{{short description|Precolonial state in Southern Africa}} The '''Manyika kingdom''' was a precolonial state in modern-day Zimbabwe and Mozambique belonging to the Manyika people (a Shona sub-group). The state was headed by a {{Lang|mxc|Chikanga}} (king), and was famous for its gold production, which was exported to Swahili city-states on the east coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bhila |first=H. H. K. |url=http://archive.org/details/tradepoliticsins0000bhil |title=Trade and politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and their African and Portuquese neighbours, 1575{{endash}}1902 |date=1982 |publisher=Longman |others= |isbn=978-0-582-64354-3 |chapter=Political and economic environment}}</ref>{{Reference page|pages=1, 10}}
Stan Mudenge wrote that the kingdom was founded as a vassal state of the Mutapa Empire during {{Lang|Sn|Mwenemutapa}} Chikuyo's reign (c. 1500) when the king of Barue (another Mutapa vassal) sent his son to conquer the Manyika highlands.<ref name="Mudenge-1988a">{{Cite book |last=Mudenge |first=S. I. G. |url=http://archive.org/details/a-political-history-of-munhumutapa |title=A Political History of Munhumutapa, c. 1400–1902 |date=1988 |publisher=Zimbabwe Publishing House |isbn=0949932302 |chapter=Munhumutapa Empire from the Foundation to the Martyrdom of Fr Silveira: c. 1400 to 1561}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=49}} Hoyini Bhila wrote that Manyika tradition indicates that they had their own rulers, though he said that it was likely conquered by Mutapa sometime after 1494. In the late-16th century the Portuguese established a {{Lang|pt|feira}} (marketplace) in Manyika with Mutapa's approval.<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|pages=12-3}} Manyika gained its independence in the early-17th century while Mutapa was embroiled in civil war.<ref name="Mudenge-1988b">{{Cite book |last=Mudenge |first=S. I. G. |url=http://archive.org/details/a-political-history-of-munhumutapa |title=A Political History of Munhumutapa, c. 1400–1902 |date=1988 |publisher=Zimbabwe Publishing House |isbn=0949932302 |chapter=Portuguese Penetration of Mukaranga c. 1562 to c. 1624: The Wars of Francisco Barreto and Gatsi Rusere}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=243}} In the 1690s Manyika was conquered by Changamire Dombo of the nascent Rozvi Empire who appointed his own candidate as the first ruler of Manyika's Mutasa dynasty (Mudenge wrote that this may have been the exiled {{Lang|Sn|Mwenemutapa}} Nyakunembire).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bhila |first=H. H. K. |url=http://archive.org/details/tradepoliticsins0000bhil |title=Trade and politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and their African and Portuquese neighbours, 1575{{endash}}1902 |date=1982 |publisher=Longman |others= |isbn=978-0-582-64354-3 |chapter=Rozvi Sovereignty in Manyika 1695{{endash}}1795}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=93}}<ref name="Mudenge-1988e">{{Cite book |last=Mudenge |first=S. I. G. |url=http://archive.org/details/a-political-history-of-munhumutapa |title=A Political History of Munhumutapa, c. 1400–1902 |date=1988 |publisher=Zimbabwe Publishing House |isbn=0949932302 |chapter=Mutapa Kingdom and Rise of the Rozvi c. 1684 to c. 1760}}</ref>{{Reference page|pages=292-3}} Manyika continued under Rozvi suzerainty until the mid-18th century when it again became ''de facto'' independent.<ref name=":1" />{{Reference page|page=93}} In the 1830s the region was invaded by Nguni groups who had fled the Mfecane, and during the 1840s and '50s Manyika paid tribute to Soshangane's Gaza Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. D. D. Newitt |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi |title=A History of Mozambique |date=1995 |publisher=Indiana University Press |others= |isbn=978-0-253-34007-8 |chapter=Expansion in the Nineteenth Century}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=287}} In 1890 Manyika was partitioned between Portugal and the British South Africa Company.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhila |first=H. H. K. |url=http://archive.org/details/tradepoliticsins0000bhil |title=Trade and politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and their African and Portuquese neighbours, 1575-1902 |date=1982 |publisher=Longman |others= |isbn=978-0-582-64354-3 |chapter=Tendai Mutasa: land and mineral concessions and the war of 1896{{endash}}7}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=233}}
== References == {{reflist}}
{{Shona states}}
Category:History of Mozambique Category:History of Zimbabwe Category:Former countries in Africa