{{Short description|Armenian-Lebanese architect (1889–1958)}}
{{Infobox architect | name = Mardiros Altounian | native_name = Մարտիրոս Ալթունեան | native_name_lang = hy | image = Portrait of Architect Mardiros Altounian.png | image_size = | alt = | caption = Portrait of Mardiros Altounian (oil on canvas, 1946) by Moustafa Farroukh, Sursock Museum, Beirut | birth_date = {{birth date|1889|9|21}} | birth_place = [[Bursa]], [[Ottoman Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1958|12|20|1889|9|21}} | death_place = [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]] | alma_mater = [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]], Paris (1918) | significant_buildings = [[Lebanese Parliament Building]]<br>Al-Abed Clock Tower<br>Armenian Sanatorium of Azounieh<br>Melkonian Benefactors' Mausoleum }}
'''Mardiros Altounian''' ({{Langx|hy|Մարտիրոս Ալթունեան}}; 21 September 1889 – 19 December 1958) was an Armenian-Lebanese architect active during the [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]] period and early [[independence of Lebanon]]. Born in [[Bursa]] in the late [[Ottoman Empire]], he trained at the [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]] in [[Paris]] and became one of the most prominent architects working in [[Beirut]] during the interwar period. He is best known for designing the [[Lebanese Parliament Building]] (completed 1934) at [[Nejmeh Square]], the Al-Abed Clock Tower, the Armenian Sanatorium of Azounieh, and the Melkonian Benefactors' Mausoleum in [[Nicosia]], Cyprus.
== Early life and education ==
Mardiros Altounian was born on 21 September 1889 in [[Bursa]], a major city in western Anatolia then part of the Ottoman Empire, into the Armenian community of the region.{{sfn|Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia|1980}}{{Sfn|Migliorino|2008|p=79}} He subsequently pursued architectural studies in Bulgaria,{{Sfn|Migliorino|2008|p=79}} then in France, graduating from the [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]] in Paris in 1918.{{sfn|Trad|2001}} The École des Beaux-Arts was the preeminent institution for architectural training in France, and its graduates were grounded in the classical tradition of French neoclassicism combined with Renaissance and Baroque influences, a synthesis known internationally as the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts style]].{{sfn|Middleton|Watkin|1980|pp=32–33}} Altounian's formation in Paris also exposed him to Oriental architectural idioms then fashionable in European design schools, drawing on sources from Istanbul, Cairo, and the Levant.{{Sfn|Dumont|2013|p=198}}{{sfn|Pinon|2009}}
== Career in Lebanon == [[File:Beirut - Downtown - Lebanese parliament.JPG|thumb|[[Lebanese Parliament]]]]Following his graduation and marriage in 1919, he relocated to Beirut to join his family, who had already settled there. At that time, Beirut had become the capital of the newly established [[Greater Lebanon]] under the [[French Mandate (Lebanon)|French Mandate]] (1920–1943), and Altounian was appointed as an architect within the Ministry of Public Works.{{Sfn|Migliorino|2008|p=79}}{{Sfn|L'Orient le Jour staff|1999}} The French authorities undertook an ambitious program of urban modernization in Beirut's city center during the 1920s and 1930s, transforming the area around what would become [[Nejmeh Square|Place de l'Étoile]] (Nejmeh Square) into a [[Second Empire style|Haussmann]]-inspired star-shaped plaza, a plan drafted by [[Camille Duraffourd]] and executed between 1926 and 1933.{{sfn|Archnet|2021}} Altounian became one of the central architects commissioned to design buildings around the square,{{Sfn|Migliorino|2008|p=79}}{{Sfn|L'Orient le Jour staff|1999}}
