{{short description|Venezuelan major general}} [[File:Martin Tovar y Tovar 31.jpg|thumb|250px|Mariano Montilla.<br /> Portrait by [[Martín Tovar y Tovar]]]] '''Mariano Montilla''' (8 September 1782 in [[Caracas]] – 22 September 1851 in Caracas) was a major general of the Army of [[Venezuela]] in the [[Venezuelan War of Independence]].<ref name=venezuelatuya> {{cite web |url=https://www.venezuelatuya.com/biografias/mariano_montilla.htm |title=Mariano Montilla: Hasta la Independencia |publisher=venezuelatuya.com S.A. |language=Spanish |accessdate=2009-05-10}} </ref>
==Biography==
===Youth=== As a young man he went to Spain where he joined the American King's [[Life guard (military)|Life Guard]]. In 1801, under the command of [[Manuel Godoy]], he fought in the [[War of the Oranges|Oranges War]] between Spain and Portugal and was wounded at the battle of Olivenza. He then returned to Caracas. In 1808 he was active in the emerging revolution for the independence of Venezuela. Following the events of the [[:es:Revolución del 19 de abril de 1810|Revolution of April 19, 1810]] where Montilla participated, the commanding General and other colonial officials designated by [[Joseph Bonaparte]] to oversee the [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]], were deposed by an expanded municipal government in Caracas that called itself: the [[Supreme Junta]] to Preserve the Rights of Ferdinand VII (''La Suprema Junta Conservadora de los Derechos de Fernando VII''). One of the first measures of revolutionaries was to send diplomatic missions abroad to seek support and recognition of the Supreme Junta of Caracas as the legitimate councilor of Venezuela in the absence of the King. Montilla along with [[Vicente Salias]] were sent by the Junta to [[Jamaica]] and [[Curaçao]] to spread the news about revolutionaries events in Venezuela. Later that year he was appointed commander of a squadron of militia volunteers from the valleys of Aragua. Subordinate first to the Marquis del Toro, then to [[Francisco de Miranda]], in 1811 he fought in the insurgency that erupted in [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]]. Between 1811 and 1812 he retired to [[Philadelphia]] in the [[United States]] to recover his health.<ref name=venezuelatuya/>
===War of Independence===
After the campaign of 1813 Mariano Montilla joined the forces of [[Simón Bolívar]] and was engaged in several battles between 1813 and 1814. In 1814, following defeat by the royalists, he was forced to emigrate to [[Cartagena de Indias]] in the [[United Provinces of New Granada|New Granada]], where he undertook the defense of the city against the [[Siege of Cartagena (1815)|siege imposed]] by the Spanish general [[Pablo Morillo]]. He was named military governor of the city and promoted to colonel in 1815. When the city fell to Morillo army on December 6, 1815, he escaped to [[Haiti]], and later aided general Bolívar in the unsuccessful naval [[:es:Expédition de los Cayos|expedition of Los Cayos]]. After a period of residence in the United States, in 1817 he took command of the [[Isla Margarita|island of Margarita]], from which base he led the campaigns against Barcelona and Cumana.<ref name=venezuelatuya/>
In 1820, in Margarita, he took command of the Irish Legion which had newly arrived under the leadership of [[William Aylmer]] and [[Francisco Burdett O'Connor|Francis O'Connor]]. Bolivar employed the Legion as an amphibious raiding force supported by [[Luis Brion]] fleet, harassing royalist garrisons on the north coast of New Granada to distract enemy attention from his own inland campaign. As commanding general Montilla led in the battles of Fonseca, Tablazo and Molino, the withdrawal from Valledupar and the successful battle of Laguna Salada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.illyria.com/irish/irishven.html |title=Venezuela's Irish Legacy |author=Brian McGinn |publisher=Irish America Magazine (New York) Vol. VII, No. XI |date=November 1991 |pages=34–37 |accessdate=2009-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216231428/http://www.illyria.com/irish/irishven.html |archive-date=2013-02-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later in 1820 he landed in Sabanilla, in the province of Cartagena, opened the port for trade, defeated the royalists at Pueblo Nuevo and established communications with Bolivar's forces in the interior of New Granada.<ref name=venezuelatuya/>
In September 1821 he was promoted to brigadier general and that year continue the pivotal [[Siege of Cartagena (1820–21)|siege of Cartagena]] assisted by naval forces under [[José Prudencio Padilla]]. The city fell on October 10, 1821, after a siege lasting 159 days. Among the defenders who surrendered was Brigadier Gabriel Torres, commander of the royalist forces. The patriots captured large stores of gunpowder, lead, rifles and field pieces.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/biografias/padijose.htm |title=PADILLA, JOSÉ PRUDENCIO |publisher=La Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango |author=RÍOS PEÑALOZA, Gilma |language=Spanish |accessdate=2009-05-10 |archive-date=2009-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303112130/http://lablaa.org/blaavirtual/biografias/padijose.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1823 [[Maracaibo]] fell to the forces sent by the Spanish Field Marshal [[Francisco Tomás Morales]]. Montilla moved to [[Riohacha]] to establish a base of operations for the liberation of Maracaibo, which was achieved after a [[Battle of Lake Maracaibo]] fought on July 24, 1823, isolated the Spanish from relief.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.laguia2000.com/venezuela/la-batalla-naval-de-maracaibo |title=La Batalla Naval de Maracaibo |publisher=La Guía 2000 |language=Spanish |accessdate=2009-05-10}} </ref>
===Later career===
In 1824, Montilla was appointed commanding general of the department of Zulia and promoted to divisional general. The following year he returned to Cartagena de Indias, where he served as commander of the department of [[Magdalena Department|Magdalena]]. In 1828 he was appointed leader of department of the Isthmus (Panama) and Magdalena.<ref name=venezuelatuya/> In 1830 he was involved in a movement that supported [[Rafael Urdaneta]] as president of [[Gran Colombia]]. As a result, in January 1832, the Ministry of War and Navy of New Granada passed a decree deemed him a traitor to the fatherland and expelled him from New Granada.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.venezuelatuya.com/biografias/federicotomasadlercreutz.htm |title=Federico Tomás Adlercreutz |publisher=venezuelatuya.com S.A. |language=Spanish |accessdate=2009-05-10}} </ref> However, in January 1833, Congress allowed him to return, and in November 1833 Montilla was appointed minister plenipotentiary to restore friendly relations with England and France and to seek recognition of Venezuelan independence from Spain, a mission that was largely successful.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.irlandeses.org/0903rodriguez.htm |title=Under Three Flags: The Diplomatic Career of Daniel Florence O'Leary |author=Moisés Enrique Rodríguez |publisher=Society for Irish Latin American Studies |accessdate=2009-05-10}} </ref> He died in Caracas in 1851, and in 1896 his remains were moved to the [[National Pantheon of Venezuela]].<ref> {{cite web |title=Panteón nacional |date=14 August 2003 |url=http://www.monografias.com/trabajos13/panteon/panteon.shtml |publisher=Monografias.com S.A. |accessdate=2009-05-10}} </ref>
==References== {{reflist}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Montilla, Mariano}} [[Category:1782 births]] [[Category:1851 deaths]] [[Category:Military personnel from Caracas]] [[Category:People of the Venezuelan War of Independence]] [[Category:Viceroyalty of New Granada people]] [[Category:Venezuelan revolutionaries]] [[Category:Government ministers of Venezuela]] [[Category:Burials at the National Pantheon of Venezuela]]