Manihot

{{Short description|Genus of trees}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Mandioca-brava, ou maniçoba (Manihot glazovii) 01.jpg |image_caption = Typical ''Manihot'' leaf (''Manihot sp.'') |display_parents = 2 |taxon = Manihot |authority = Mill. 1754 not Adans. 1763<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?7234 |title=Genus: ''Manihot'' Mill. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2004-03-31 |access-date=2011-05-06}}</ref> |type_species= ''Manihot esculenta'' |type_species_authority = Crantz.<ref>lectotype designated by R.A. Howard, Fl. Lesser Antilles 5: 64 (1989)</ref><ref name=j/> |synonyms_ref=<ref name=v/> |synonyms = {{ubl | ''Hotnima'' A.Chev. | ''Janipha'' Kunth | ''Mandioca'' Link | ''Manihotoides'' D.J.Rogers & Appan<ref name="GRIN"/> }} }}

'''''Manihot''''' is a genus in the diverse milkspurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It was described as a genus in 1754.<ref>Miller, Philip. 1754. Gardeners Dictionary...Abridged...fourth edition vol. 2</ref><ref name=j>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40013252 Tropicos, ''Manihot'' Mill.]</ref>

Species of ''Manihot'' are monoecious<ref name="Webster-2014">{{cite book | editor-last=Kubitzki | editor-first=Klaus | title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants - Volume XI - Flowering Plants, Eudicots - Malpighiales | publisher=Springer | publication-place=Heidelberg | year=2014 | isbn=978-3-642-39416-4 | oclc=868922400 | pages=51–216/x+331 | last=Webster | first=G. L. | chapter=Euphorbiaceae}} {{ISBN|978-3-642-39417-1}}. {{ISBN|3642394167}}.</ref> trees, shrubs and a few herbs that are native to the Americas, from Arizona in the United States south to Argentina and Uruguay.<ref name=v>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=119703 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> The best known member of this genus is the widely cultivated cassava (''Manihot esculenta'').<ref name=Second-Iglesias-2001>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdjrXSP4RIQC |first1=G. |last1=Second | first2=C. | last2=Iglesias |title=Broadening the Genetic Base of Crop Production |chapter=Chapter 11: The State of the Use of Cassava Genetic Diversity and a Proposal to Enhance it | editor1-first=H.D. | editor1-last=Cooper | editor2-first=C. |editor2-link=Charles Spillane | editor2-last=Spillane | editor3-first=T. | editor3-last=Hodgkin | publisher=CABI Publications (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International) in association with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-85199-411-6 |pages=201–221 | oclc=44420773}}</ref>

''Manihot'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera including ''Endoclita sericeus'' and ''Hypercompe hambletoni''.