Altounian's most celebrated work is the [[Lebanese Parliament Building]], situated on [[Nejmeh Square]] in central Beirut. Commissioned during the French Mandate in 1933 and completed in 1934, the building serves as the seat of the [[Parliament of Lebanon]].{{Sfn|Migliorino|2008|p=79}}{{sfn|Trad|2001}}{{Sfn|L'Orient le Jour staff|1999}}
Advised by the authorities to design the building in the spirit of Lebanese tradition, Altounian undertook research visits to the Emirs' palaces in the [[Chouf Mountains]], drawing on local vernacular forms while synthesizing them with the Beaux-Arts vocabulary of his Parisian training.{{sfn|Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia|1980}}{{Sfn|Fakhoury|2019|pp=100–101}} He also drew on Oriental styles then being interpreted by architects working in Paris, Istanbul, and Cairo.{{sfn|Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia|1980}} The building integrates Beaux-Arts compositional principles with distinctly Levantine decorative elements, including twin and triple arch windows, and a limestone façade adorned with recessed panels, arched openings, and tiered muqarnas (stalactite vaulting).{{sfn|Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia|1980}} The interior features a reinforced concrete frame supporting a cupola of twenty meters in diameter covering the chamber of deputies.{{sfn|Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia|1980}} Before the [[Lebanese Civil War]], the building also housed the National Library; the library's collection of approximately 20,000 volumes, including ancient manuscripts, was partly destroyed during the conflict.{{sfn|Petit Futé|2024}}
Also located on [[Nejmeh Square]], the Al-Abed Clock Tower was designed by Altounian and completed in 1934. The tower was a gift to the city of Beirut from Michel Abed, a Lebanese-Brazilian émigré businessman, and its four-faced clock became an iconic element of the square's streetscape.{{sfn|Archnet|2021}}{{Sfn|Migliorino|2008|p=79}}{{Sfn|L'Orient le Jour staff|1999}} [[File:Nejmeh Square beirut.jpg|thumb|A gift from an emigré Miguel Abed, the clock tower in [[Nejmeh Square]]]]Altounian's portfolio extended across a diverse range of civic, religious, and residential commissions. In 1937, he designed the Armenian Sanatorium of Azounieh in the Chouf region, a healthcare facility serving the Armenian community in Lebanon.{{sfn|Trad|2001}} That same period saw the completion of the Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq Mosque at the Port of Beirut and the Al-Daaouk Palace in Hamra.{{Sfn|Fakhoury|2019|pp=100–101}} In 1942, he designed Asmahan Palace in Aley, and in 1947 the Church of the Paulist Fathers in Harissa.{{Sfn|Fakhoury|2019|pp=100–101}} Other works he completed for the Armenian community in Lebanon included the Cathedral of Saint Gregory the Illuminator in Antelias (1939–1940).{{Sfn|Migliorino|2008|p=79}}{{Sfn|L'Orient le Jour staff|1999}} In 1946, he designed the [[Stelae of Nahr el-Kalb|Evacuation Stele]] (Lāwḥat al-Jalāʾ) at Nahr el-Kalb, north of Beirut, commemorating the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Lebanese territory on 31 December 1946, during the presidency of [[Bechara El Khoury|Bechara El-Khoury]].{{Sfn|Fakhoury|2019|pp=100–101}}
== Work abroad == Toward the end of his career, Altounian designed the Melkonian Benefactors' Mausoleum at the [[Melkonian Educational Institute]] in [[Nicosia]], Cyprus, in collaboration with the French-Armenian sculptor Léon Mouradoff. The mausoleum replaced an earlier wooden octagonal trellis monument erected by students in 1935.{{sfn|Hadjilyra|2009|p=31}} Its foundation stone was laid on 24 April 1954 by Bishop Ghevont Chebeyian, and the completed mausoleum was inaugurated on 15 January 1956.{{sfn|Hadjilyra|2009|p=31}} The white marble structure contains the remains of the brothers Krikor Melkonian (1843–1920) and Garabed Melkonian (1849–1934), tobacco traders from Egypt who were the principal benefactors of the institute. The mausoleum features marble engravings and bronze portrait busts of both brothers, and stands between the institute's two main historical buildings.{{sfn|Hadjilyra|2009|p=32}}
