-AA88-4190052E8BC7/0/HolboHerred.pdf|title=Nationalpark Kongernes Nordsjælland, Kulturhistorisk undersøgelse|last=Appel|first=Liv |year=2005|publisher=Holbo Herreds Kulturhistoriske Centre, Gilleleje Museum|language=da|access-date=30 November 2009|location=Gilleleje, Denmark}}</ref> It was a three-story building, in the northern Italian [[Renaissance architecture|renaissance style]].<ref name="Øresundstid">{{cite web|url=http://www.oresundstid.dk/arkiv/arkivalt.aspx?id=7,756,598,600,757,606,608,609,632,610,611,612,953,613,614,615,616,617,619,1186&tekst=1500-tallet&standard=J|title=1500-tallet|year=2008|publisher=Øresundstid|access-date=29 November 2009}}</ref> The first floor had an armory, that also stored equipment for [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] competitions, one of the so-called [[nobility|noble]] disciplines, which also included [[fencing]] and [[dance]]. This was taught to all nobles at the time through the [[knight academy|knight academies]].<ref name="Nielsen">{{cite web|url=http://www.thm.dk/publ/ksn/ksn1_1.htm|title=Christian V, Konge og sportsmand|last=Nielsen|first=Kay Søren|year=2000|publisher=Tøjhusmuseet - The Royal Danish Arsenal Museum|language=da|access-date=1 December 2009|location=Copenhagen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425171844/http://www.thm.dk/publ/ksn/ksn1_1.htm|archive-date=25 April 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The second floor was where the queen consort, [[Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]], had her rooms and the top floor was for the king. Sadly, he would only have a short time to enjoy his newly built pavilion and garden, as he died in 1588, barely a year after construction was completed. His son, King [[Christian IV of Denmark]], would however get to use it throughout his [[reign]], coming there often and spending large sums of money improving the garden and planting rare trees. He would also keep many [[pheasants]] and other [[game bird]]s on the estate, for hunting.
=== Lundhave from the 1650s to 1750s ===
King [[Frederik III of Denmark]] took over the royal estate in 1648 after the death of his father and seems not to have been very interested in the pavilion but did have the new [[gardener]] simplify and restructure the grounds by planting a [[fruit]] and [[vegetable garden]]. Ten years later, the [[Dano-Swedish War (1658–1660)|1658 war with Sweden]] took its toll on the pavilion, but the garden did not suffer too much damage. It remained mostly unused until the end of Frederik III's reign in 1670. A depiction of the pavilion and gardens can be seen in [[Peder Hansen Resen|Peder Resen's]] ''Atlas Danicus'' dated 1660 and published in 1677. In the drawings he calls the pavilion and garden, ''Kongenshafve'' (The King's Garden).<ref name="Resen Atlas">{{cite web|url=http://www2.kb.dk/kb/dept/nbo/kob/resen/en.forside.htm|title=Copperplates from Resens ATLAS DANICUS 1677|last=Resen|first=Peder Hansen |year=1677|publisher=Det kongelige Bibliotek, Department of Maps, Prints & Photographs|pages=31–32|language=da|access-date=4 December 2009|location=Copenhagen}}</ref>
[[File:Kronborg Have 1759.png|thumb|Steenwinckel's pavilion painted by H. H. Eegberg in 1750]] It was King [[Christian V of Denmark]] who once again brought life back to the pavilion, often coming to [[Hunting|hunt]] and relax in the gardens. He was also the first to give it a complete [[renovation]]. This was done between 1680 and 1681 by [[Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger|Hans van Steenwinckel Jr.]] to repair the damage that had been caused by general aging over the last century and the recent war with Sweden. Steenwinckel Jr. kept to his father's original drawings, making only a few minor cosmetic changes, like the addition of Christian V's [[monogram]] and the year 1681.
From 1699 till 1723, the pavilion was owned by [[Frederick IV of Denmark]] who renovated it between 1716 and 1717. The king would not return after his marriage to [[Anne Sophie Reventlow]] on April 4, 1721. [[Frederick V of Denmark]] decided in 1747 to lease Lundhave for four years to Lieutenant Burghof and then, in 1751, sold the property to Johannes G. Putscher, a citizen of Helsingør.
