Manuel Candamo

{{Short description|President of Peru from 1903 to 1904}} {{family name hatnote|González de Candamo|Iriarte|lang=Spanish}} {{Multiple issues| {{Expand Spanish|topic=bio|Manuel Candamo Iriarte|date=June 2012}} {{more citations needed|date=March 2009}} }} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Manuel González de Candamo e Iriarte | image = Manuel Candamo 3.jpg | order = [[President of Peru|President of the Government Junta]] of [[Peru]] | term_start = March 20, 1895 | term_end = September 8, 1895 | order2 = 33rd [[President of Peru]] | term_start2 = September 8, 1903 | term_end2 = May 7, 1904 | prime_minister2 = [[José Pardo y Barreda]] | vice_president2 = [[Lino Alarco Brediñana]]<br/>[[Serapio Calderón]] | predecessor = [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]] | predecessor2 = [[Eduardo López de Romaña]] | successor = [[Nicolás de Piérola]] | successor2 = [[Serapio Calderón]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1841|7|14}} | birth_place = [[Lima]], [[Peru]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1904|5|7|1841|12|14}} | death_place = [[Arequipa]], [[Peru]] | spouse = Teresa Álvarez-Calderón | party = [[Civilista Party]] }}

'''Manuel González de Candamo e Iriarte''' (July 14, 1841 – May 7, 1904) served as the 33rd [[President of Peru]] from 1903 until his death in 1904. He also served as [[President of Peru|Interim President of Peru]], officially as the President of the Government Junta, in 1895.

==Early life and family== Born in a wealthy family, Manuel was the son of Pedro González de Candamo e Astorga ([[Valparaiso|Puerto de Valparaiso]], [[Chile]], June 30, 1799 – [[Lima]], January 22, 1866), Peruvian [[Ambassador]] – then the richest man in Peru – and wife María de las Mercedes Iriarte e Odria;<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XbGIbr2B1v4C&pg=PA69&dq=Manuel+Candamo&lr=&ei=o2n4SdbiMoqGNtK7tMwD Political Culture in Nineteenth-century Peru: The Rise of the Partido Civil]</ref> paternal grandson of Alfonso González de Candamo y Prieto (born in [[Asturias]] the son of Gaspar González de Candamo and wife Eulalia Prieto) and wife Petronila de Astorga y Urizar (born in [[Valparaiso]], [[Chile]]) and maternal grandson of Pedro Ignacio Iriarte y Velasco-Patiño, mine owner from [[Huancayo]], who bought the [[Hacienda]] Lobatón in 1819 and half of the Hacienda Cónsac, and wife Paula Odria y Granados, daughter of the owners of Hacienda Rumichaca Juan Ignacio Odria and wife Manuela Granados, sister of Marcelo Granados (La Asunción de Mito, 1758 – ?), [[Governor]] of La Trinidad de Huancayo.

Manuel Candamo spend his early years in the [[College of Our Lady of Guadalupe]]. After graduating from high school, he was accepted in the [[National University of San Marcos]], where he obtained a bachelor's degree on [[Jurisprudence]].

==Early political career==

===Pezet and the Chinchan Islands War=== In 1863, Candamo started to work for ''[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]'', one of the oldest newspapers in the capital. From there, he was a harsh critic of President [[Juan Antonio Pezet]] and the "Vivanco-Pareja Treaty", specifically for the way of how the government was handling the diplomatic crisis with Spain. For his actions, he was exiled to Chile, returning only after [[Mariano Ignacio Prado]]'s successfully launched a coup against Pezet.

After the revolution, he was an active supporter of Prado during the [[Chincha Islands War]]. When the Peruvian Congress refused to recognize Prado's government, Candamo traveled to Chile as part of the Peruvian diplomatic mission. He did not stay in [[Chile]], and left that country for Europe and Asia.

===Civilista Party=== Manuel Cándamo, together with [[Manuel Pardo (politician)|Manuel Pardo]], was among the founding members of the [[Civilista Party]]. The party itself achieved public notoriety for being the first organized political party in Peru, and because it was also the first one to be composed primarily of civilians. During this period, Cándamo successfully started once again his political career and several economic businesses.