== Legacy ==
Altounian died on 19 December 1958 in Beirut.{{Sfn|L'Orient le Jour staff|1999}} His portrait was painted in 1946 by the Lebanese modernist painter [[Moustafa Farroukh]] and is held in the collection of the [[Sursock Museum]] in Beirut.{{sfn|Farroukh|1946}}
As one of the foremost architects active in Lebanon during the French Mandate period, Altounian made a substantial contribution to the built environment of central Beirut at a formative moment in the city's history.{{Sfn|Migliorino|2008|p=79}}
== Selected works ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Building !! Location !! Notes
|-
| 1931–1934 || [[Lebanese Parliament Building]] || [[Nejmeh Square]], Beirut, Lebanon || Seat of the [[Parliament of Lebanon]]; Beaux-Arts with Levantine detailing; 20 m diameter cupola |- |1932 |Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq Mosque |Beirut, Lebanon |Also known as Al-Dabbagha Mosque |-
| 1934 || Miguel Al-Abed Clock Tower || [[Nejmeh Square]], Beirut, Lebanon || Gift of Michel Abed; four-faced clock
|-
| 1937 || Armenian Sanatorium of Azounieh || Azounieh, Chouf district, Lebanon || Healthcare facility for the Armenian community |- |1939–1940 |Cathedral of Saint Gregory the Illuminator |[[Antelias]], Lebanon |Commission for the Armenian community in Lebanon |- |1942 |Villa Asmahan |[[Aley]], Lebanon |Commissioned by Abro Abroyan{{Sfn|El-Jurdi|2015}} |- |1947–1962 |Melkite Greek Catholic Basilica of Saint Paul |[[Harissa-Daraoun]], Lebanon |Byzantine style-inspired basilica |- |1947? |Al-Daaouk Palace |[[Hamra, Beirut|Hamra]], Beirut, Lebanon | |-
| 1954–1956 || Melkonian Benefactors' Mausoleum || [[Melkonian Educational Institute]], Nicosia, Cyprus || With sculptor Léon Mouradoff; white marble; bronze busts of Krikor and Garabed Melkonian
|}
== Gallery == <gallery> File:Nahr el-Kalb Stela 3.jpg|''Lawhat al-Jalaa'' commemorative stela File:Basilique Saint Paul (Harissa).jpg|Saint Paul Basilica in Harissa, Lebanon File:Downtown Beirut.jpg|Foch street and the Abu Bakr al-Siddiq mosque, Beirut File:Mausoluem of Melkonian Brothers in Nicosia.jpg|Melkonian brothers mausoleum in Nicosia File:Mardiros Altounian.jpg|Bust of Altounian at the [[Notre Dame University–Louaize]], Lebanon </gallery>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Sources == * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Altounian, Mardiros |encyclopedia=Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia |volume=1 |year=1980 |publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences |location=Yerevan |language=hy |ref={{sfnRef|Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia|1980}}}} * {{cite web |last=Archnet |title=Place de l'Étoile, Beirut |publisher=ArchNet |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/18747 |access-date=2024-11-01 |ref={{sfnRef|Archnet|2021}}}} * {{Cite book|last=Dumont |first=Paul |date=2013 |editor-last=Ginio |editor-first=E. |editor2-last=Kaser |editor2-first=K. |title=Ottoman Legacies in the Contemporary Mediterranean. The Balkans and the Middle East Compared |url= |journal=|pages=189–207|chapter=Salonica and Beirut: The Reshaping of Two Ottoman Cities of the Eastern Mediterranean|chapter-url=https://ef.