Marie Lion

{{Short description|French–Australian novelist}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox person | name =  | image = Marie Lion.jpg | alt =  | caption = from ''The Harbinger of Light''. 1 May 1911 | birth_name =  | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1855|05|02}} | birth_place = Marseillan, Hérault, France | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1922|05|03|1855|05|02}} | death_place = Adelaide | other_names = | occupation = Novelist, artist, teacher | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''Marie Lion''' (2 May 1855 – 3 May 1922) was a French–Australian novelist, artist, and teacher. For forty years she lived in Australia with her sister {{ill|Berthe Mouchette|fr}}, an accomplished artist and art teacher. Lion was Australia's first French novelist,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Butterss |first1=Philip |title=Australia's First French Novelist: Marie Lion |journal=Westerly Online |date=2018 |volume=6 |issue=Special Issue: South Australia |pages=88–98 |url=https://westerlymag.com.au/online-special-issue-westerly-south-australia/}}</ref> and the first French teacher for the Alliance française in Australia.

== Early life == She was born in Marseillan, Herault. As a student, her particular interests were languages, literature, and art, and she received a Degré Supérieur from l’Académie de Paris in French language and literature.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Drury |first1=John |title=Two French Sisters in Australia: Berthe Mouchette and Marie Lion, artists and teachers |date=2021 |publisher=Anchor |location=Melbourne |isbn=9780648835028}}</ref> After hearing a lecture on Australia by the Australian novelist Jessie Couvreur ('Tasma') at the Société de Géographie, Lion and her sister decided to emigrate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Commettant |first1=Oscar |title=Au Pays de Kangourous et de Mines d'Or |date=1890 |publisher=Fischbacher |location=Paris |page=210}}</ref>

== Career == Marie Lion and {{ill|Berthe Mouchette|fr}} arrived in Melbourne in the second half of 1881 and began to offer art lessons and French language classes. After the death of her husband, Émile Mouchette, Berthe bought Oberwyl, a girls' school in St Kilda. Marie Lion was director of French studies, literature, and conversation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Educational. Oberwyl |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/140169234 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Australasian |date=7 February 1891}}</ref> In 1890, Mouchette was responsible for founding the Melbourne branch of the Alliance française. Meetings were held at Oberwyl, where Lion taught the Alliance française's first French language classes in Australia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Popularising the French Language |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/139140857 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Australasian |date=2 August 1890}}</ref> In December that year ''Table Talk'' reported that 'a large and fashionable' group of parents and friends attended Oberwyl's annual ''Soirée Musicale et Dramatique'', where the 'feature of the evening' was a French play about the discovery of Australia, written by Marie Lion for the occasion and presented by students.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madame Mouchette's Soiree |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/147283633 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Table Talk |date=12 December 1890}}</ref> In the depression that followed the Melbourne land boom of the 1880s, Berthe Mouchette was forced to sell the school and her assets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Advertising |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/199331233 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Age |date=29 July 1892}}</ref>

Lion and her sister arrived in Adelaide in 1892 to start a new life. They joined the South Australian Society of Arts and began exhibiting, offering art classes, and teaching the children of wealthy Adelaideans, such as the lawyer and politician, Edward Hawker and the surgeon, Sir Edward Stirling. Later, they had a studio adjacent to that of Margaret Preston and Bessie Davidson in the Adelaide Steamship Building in Currie Street, where they taught painting, drawing and French language and literature.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Week |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/164110045 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Observer |date=20 June 1908}}</ref> Lion and her sister offered their studio to the Australian feminist Vida Goldstein in 1909 for a meeting about issues including equal pay for equal work, equal custody and guardianship of children, equal marriage, and divorce laws.<ref>{{cite news |title=Non-Party Politics for Women |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/57858177 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Register |date=4 June 1909}}</ref> Mademoiselle Lion's art was not reviewed as favourably as Madame Mouchette's; her strengths were more in the area of literature.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1893-09-29 |title=The S.A. Society of Arts |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166403055 |access-date=2022-09-27 |work=Quiz and the Lantern}}</ref> One of Lion's numerous public presentations on aspects of French culture was a lecture to the Association of French teachers on Victor Hugo at the University of Adelaide in August 1913.<ref>{{cite news |title=Victor Hugo |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60060190 |access-date=24 September 2022 |work=Register |date=6 August 1913}}</ref>

Following the theosophist Annie Besant's visit to Adelaide in 1894,<ref>{{cite news |title=Lecture at the Town Hall |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/25743200 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Advertiser |date=30 November 1894}}</ref> Lion joined the Theosophical Society. She wrote articles for ''The Critic'', detailing the sisters' trip to India in late 1902 and early 1903, when they visited the organisation's headquarters at Adyar in South Madras and stayed with Besant.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lion |first1=Marie |title=Gaya. Where Two Great Faiths Meet |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/211403229 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Critic |date=30 March 1904}}; {{cite news |last1=Lion |first1=Marie |title=On the Frontier of Thibet |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/211403544 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Critic |date=30 March 1904}}</ref> Theosophical beliefs were to play an important part in the three novels that she wrote in French between 1908 and 1913, while living at Mylor in the hills outside Adelaide .

During World War I, Lion returned to France and volunteered as a nurse, working night shifts in a Paris hospital. While there she shared a flat with Bessie Davidson.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Erda |title=French-Australian at the War |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59382355 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Mail |issue=26 February 1916}}</ref> Following her return to Adelaide in February 1916, she received numerous invitations to speak about aspects of wartime France.