==War of the Pacific and Reconstruction== After the collapse of the Peruvian Southern Armies and the imminent invasion of [[Lima]], Cándamo took part in the defense of the city, fighting in the Battles of San Juan and Miraflores. When the city is occupied by the Chilean Army, Cándamo and several other prominent politicians are deported to Chile due to their opposition to any peace proposal that involved ceding [[Department of Tarapacá (Peru)|Tarapacá]], [[Tacna Region|Tacna]] and [[Arica]] to the Chileans.

Candamo returned to Peru after the [[Treaty of Ancón]] was signed and the war over, and is once again deported for his opposition to President [[Miguel Iglesias]] and support to [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]]. Once Iglesias is overthrown and Cáceres is in power, Candamo was elected to the Senate, reaching its [[President of the Congress of Peru|presidency]] in 1888, 1890 and 1892.<ref name="congressbio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participacion/museo/congreso/presidentes/Manuel_Candamo_d|title=Manuel González de Candamo Iriarte}}</ref>

==Later political career==

===President of the Junta=== A member of the [[Civilista Party]], Candamo served as mayor of [[Lima, Peru|Lima]]. After [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]] was forced to resign from the Presidency in 1894, Candamo was selected to head a "Provisional Government Junta" and to call for new elections. [[Nicolás de Piérola]], allied with the [[Civilista Party]], won the election.

===President of the Senate=== During the administration of [[Eduardo López de Romaña]], he was elected President of the Peruvian Senate (both 1897 and 1901).<ref name="congressbio" /> This was done after the [[Civilista Party|Civilista]] and [[Democratic Party of Peru|Democratic]] parties reached a compromise and divided their political influence in the government.

For the Election of 1903, Cándamo was regarded as a moderate candidate and the more trusted political figure in the Civilista Party. After being elected president, Cándamo became ill and died in office. He was married to Teresa Alvarez-Calderón.

Following a brief interim government headed by [[Serapio Calderón]], Cándamo was succeeded by his foreign minister [[José Pardo y Barreda|José Pardo]].

==Personal life== Manuel Candamo married Teresa Álvarez-Calderón, and had two daughters. One daughter, [[Teresa De La Cruz]], founded the convent Canonesas de La Cruz, and was given the title of [[Servant of God]] in 1981 by the Catholic Church, which means she is being considered for possible [[saint]]hood.

He was the brother-in-law of Anglo-Peruvian [[guano]] millionaire [[John Pablo Bryce]], and thus a great-great uncle [[Alexandra Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn]], and [[Natalia Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster]], as well as a great uncle of Janet Mercedes Bryce, Marchioness of Milford Haven, wife of [[David Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven]].

He was the great-uncle of Clotilde de Silva y Gonzáles de Candamo (July 19, 1898 – December 12, 1978), daughter of the 10th [[Marquis de Arcicóllar]], second wife of [[Hans Heinrich XV von Hochberg]], Prince of Pless, and after divorce the wife of Hans Heinrich XV's son Bolko, with two children by each husband.

==References== {{reflist}}

==Further reading== * ''[[Burke's Landed Gentry]]'' * ''Burke's Royal Families of the World, Europe and Latin America'' * ''Haciendas y Pueblos de Lima, Historia del Valle del Rimac''

{{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{succession box |title=[[List of Presidents of Peru|Interim President (President of the Government Junta)]] |years=1895 |before=[[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]] | after = [[Nicolás de Piérola]] }} {{succession box |title=[[List of Presidents of Peru|President of Peru]] |years=1903 – 1904 |before=[[Eduardo López de Romaña]] | after = [[Serapio Calderón]] }} {{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Candamo, Manuel}}  [[Category:1841 births]] [[Category:1904 deaths]] [[Category:Álvarez Calderón family]] [[Category:Peruvian people of Spanish descent]] [[Category:Presidents of Peru]] [[Category:Civilista Party politicians]] [[Category:Presidents of the Senate of Peru]] [[Category:Mayors of Lima]] [[Category:College of Our Lady of Guadalupe alumni]]