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/europe/files/paul_dumont_salonica_and_beirut.pdf}} * {{Cite journal |last=Fakhoury |first=Abed al Latif |date=2019 |title=تاريخ الهندسة المعمارية في بيروت منذ شيخ البنّائين (معمار باشي) إلى مهندز العصر الحديث |trans-title=The history of architecture in Beirut from Sheikh al-Bana'in (Ma'mar Pasha) to modern-day engineer |url= |journal=مرايا التراث [Mirrors of Heritage] |language=ar |volume=8 |pages=82–104}} * {{citation|author=Farroukh, Moustafa |year=1946 |title=Portrait of Architect Mardiros Altounian |medium=Oil on canvas |institution=Sursock Museum |location=Beirut |ref={{sfnRef|Farroukh|1946}}}} * {{cite book |last=Hadjilyra |first=Alexander-Michael |year=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/578323/The_Armenians_of_Cyprus |title=The Armenians of Cyprus |publisher=Kalaydjian Foundation |location=Larnaca |ref=}} * {{Cite web |last=El-Jurdi |first=Sami |title=Villa Asmahan – Aley – Then & Now – Green Titles |url=https://www.greentitles.com/beirut-real-estate-blog/news/villa-asmahan-aley-then-now/ |url-status=live |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.greentitles.com|date=2015}} * {{Cite book |last=Khalaf |first=Samir |url=https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Heart_of_Beirut/6kYhBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=abu+bakr+mosque+beirut+altounian&pg=PT108&printsec=frontcover |title=Heart of Beirut: Reclaiming the Bourj |date=2006-03-01 |publisher=Saqi |isbn=978-0-86356-590-8 |language=en}} * {{cite book |last=Middleton |first=Robin |last2=Watkin |first2=David |year=1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/neoclassical19th0000midd/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Neoclassical and 19th Century Architecture |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |ref=}} * {{Cite book |last=Migliorino |first=Nicola |title=(Re)constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria: ethno-cultural diversity and the state in the aftermath of a refugee crisis |date=2008 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-85745-057-9 |series=Studies in forced migration |location=New York|url=https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Re_constructing_Armenia_in_Lebanon_and_S/y_Sd32i-0owC}} * {{Cite web |last=L'Orient le Jour staff |date=1999-02-02 |title=Un homme évoque l'oeuvre de son père Mardiros Altouian, l'architecte du Parlement , in memoriam.... (photos) |trans-title=A man recalls the work of his father Mardiros Altouian, the architect of the Parliament, in memoriam... (photos) |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/303794/Un_homme_evoque_loeuvre_de_son_pere_Mardiros_Altouian%2C_larchitecte_du_Parlement_%2C_in_memoriam...._%28photos%29.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |language=fr}} * {{cite book |last=Pinon |first=Pierre |url=https://books.openedition.org/inha/4904?lang=en |title=L'Orientalisme architectural entre imaginaires et savoirs |publisher=Publications de l'Institut national d'histoire de l'art |year=2009 |editor-last=Oulebsir |editor-first=Nabila |location=Paris |chapter=Les fondements de l'orientalisme architectural en France. Les cours d'histoire de l'architecture de Jean Nicolas Huyot à l'École des beaux-arts (1823–1840) |doi=10.4000/books.inha.3348 |ref= |editor2-last=Volait |editor2-first=Mercedes}} * {{cite web |last=Trad |first=André |year=2001 |title=The Legacy of Modern Architecture in Beirut |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807000000/http://worldviewcities.org/beirut/legacy.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |ref={{sfnRef|Trad|2001}}}} * {{cite book |title=Petit Futé Beyrouth |year=2024 |publisher=Petit Futé |location=Paris |ref={{sfnRef|Petit Futé|2024}}}} ==See also== *[[Youssef Aftimus]] *[[list of Lebanese architects]] == External links ==
* [https://structurae.net/en/persons/mardiros-altounian Mardiros Altounian] at Structurae
* [https://zarkfoundation.com/en/library/mardiros-altounian/ Mardiros Altounian] at the Zark Foundation Library {{DEFAULTSORT:Altounian, Mardiros}} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDvjMzWIr9g Video of a tribute to Altounian and unveiling of a sculpture of him] [[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bursa]]
[[Category:Armenian architects]]
[[Category:Lebanese architects]]
[[Category:20th-century architects]] [[Category:Lebanese people of Armenian descent]]