=== Frederik V's pleasure palace === [[File:Marienlyst Garden Plan 1759-60.jpg|thumb|200px|Garden plan from 1759–60]] [[Lord Chamberlain]], Count [[Adam Gottlob Moltke]] purchased Lundhave in 1758. It is believed he acted on Frederik V's behalf as the [[deed]] was issued to the king in 1760 and kept secret until his death in 1766. During these years, Count Moltke completely changed Frederik II's pavilion with the help of [[French people|French]] architect [[Nicolas-Henri Jardin]], whose additions led to its present-day [[architectural structure]] and [[façade]].<ref name="Helsingør Leksikon">{{cite web|url= http://www.helsingorleksikon.dk/index.php/Marienlyst_Slot|title=Marienlyst Slot|publisher=Helsingør Leksikon|language=da|access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref>
Jardin's initial instructions were to [[Historic preservation|preserve]] the original pavilion, but he decided to build extensions on either side of the original building, thus creating a palace.<ref name="Hamlet's garden">{{cite journal|last=Madsen|first=Lars Bjørn|year=2007|title=A walk-in Hamlet's garden|journal=Helsingør Kommunes Museer|location=Helsingør, Denmark|url=http://www.landsvig.dk/hkm/pdf/HamletsGarden.pdf|access-date=December 4, 2009}}</ref> They would be of the same height and depth but pulled back a little so as to allow the original pavilion to stand out in relation to the additions. The original lines were preserved and the entire building was brought together visually by a strong rotating main [[cornice]], crowned by a [[balustrade]] around the flat roof. The building's exterior also had horizontal bands of polished stone, medallions, festive additions over the windows and arcades on the second floor, emphasizing the classical architecture that Jardin had introduced to Denmark. The [[interior decoration]] had a number of prestigious Louis XVI interiors created by artists such as painter [[Carl Gustaf Pilo]], decorators [[Joseph Christian Lillie]], [[Johan Edvard Mandelberg]] and sculptor [[Simon Carl Stanley]]. The parterre gardens were changed to a larger [[garden à la française]] design, with symmetrical hedging, avenues, boxwood hedges, fountains and mirror ponds.<ref name="Appel"/>
[[File:Marien Lyst Palace with Jardin's garden.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Marienlyst with Jardin's garden complex]] King Frederik V only had a few years to enjoy their work as he died in 1766 after which Queen [[Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Juliana Maria]] took possession of the castle. It was renamed Marienlyst (Mary's Delight) in her honor and in the 1790s she had a romantic garden laid out with winding paths, follies, including tumuli, [[hermit]] [[cottages]] and a medieval style [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] tower.<ref name="Jonge">{{cite web|url=http://www.dbc3.dk/_dbc3%20pdf/proposal%2001%2004.pdf|title=Kongeriget Danmarks chrorografiske Beskrivelse|last=Jonge|first=Nicolay |year=1777 |publisher=Johan Rudolph Thieles Bogtrykkerie|page=87|language=da|access-date=4 December 2009|location=Copenhagen}}</ref><ref name="Feldborg">{{cite book|last=Feldborg|first=Andreas Andersen |title=Denmark Delineated; or, sketches of the present state of that country|publisher=Oliver and Boyd, and D. Lizars|location=Edenburgh|year=1824|edition=2|pages=384|url=https://archive.org/stream/denmarkdelineat00feldgoog#page/n75/mode/1up/search/Marienlyst|access-date=December 7, 2009}}</ref> She would use the castle often until her death in 1796.
[[File:Udsigt af Helsingør, Kronborg og Øresund imellem kysterne af Sjælland og Skaane tegnet paa terrassen i Haugen ved Marienløst af S.L Lange 180.png|thumb|View from the roof terrace towards Helsingør, Kronborg and the Øresund, 1804]] During the transition period after her death, there was talk of [[Crown Prince]] [[Frederick VI of Denmark|Frederik]] taking up residence there but it was not to be. Instead, between 1796 and 1847, it became the residence of the [[director-general]] of [[Helsingør Custom House|Øresund Custom House]], Colonel [[Adam Gottlob von Krogh]] and his wife Magdalene.<ref name="Feldborg"/><ref name="Wad">{{cite book|last=Wad |first=Gustav Ludvig|title=Personalhistorisk tidsskrift|publisher=Samfundet for dansk-norsk genealogi og personalhistorie|location=Copenhagen|year=1883|volume=5|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-xAAAAAYAAJ|access-date=November 23, 2009|language=da}}</ref> He built a small thatched half-timbered house, and Krogh's garden in a little grove on the property in 1800. The building is no longer visible but parts of the small stone fence around the garden can still be seen. Close to the garden is Magdalene's Hill where von Krogh set up a monument in the 1830s honoring his wife.<ref name="Hamlet's garden"/> He died in 1839, but his widow remained in residence until her death in 1847.
