Argyranthemum frutescens

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} {{Speciesbox | image = Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. canariae.JPG | genus = Argyranthemum | species = frutescens | authority = (L.) Sch.Bip. | synonyms_ref = <ref name=h>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-38385 The Plant List ''Argyranthemum frutescens'' (L.) Sch.Bip. ]</ref> | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=Synonymy |''Anthemis frutescens'' Voss |''Chrysanthemum floridum'' Salisb. |''Chrysanthemum foliosum'' Brouss. ex DC. |''Chrysanthemum frutescens'' L. |''Chrysanthemum fruticosum'' Buch |''Matricaria frutescens'' Desr |''Pyrethrum frutescens'' (L.) Gaertn. |''Pyrethrum frutescens'' (L.) Willd. }} }} {{Commons category|Argyranthemum frutescens}}

'''''Argyranthemum frutescens''''', known as '''Paris daisy''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |accessdate=2014-10-17 }}</ref> '''marguerite''' or '''marguerite daisy''', is a perennial plant known for its flowers. It is native to the Canary Islands (part of Spain).<ref>Humphries, C. J. 1976. A revision of the Macaronesian genus ''Argyranthemum'' Webb ex Schultz Bip. (Compositae–Anthemideae). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 5: 147–240.</ref> Hybrids derived from this species (garden marguerites) are widely cultivated as ornamental plants in private gardens and public parks in many countries, and have naturalized in Italy<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=argyranthemum+frutescens Altervista Flora Italiana Margherita delle Canarie, ''Argyranthemum frutescens'' (L.) Sch. Bip.]</ref> and southern California.<ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Argyranthemum%20frutescens.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref> There are many cultivars, but the most common has white petals.<ref>[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=9021 Calflora taxon report, University of California, ''Argyranthemum frutescens'' (L.) Schultz-Bip. marguerite ]</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2020}}

==Description== It is a perennial shrub that grows to about {{cvt|20|–|80|cm}}. The strongly branched plant often grows globose-bushy with ascending to upright branches. The alternate, more or less fleshy and blue-green leaves are in outline oval to oval-lanceolate, {{cvt|1-8|cm|in|1}} long and {{cvt|4-6|cm|in}} wide. The foliage is green. The inflorescences are loose with 4 to 30 daisy-like flower heads, white with a yellow center, up to {{cvt|2|cm|in}} in diameter.<ref name=BramBram01>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Bramwell |first1=David |last2=Bramwell |first2=Zoë |date=2001 |contribution=Argyranthemum frutescens |title=Wild Flowers of the Canary Islands |page=338 |location=Madrid |publisher=Editorial Rueda |isbn=978-84-7207-129-2 |edition=2nd |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

In most subspecies, the ligules of the ray florets are about 8 mm long, pure white, female and form fertile achenes, which are triangular to horn-like winged. The achenes of the yellow tubular central flowers are sterile and one-winged. The pappus is always irregularly crown-shaped. The flower is very fragrant. The flower opens its petals in the morning and closes them at night.<ref>Hohenester, Adalbert and Welß, Walter: excursion flora for the Canary Islands . Publisher Eugen Ulmer 1993, {{ISBN|3-8001-3466-7}}.</ref>

==Subspecies== List:<ref name=h/> * ''Argyranthemum frutescens'' subsp. ''canariae'' (Christ) Humphries * ''Argyranthemum frutescens'' subsp. ''foeniculaceum'' (Pit. & Proust) Humphries * ''Argyranthemum frutescens'' subsp. ''frutescens'' * ''Argyranthemum frutescens'' subsp. ''gracilescens'' (Christ) Humphries * ''Argyranthemum frutescens'' subsp. ''pumilum'' Humphries

==Distribution and habitat== Like the other ''Argyranthemum'' species, the shrub marguerite originates from the Canary Islands. On El Hierro, La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria it is common in the coastal regions, on La Palma very rare. Overall, it is the most common species of the genus in the Canary Islands. The plant often grows in succulent shrubbery on well-drained, poor soils in full sun, preferably also near the coast at altitudes up to 700 meters.

Along with full sunlight, this plant needs organic matter in high quantities in order to grow, while it also requires very well drained soil. The plant can die if overwhelmed with water. It is tolerant of low temperatures, although it cannot survive freezing. It requires a lot of sunlight and must be protected from the wind.<ref>Gordon Cheers (ed.): Botanica . Random House Australia 2003. German edition: Tandem Verlag GmbH 2003, {{ISBN|3-8331-1600-5}} .</ref>

==Cultivation== ''Argyranthemum frutescens'' subsp. ''canariae'' has been given the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) by the Royal Horticultural Society.<ref name=RHS_Afc>{{citation |year=2020 |title='' Argyranthemum frutescens'' subsp. ''canariae'' |work=Plant finder & selector / RHS Gardening |publisher=The Royal Horticultural Society |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/77153/Argyranthemum-frutescens-subsp-canariae/Details |accessdate=2012-02-23}}</ref> Many of the plants grown under the name "''Argyranthemum frutescens''" are cultivars of garden marguerites, some being hybrids between this species and related genera. The cultivars produce prolific single or double-flowered daisy-like flowers in shades of white, pink, yellow and purple throughout summer.<ref name=FlorShawWats18>{{Citation |last1=Flores |first1=Anita |last2=Shaw |first2=Julian |last3=Watson |first3=John |date=2018 |title=Unpicking a daisy chain |journal=The Plantsman |series=New Series |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=238–243 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> In the UK climate, they are generally half-hardy, and can be grown from seed or cuttings, or purchased as young plants to be planted out after all danger of frost has passed.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref>

==See also== *''Leucanthemum'', similar looking plant of different genus

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * Plants database [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ARFR11 United States Department of Agriculture plants profile, ''Argyranthemum frutescens''] * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?80286&expand=1 Jepson Manual Online, ''Argyranthemum frutescens''] * [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a488 Missouri Botanical Garden, Gardening Help, Plant Finder] * [http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=5710 Royal Horticultural Society, London] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130208063319/http://www.easybloom.com/plantlibrary/plant/marguerite-daisy-11 Easy Bloom, Marguerite daisy, Madeira White Improved ''(Argyranthemum frutescens)''] * {{cite journal |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Antonio G. |last2=Estevez-Reyes |first2=Rafael |last3=Estevez-Braun |first3=Ana |last4=Ravelo |first4=Angel G. |last5=Jimenez |first5=Ignacio A. |last6=Bazzocchi |first6=Isabel L. |last7=Aguilar |first7=Marcelino A. |last8=Moujir |first8=Laila |title=Biological activities of some Argyranthemum species |journal=Phytochemistry |date=July 1997 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=963–967 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00063-0 |pmid=9214777 |bibcode=1997PChem..45..963G }} * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230302222638/https://www.theflowerexpert.com/content/flowerbusiness/flowergrowersandsellers/national-native-popular-flowers-of-denmark National flower of Denmark]}}

Category:Glebionidinae Category:Endemic flora of the Canary Islands Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Garden plants Category:National symbols of Denmark