;Species<ref name=v /> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} # ''Manihot acuminatissima'' Müll.Arg. – Goiás, Bahia # ''Manihot aesculifolia'' (Kunth) Pohl – Mexico, Central America # ''Manihot alutacea'' D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás # ''Manihot angustiloba'' (Torr.) Müll.Arg. – Mexico, Arizona # ''Manihot anisophylla'' (Griseb.) Müll.Arg. – N Argentina # ''Manihot anomala'' Pohl – South America # ''Manihot attenuata'' Müll.Arg. - Goiás # ''Manihot auriculata'' McVaugh – Jalisco, Nayarit # ''Manihot baccata'' Allem – Fr Guiana, NE Brazil # ''Manihot boliviana'' Pax & K.Hoffm. - Bolivia # ''Manihot brachyandra'' Pax & K.Hoffm. – Bahia # ''Manihot brachyloba'' Müll.Arg. – Central Amer, Dominican Rep, N South America # ''Manihot brachystachys'' Pax & K.Hoffm. - Brazil # ''Manihot brasiliana'' Mendoza et al. - Goiás, Brazil # ''Manihot breviloba'' – Sergipe # ''Manihot caerulescens'' Pohl – Brazil, Paraguay # ''Manihot carthagenensis'' (Jacq.) Müll.Arg. – N South America, Trinidad, Curaçao # ''Manihot catingae'' Ule – Bahia, Minas Gerais # ''Manihot caudata'' Greenm. – N Mexico # ''Manihot cecropiifolia'' – Goiás, Distrito Federal # ''Manihot chlorosticta'' Standl. & Goldman – Mexico # ''Manihot compositifolia'' Allem – Bahia # ''Manihot condensata'' D.J.Rogers & Appan – Bolivia # ''Manihot congesta'' Mendoza et al. - Goiás, Brazil # ''Manihot corymbiflora'' Pax & K.Hoffm. – Rio de Janeiro # ''Manihot crassisepala'' Pax & K.Hoffm. – México State, Morelos, Jalisco # ''Manihot crotalariiformis'' Pohl – Minas Gerais # ''Manihot davisiae'' Croizat – Arizona, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa # ''Manihot diamantinensis'' Allem – Bahia # ''Manihot dichotoma'' Ule – NE Brazil # ''Manihot divergens'' Pohl – Goiás, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais # ''Manihot epruinosa'' Pax & K.Hoffm. – Piauí, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia # ''Manihot esculenta'' Crantz – from Mexico to Brazil # ''Manihot falcata'' D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás, Distrito Federal # ''Manihot filamentosa'' Pittier – NW Venezuela # ''Manihot flemingiana'' D.J.Rogers & Appan – Mato Grosso # ''Manihot foetida'' (Kunth) Pohl – C + N Mexico # ''Manihot fortalezensis'' Nassar, D.G.Ribeiro, Bomfim & P.T.C.Gomes – Ceará # ''Manihot fruticulosa'' (Pax) D.J.Rogers & Appan – Brazil # ''Manihot gabrielensis'' Allem – Goiás # ''Manihot gracilis'' Pohl – Paraguay, Brazil # ''Manihot grahamii'' Hook. – S Brazil, N Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay # ''Manihot guaranitica'' Chodat & Hassl. – N Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia # ''Manihot handroana'' Cruz – Minas Gerais # ''Manihot hassleriana'' – Paraguay # ''Manihot heptaphylla'' Ule – Bahia # ''Manihot hilariana'' Baill. – Minas Gerais # ''Manihot hunzikeriana'' Mart.Crov. – Rio Grande do Sul, Misiones # ''Manihot incisa'' - Goiás, Brazil # ''Manihot inflata'' Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná # ''Manihot irwinii'' D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás # ''Manihot jacobinensis'' Müll.Arg. – Mato Grosso, Bahia # ''Manihot janiphoides'' Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Minas Gerais # ''Manihot jolyana'' Cruz – São Paulo # ''Manihot leptophylla'' Pax – NW South America # ''Manihot longepetiolata'' Pohl – Goiás, Minas Gerais # ''Manihot maracasensis'' Ule – Bahia # ''Manihot marajoara'' Huber – Pará, Amapá # ''Manihot mcvaughii'' V.W.Steinm. – Michoacán # ''Manihot membranacea'' Pax & K.Hoffm. – Mato Grosso # ''Manihot michaelis'' McVaugh – Colima, Jalisco # ''Manihot mirabilis'' Pax – Paraguay # ''Manihot mossamedensis'' Taub. – Goiás # ''Manihot nana'' Müll.Arg. – Goiás, Minas Gerais # ''Manihot