[[File:Marienlyst ved Helsingöer d. 27. May 1820.png|left|thumb|[[Ole Jørgen Rawert]]: ''Marienlyst, 27 May 1820'']]
In his 1824 book ''Denmark Delineated'', [[Andreas Andersen Feldborg]] referred to the romantic gardens: "Hamlet's garden is the favorite [[promenade]] of the inhabitants of Elsinore (Helsingør). It is generally filled with groups of elegant females and lovely children, whose manners and appearance bear pleasing testimony to the state of society in this part of his Danish Majesty's dominions."<ref name="Feldborg"/> Just two years later, a young [[Hans Christian Andersen]] also writes about Marienlyst, during a class outing whilst at [[grammar school]] in Helsingør. It is worth noting that his youthful excitement shows that he had yet to travel abroad very much: "Yesterday I was with Meisling in Marienlyst; oh, it's one of the finest I've seen! Where sea and the whole countryside is lovely. Meisling says that the whole coast here is similar to that of Naples; the glorious hills are there in the garden, everything seems like Switzerland, and I felt so unspeakably happy, oh, one must become a poet or artist to see the beautiful nature. O Benefactor, Thanks! Thank you! for every happy moment! Life is Wonderful!"<ref name="19th century">{{cite web|url=http://www.oresundstid.dk/arkiv/arkivalt.aspx?id=8,661,764,767,765,766,663,664,665,666,667,1158,669,794,668,1157,1156,670,918,672,673,674,676,677,678,679,680,1192&tekst=1800-tallet&standard=J|title=Summary of the 19th century|year=2008|publisher=Øresundstid|access-date=11 December 2009|location=Øresund, Denmark}}</ref>{{explain|date=August 2020}}
===Sold to Helsingør municipality===
The entire property was offered for sale at [[public auction]] by King [[Frederick VII of Denmark]] in 1851. The Helsingør municipality purchased it for 32,000 Rigsbankdaler, parceling out most of the land, then renting out the castle to J.S. Nathanson with his nearby Marienlyst Health Spa and Bathing House (''Marienlyst Kur og Søbad''). He renovated the castle, making it part of his resort. The connection to the health spa closed in 1896 and, in 1904, the castle was rented out as accommodation for three families.
==Park== The park was converted to its present appearance between 1919 and 1921 under the leadership of local gardener [[Gudmund Nyeland Brandt]]. It would not be a reconstruction of the Jardin gardens but instead a reinterpretation of 17th century neoclassical style, appropriate to castle's classical design.
==Today== [[File:Helsingoer Schloss Marienlyst.jpg|thumb|The facade]] In 1930, the Town Museum moved into the basement and, in 1940, the whole building was taken over by the museum. After thorough restoration in 1953 by architect [[Volmars Drosted]], Marienlyst was used as offices for Helsingør City Council.
Marienlyst Castle is operated today as a branch of the Helsingør Municipality Museums. The castle has a permanent exhibition of paintings and Helsingør silver from the 18th and 19th centuries. They have over the years also organized temporary exhibitions, mainly dealing with the history of art. The painting exhibitions include William Petersen's ''a forgotten golden age of painting'' and marine painter [[Carl Frederik Sørensen]].<ref name="Sørensen">{{cite web|url=http://www.bruun-rasmussen.dk/search.do?pg=1&iid=300285762&lang=en&mode=detail|title=Numerous sailing ships in stormy weather off the coast of Vingö, Sweden.|last=Sørensen|first=Carl Frederick |date=July 17, 1760|access-date=30 November 2009}}</ref> Within the Danish handicraft exhibitions have been shown ''The Danish Brooch'', ''The Ceramic Jug'' and ''Beast of Law''.
==Cultural references== The park is used as a location in the 1984 drama film ''[[Min fynske barndom]]''.
