Marie-Dominique Philippe

{{Short description|French philosopher and theologian (1912–2006)}} {{more citations needed|date=April 2014}} {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = The Reverend | name = Marie-Dominique Philippe | honorific_suffix = OP | image = Marie-Dominique Philippe.jpg | birth_name = Henri Philippe | birth_date = 8 September 1912 | birth_place = Cysoing, France | death_date = {{death date and age|26 August 2006|8 September 1912}} | death_place = Saint-Jodard, France }} '''Marie-Dominique Philippe''', OP (8 September 1912 in Nord (French department) – 26 August 2006 in Loire) was a Dominican philosopher and theologian.

He was ordained in 1936. He was a professor of philosophy at the University of Fribourg from 1945 to 1982 where he held the chair of Metaphysics. Before becoming the subject of sexual allegations, he was considered one of the most important French Catholic theologians after Vatican II.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Philippe |first1=Marie-Dominique |title=Les Trois Sagesses |last2=Lenoir, Frédéric |publisher=Fayard |year=1994 |isbn=9782213592527 |pages=11–13}}</ref> While remaining a Dominican friar, he founded the Community of St. John in 1975. In 2013, the community's prior general, Br. Thomas Joachim, made known the first complaints of sexual abuse against Philippe.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Brothers of Saint John: key moments in our history |url=https://brothers-saint-john.org/who-we-are/our-history/key-moments/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Brothers of St. John |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Life== Marie-Dominique Philippe was born on 8 September 1912 at Cysoing, France, the eighth of twelve children. From the age of six, Philippe read for his uncle, Dominican Father {{ill|Peter Thomas Dehau|fr}}, who was going blind.<ref name=com/> After having completed his secondary education with the Jesuits at Lille, he entered the Order of Preachers (the Dominicans) in November 1930 at Amiens. He pronounced his religious vows in November 1931, and pursued his studies in philosophy and theology at the Saulchoir in Kain (Belgium) from 1931 to 1938. He was ordained priest in July 1936. Having first graduated in philosophy ("Wisdom in Aristotle" being the subject of his lectorat dissertation) he went on to complete a doctorate in theology.<ref name=stjean>{{Cite web |url=http://archives.stjean.com/EN/biography_mdp.php |title="Biography of Father Marie-Dominique Philippe, o.p." |access-date=2015-02-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150224005522/http://archives.stjean.com/EN/biography_mdp.php |archive-date=2015-02-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After obtaining an additional diploma of Higher Studies, he taught philosophy and theology at the Saulchoir at Étiolles (the Dominican House of Studies of the Paris Province) from 1939 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1962, and philosophy at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland) from 1945 to 1982.<ref name=stjean/> From 1982 until two months before his death on 26 August 2006, he continued teaching philosophy and theology at the houses of studies of the Congregation of Saint John in France.

==Congregation of St John== During the summer of 1975, five students began to live a communal life. Father Philippe would visit once a week to provide "spiritual direction". The students asked Philippe for assistance in forming a religious community. The brothers initially lived at the monastery of Lerins, where they drew inspiration from Pope Paul VI's "Evangelii Nuntiandi". In 1978 they took the name "Community of Saint John". Fr. Philippe drafted a rule of life based in part on the prayer of Christ in Chapter 17 of Saint John's Gospel.<ref name=com/>

Two branches of nuns were also established, the contemplative in 1982, and the apostolic in 1984.<ref name=com>{{Cite web |url=https://communityofstjohn.force.com/csj/s/Article?ID=a1Ki0000001KW78EAG |title="The Founder", Community of St. John |access-date=2015-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224061708/https://communityofstjohn.force.com/csj/s/Article?ID=a1Ki0000001KW78EAG |archive-date=2015-02-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Father Philippe died peacefully on the morning of Saturday 26 August 2006, at the priory of Saint Jodard (France).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/95256 |title="Padre Marie-Dominique Philippe", Santi e Beati |publisher=Santiebeati.it |date=2010-08-15 |accessdate=2019-02-11}}</ref> He had been cared for there since his stroke on 20 July. He would have been 94 years old on 8 September.

