{{Short description|Hair styling technique}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} thumb|François Marcel marcelling his wife's hair, 1922 <!-- Deleted image removed: thumb|Edna Fearon (Liverpool, UK) models the Marcel Wave, circa 1930. -->
'''Marcelling''' is a hair styling technique in which hot curling tongs are used to induce a curl into the hair.<ref>{{cite book | last = Staples | first = Dorothy | title = Time revisited : a memoir | publisher = Iuniverse Inc | location = S.l | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4502-2902-9 | page = 18}}</ref><ref name=1920-30>{{cite web|title=The Marcel Wave|url=http://www.1920-30.com/fashion/hairstyles/marcel-wave.html|website=1920-30.com|access-date=29 August 2012}}</ref> Its appearance was similar to that of a finger wave but it is created using a different method.
Marcelled hair was a popular style for women's hair in the 1920s,<ref name="1920-30" /> often in conjunction with a bob cut.<ref name=1920-30 /> For those women who had longer hair, it was common to tie the hair at the nape of the neck and pin it above the ear with a stylish hair pin or flower. One famous wearer was Josephine Baker.<ref name="encyc-of-hair" />
== History == Accounts vary about the invention of the style, but '''Marcel Grateau''' (October 18, 1852 – May 31, 1936) is widely credited with inventing the hair styling technique in the 1870s (differing accounts report 1872 or 1875).<ref name=encyc-of-hair>{{harvnb|Sherrow|2006|page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/257 257]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Vetica | first = Robert | title = Good to Great Hair: Celebrity Hairstyling Techniques Made Simple | publisher = Fair Winds Press | location = Beverly, Mass | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-59233-357-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/goodtogreathairc0000veti/page/77 77] | url = https://archive.org/details/goodtogreathairc0000veti/page/77 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/marcel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905092436/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/marcel|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2013|title=Marcel|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2012-08-19}}</ref> The inventor and stylist emigrated to the United States and changed his name to '''François Marcel Woelfflé''', sometimes reported as '''François Marcel'''.<ref name=uspatent1277739 /><ref name=1920-30 /> He was granted U.S. patents for implements for performing the technique; the first, U.S. patent 806386, entitled "Curling-Iron", was published in 1905,<ref>{{ cite patent |country=US |number=806386 |status=patent}}</ref> and the second, entitled "Hair-Waving Iron", for an electric version, under the name François Marcel, was published in 1918.<ref name=uspatent1277739>{{ cite patent |country=US |number=1277739 |status=patent}}</ref> His obituary appeared under the name Francois Marcel Grateau in 1936.<ref name=1920-30 />
== In popular culture == *In the 1914 song "By the Beautiful Sea", the female protagonist is said to have a job marcelling hair.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://parlorsongs.com/content/b/bythebeausea-lyr.php | title=By the Beautiful Sea, Lyrics }}</ref>
*The song "Keep Young and Beautiful", popular in 1934, references the hairstyle.<ref>{{harvnb|Sherrow|2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/258 258]}}</ref>
*The doo-wop group the Marcels were named after the hairstyle.<ref>{{cite book|title=Doo Wop: The Music, the Times, the Era|last1=Morrow|first1=Cousin Brucie|last2=Maloof|first2=Rich|publisher=Sterling Pub|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4027-4276-7|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/doowopmusictimes00morr/page/152 152]|url=https://archive.org/details/doowopmusictimes00morr/page/152}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uncamarvy.com/Marcels/marcels.html|title=The Marcels|first=Marv|last=Goldberg|date=2009|access-date=2012-08-19}}</ref>
*British comedian Kenny Everett portrayed an over-the-top French stereotype by the name of Marcel Wave in his TV series.
*In the film ''Some Like It Hot'', actor Tony Curtis stood up his girl who complains she just had her hair marcelled.
== See also == * Permanent wave * List of hairstyles
== References == ;Citations {{reflist}}
;Works cited * {{cite book | last = Sherrow | first = Victoria | title = Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Conn | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-313-33145-6|url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/}}
== External links == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{Wiktionary-inline}}
{{Human hair}}
Category:Hairdressing Category:1920s fashion Category:African-American hair
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