After Lion's death in May 1922, she was described as 'a gifted and cultured lady, who exercised a considerable influence' on the cultural life of Adelaide for thirty years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=A Contributer |title=Madame Marie Lion |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/73367235 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Advertiser |date=11 May 1922}}</ref>

== Novels == Lion wrote three novels in French and published them under the pseudonym Noël Aimir, an anagram of her name:

* Lion, Marie [Noël Aimir']. ''Vers La Lumière''. Edinburgh: Constable, 1910. (Translated into English: Aimir, Noël. ''The Black Pearl''. Melbourne: George Robertson, 1911.) * Lion, Marie ['Noël Aimir']. ''La Dévadâsi''. Adelaide: Hussey & Gillingham, 1911. * Lion, Marie ['Noël Aimir']. ''Les Dieux Interviennent''. Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1916. (Republished: Léon, Marie [sic]. ''Pour Sauver la Reine''. Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1922.)

''Vers la Lumière'' ('Towards the Light' or 'Towards Enlightenment') was inspired by Besant's visit to Adelaide in 1908. Its narrator, a young French woman named Jeanne, comes to her uncle’s station on the edge of Lake Alexandrina in rural South Australia. She is faced with a choice between two suitors: Hector, a devout, virtuous, but rigid Anglican minister, and Allan, a married man for whom she feels a powerful physical attraction.<ref>Historian Lisa Featherstone suggests that Lion is one of the 'few, rare and brave, women' of early twentieth-century Australia who, in her writing, challenged the dominant notions of women as 'maternal, rather than sexual, beings' {{cite journal |last1=Featherstone |first1=Lisa |title=Rethinking Female Pleasure: purity and desire in early twentieth-century Australia |journal=Women's History Review |date=2012 |volume=21 |issue=5 |page=721|doi=10.1080/09612025.2012.658181 |s2cid=144317093 }}</ref> She decides to choose Allan but, just before eloping with him, happens upon Besant giving a lecture in the Adelaide Town Hall. Overwhelmed by the power of the oratory and the content of the oration, she turns to Theosophy and its spiritual path. ''Vers la Lumière'' was published in Edinburgh in 1910. Lion's friend and fellow artist, Maude Wholohan, translated a slightly revised version into English, and the Melbourne publisher George Robertson released it under the title ''The Black Pearl'' in 1911.<ref>It was not possible to use a more direct translation of the French title, because Robertson had recently published Doudy, Jane Sarah. ['Mrs Henry A. Doudy]. ''Growing Towards the Light''. Melbourne: George Robertson, 1909.</ref>

Lion's next book, ''La Dévadâsi'', was hailed as the first novel published in French in Australia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Literary |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/211438940 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Critic |date=20 December 1911}}</ref> It is an exotic and fast-moving tale set in India, and draws on research that Lion undertook in late 1902 and early 1903. Again, the story hinges on powerful and illicit sexual urges. Nellie Hunter, a young Irishwoman, visits Chandannagar, where she is possessed by the spirit of a devadasi – or temple dancer – who, instead of chastely devoting her life to the goddess Kali, had had a relationship with Hunter’s great-great-uncle. An Adelaide reviewer referred to Lion's 'great ability as a writer of fiction', her 'powerful imagination', and 'her singular aptitude for devising dramatic situations'.<ref>{{cite news |title=A French Novel |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5320591 |access-date=24 September 2022 |work=Advertiser |date=30 December 1911}}</ref>

''Les Dieux Interviennent'' ('The Gods Intervene') was completed in 1913, but the outbreak of war meant that Plon-Nourrit, Lion’s French publishers, did not release it until 1916. The novel was described as a 'stirring romance of the French Revolution'.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Gifted Lady |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/212245544 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Critic |date=1 March 1922}}</ref> The narrator, the sixteen-year-old Berthe-Angélique de Pémilhat du Roq, meets Maximilien Robespierre and tries to help Marie Antoinette escape execution. In February 1922, Lion signed a contract with Plon-Nourrit to publish a popular version of ''Les Dieux Interviennent'' in an edition of 20,000 copies. She died on 3 May, and the book was published posthumously later in the year in Paris, under the title of ''Pour Sauver la Reine'' ('To Save the Queen'), with the author named as Marie Léon [sic].

== Further reading == * {{cite book |last1=Drury |first1=John |title=Two French Sisters in Australia: Berthe Mouchette and Marie Lion, artists and teachers |date=2021 |publisher=Anchor |location=Melbourne |isbn=9780648835028}} * {{cite journal |last1=Butterss |first1=Philip |title=Australia's First French Novelist: Marie Lion |journal=Westerly Online |date=2018 |volume=6 |issue=Special Issue: South Australia |pages=88–98 |url=https://westerlymag.com.au/online-special-issue-westerly-south-australia/}}

== References ==  {{Reflist}}

== External links == * Lion, Marie (1855-1922). ''The French–Australian Dictionary of Biography''. ISFAR. https://www.isfar.org.au/bio/lion-marie-1855-1922/ * Mouchette, Berthe (1846-1928). ''The French–Australian Dictionary of Biography''. ISFAR. https://www.isfar.org.au/bio/mouchette-berthe-1846-1928/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lion, Marie}} Category:1855 births Category:1922 deaths Category:Artists from Melbourne Category:Writers from Melbourne Category:Australian art educators Category:Australian women art educators Category:Writers from Adelaide Category:20th-century Australian women novelists Category:Language teachers Category:20th-century Australian women artists Category:French emigrants Category:19th-century Australian writers Category:People from the Colony of Victoria Category:People from Marseillan, Hérault Category:20th-century Australian novelists