==Sexual abuse== The Community of St. Jean admitted in 2013 that Philippe had behaved "in ways that went against chastity" with several adult women.

In June 2016, Father Philippe was accused of ongoing sexual abuse by a former Carmelite nun who received spiritual direction from him.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fournier|first1=Anne-Claire|title=Temoinage de Anne-Claire Fournier|url=https://www.avref.fr/fichiers/TEMOIGNAGE-Anne-Claire-Fournier.pdf|website=AVREF (Aide aux Victimes Derives dans les Mouvements Religieux en Europe et À Leurs Familles)|accessdate=November 4, 2017}}</ref> These accusations came out as part of an investigation into similar allegations against Father Philippe's brother, Father Thomas Philippe. In February 2019, Pope Francis spoke about a women's religious community which Pope Benedict dissolved, saying that "a certain slavery of women had crept in, slavery to the point of sexual slavery on the part of clergy or the founder."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/40492/full-text-of-pope-francis-in-flight-press-conference-from-abu-dhabi|title=Full text of Pope Francis In flight interview on February 5, 2019|date=5 February 2019|agency=Catholic News Agency|access-date=5 February 2019|quote=Pope Benedict had the courage to dissolve a women’s congregation that had a certain level because this slavery of women had entered, even sexual slavery, by clerics or by the founder.}}</ref> It was further clarified by the Holy See Press Office, that the Pope did not mean "sexual slavery" but rather "manipulation."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2019/02/07/pope-meant-manipulation-when-he-spoke-of-sexual-slavery-of-women-religious-vatican-says/|title=Pope meant 'manipulation' when he spoke of 'sexual slavery' of women religious, Vatican says|date=2019-02-07|website=Catholic Herald|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> Following the numerous reactions, the Community has published an official statement on its website, accompanied by a chronology of the events from 2009 to 2014, in relationship with the contemplative sisters of Saint John.<ref name="AP News">{{cite news| url = https://apnews.com/397f2c76afc04532908035a66ccaacc8| title = Pope publicly acknowledges clergy sexual abuse of nuns | last = Winfield| first = Nicole| date = 5 February 2019| work = Associated Press| access-date = 5 February 2019 | quote = Francis said the sisters had been reduced to "sexual slavery" at the hands of the Rev. Marie-Dominique Philippe and other priests.}}</ref> In 2023, the Brothers published a 826 page report detailing some of the proven abuse committed by members of their community, including how Father Philippe misformed the philosophy and theology of the brothers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freres-saint-jean.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/11/Comprendre_et_Guerir_Juin_2023.pdf }}</ref> The report confirmed the serial sexual mistreatment of nuns by many of the brothers.

==Works== * ''Mystères de Misericorde'' (Mary, Mystery of Mercy), 1958 * ''The Mystery of Joseph'' * ''Retracing Reality'', 2001 * L'être * De L'être à Dieu * De l'amour * Suivre l'Agneau * Un seul Dieu tu adoreras * Les trois sagesses * J'ai soif

==References==

==Further reading== * Peltereau-Villeneuve, Benoît-Emmanuel, Schwizgebel, Ariane, ''Le père Marie-Dominique Philippe, ouvrier de la sagesse'', Philippe-Marie Mossu (Preface), Les Plans (Switzerland): Parole et Silence Editions, 2012, {{ISBN|2889180700}} * Marie-Dominique Philippe : au coeur de l'église du XXe siècle, ecrit par Marie-Christine Lafon, Paris: Desclee de Brouwer, 2015, {{ISBN|978-2-220-06630-1}}.

== External links == *[http://www.communityofstjohn.com/?rub=beginnings Community of St. John in the United States] *[https://chercheurdeverite.wordpress.com/2016/05/15/searcher-of-truth/?rub=beginnings Website in defense of Father Philippe] *[http://mdphilippe.over-blog.com/?rub=beginnings Website about Father Philippe mdphilippe.over-blog.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philippe, Marie-Dominique}} Category:French Dominicans Category:Founders of Catholic religious communities Category:1912 births Category:2006 deaths Category:Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in France Category:Sexual abuse of women in the Catholic Church