==List of owners==
*(1438–1536) [[St. Anna Abbey]] *(1536–1751) The Crown Estates *(1751–1758) [[Johannes G. Putscher]] *(1758–1760) [[Adam Gottlob Moltke]] *(1760–1766) [[Frederick V of Denmark]] *(1766–1767) The Crown Estates *(1767–1796) Queen Dowager [[Juliana Maria of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel|Juliane Marie]] *(1796–1839) [[Frederick VII of Denmark]] *(1796–1848) [[Adam Gottlob von Krogh]] *(1848–1850) [[Christian VIII of Denmark]] *(1850–1851) Committee for the formation of an Invalid Hotel *(1851–) Helsingør Municipality
==See also== * [[Architecture of Denmark]]
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Sources == {{Commons category|Marienlyst Slot}}
=== Books ===
*{{cite book|last=Wad |first=Gustav Ludvig|title=Personalhistorisk tidsskrift|publisher=Samfundet for dansk-norsk genealogi og personalhistorie|location=Copenhagen|year=1883|volume=5|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-xAAAAAYAAJ|access-date=November 23, 2009|language=da}} *{{cite book|last=Faye |first=Jan|author2=Hannes Stephensen|title=Marienlyst Slot : det kongelige lystanlæg ved Helsingør|publisher=Christian Ejlers|location=Copenhagen|year=1988|pages=317|isbn=978-87-7241-580-2|language=da}} *{{cite book|url=http://www2.kb.dk/kb/dept/nbo/kob/resen/en.forside.htm|title=Resen's ATLAS DANICUS 1677|last=Resen|first=Peder Hansen |year=1677|publisher=Det kongelige Bibliotek, Department of Maps, Prints & Photographs|pages=31–32|language=da|access-date=4 December 2009|location=Copenhagen}} *{{cite book|last=Feldborg|first=Andreas Andersen |title=Denmark Delineated; or, sketches of the present state of that country|publisher=Oliver and Boyd, and D. Lizars|location=Edenburgh|year=1824|edition=2|pages=384|url=https://archive.org/stream/denmarkdelineat00feldgoog#page/n75/mode/1up/search/Marienlyst|access-date=December 7, 2009}}
=== Journal ===
*{{cite web|url=http://nationalparker.skovognatur.dk/NR/rdonlyres/E8EF4DF0-31E0-4496-AA88-4190052E8BC7/0/HolboHerred.pdf|title=Nationalpark Kongernes Nordsjælland, Kulturhistorisk undersøgelse|last=Appel|first=Liv |year=2005|publisher=Holbo Herreds Kulturhistoriske Centre, Gilleleje Museum|language=da|access-date=30 November 2009|location=Gilleleje, Denmark}}
=== Online ===
*{{cite web|url=http://www.oresundstid.dk/arkiv/arkivalt.aspx?id=7,756,598,600,757,606,608,609,632,610,611,612,953,613,614,615,616,617,619,1186&tekst=1500-tallet&standard=J|title=1500-tallet|year=2008|publisher=Øresundstid|access-date=29 November 2009}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.helsingorleksikon.dk/index.php/Marienlyst_Slot|title=Marienlyst Slot|publisher=Helsingør Leksikon|language=da|access-date=17 November 2009}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.toldkammeret.dk%2Fdata%2Farchive%2Ffiles%2Ftinatramp_09.pdf|title=25 millioner kickstarter renovering af Marienlyst|date=5 May 2009|work=HELSINGØR|publisher=Sjaellandske media|language=da|access-date= 23 November 2009|location=Helsingør, Denmark}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.dr.dk/Regioner/Kbh/Nyheder/Helsingoer/2009/11/07/061817.htm|title=Staten siger nej til Marienlyst Slot|date=November 7, 2009|publisher=DR|language=da|access-date=25 November 2009|location=Copenhagen}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Ren%C3%A6ssance/Hans,_d.%C3%A6._van_Steenwinckel|title=Hans van Steenwinckel|year=2009|publisher=Den Store Danske Encyklopædi|language=da|access-date=29 November 2009|location=Copenhagen}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.oresundstid.dk/arkiv/arkivalt.aspx?id=8,661,764,767,765,766,663,664,665,666,667,1158,669,794,668,1157,1156,670,918,672,673,674,676,677,678,679,680,1192&tekst=1800-tallet&standard=J|title=Summary of the 19th century|year=2008|publisher=Øresundstid|access-date=11 December 2009|location=Øresund, Denmark}}
{{Helsingør}}{{Castles in Denmark}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:1588 establishments in Denmark]] [[Category:Houses completed in 1588]] [[Category:Houses in Helsingør Municipality]] [[Category:Museums in the Capital Region of Denmark]] [[Category:Gardens in Denmark]] [[Category:Neoclassical architecture in Denmark]] [[Category:Nicolas-Henri Jardin buildings]] [[Category:Listed buildings and structures in Helsingør Municipality]] [[Category:Art museums and galleries in Denmark]] [[Category:Kronborg]]