neusana'' Nassar – Paraná # ''Manihot nogueirae'' Allem – Distrito Federal # ''Manihot oaxacana'' D.J.Rogers & Appan – Oaxaca # ''Manihot obovata'' J.Jiménez Ram. – Guerrero # ''Manihot oligantha'' Pax & K.Hoffm. – Goiás # ''Manihot orbicularis'' Pohl – Goiás # ''Manihot palmata'' Müll.Arg. – Rio de Janeiro # ''Manihot pauciflora'' Brandegee – Puebla, Oaxaca # ''Manihot paviifolia'' Pohl – Goiás # ''Manihot peltata'' Pohl – Goiás # ''Manihot pentaphylla'' Pohl – Brazil, Paraguay # ''Manihot peruviana'' Müll.Arg. – Loreto, San Martin # ''Manihot pilosa'' Pohl – E Brazil # ''Manihot pinatiloba'' Goiás, Brazil # ''Manihot pohliana'' Müll.Arg. – Bahia # ''Manihot pohlii'' Wawra – Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro # ''Manihot populifolia'' Pax – Paraguay # ''Manihot porphyrantha'' Goiás, Brazil # ''Manihot pringlei'' S.Watson – Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro # ''Manihot procumbens'' Müll.Arg. – Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraguay # ''Manihot pruinosa'' Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás # ''Manihot pseudoglaziovii'' Pax & K.Hoffm. – Ceará, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba # ''Manihot pulchrifolius'' M.J. Silva – Brazil # ''Manihot purpureocostata'' Pohl – Goiás # ''Manihot pusilla'' Pohl – Goiás # ''Manihot quinquefolia'' Pohl – Bahia # ''Manihot quinqueloba'' Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás # ''Manihot quinquepartita'' Huber ex D.J.Rogers & Appan – Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso # ''Manihot reniformis'' Pohl – Bahia # ''Manihot reptans'' Pax – Goiás, Minas Gerais # ''Manihot rhomboidea'' Müll.Arg. – Mexico, Central America # ''Manihot rubricaulis'' I.M.Johnst. – Mexico # ''Manihot sagittatopartita'' Pohl – Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais # ''Manihot salicifolia'' Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás # ''Manihot sparsifolia'' Pohl – Goiás # ''Manihot stipularis'' Pax – Distrito Federal, Goiás # ''Manihot stricta'' Baill. – Peru, Mato Grosso, Goiás # ''Manihot subspicata'' Rogers & Appan – Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas # ''Manihot surinamensis'' D.J.Rogers & Appan – Venezuela, the 3 Guianas # ''Manihot tenella'' Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Paraguay # ''Manihot tomatophylla'' Standl. – Morelos, Jalisco, Michoacán # ''Manihot tomentosa'' Pohl – Goiás, Minas Gerais # ''Manihot triloba'' (Sessé) McVaugh ex Miranda – Mexico # ''Manihot tripartita'' (Spreng.) Müll.Arg. – Brazil, Paraguay # ''Manihot triphylla'' Pohl – Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais # ''Manihot tristis'' Müll.Arg. – Venezuela, the 3 Guianas, N Brazil # ''Manihot variifolia'' Pax & K.Hoffm. – Paraguay # ''Manihot violacea'' Pohl – Brazil # ''Manihot walkerae'' Croizat – Texas, Tamaulipas # ''Manihot websteri'' D.J.Rogers & Appan – Puebla, Oaxaca # ''Manihot weddelliana'' Baill. – Goiás # ''Manihot xavantinensis'' D.J.Rogers & Appan – Mato Grosso # ''Manihot zehntneri'' Ule – Bahia {{div col end}}

;variety treated as a species # ''Manihot carthaginensis'' subsp. ''glaziovii'' = ''Manihot glaziovii'' (Müll.Arg.) Allem

;formerly included<ref name="v" /> moved to ''Aleurites Cnidoscolus Jatropha'' {{div col|colwidth=30em}} # ''M. curcas'' – ''Jatropha curcas'' # ''M. diversifolia'' – ''Jatropha diversifolia'' # ''M. gossypiifolia'' – ''Jatropha gossypiifolia'' # ''M. herbacea'' – ''Cnidoscolus urens'' # ''M. moluccana'' – ''Aleurites moluccanus'' # ''M. multifida'' – ''Jatropha multifida'' # ''M. spinosissima'' – ''Cnidoscolus vitifolius'' # ''M. urens'' – ''Cnidoscolus urens'' {{div col end}}

==Pollination== Monoecy was demonstrated by Jennings 1963 and George & Shifriss 1967.<ref name="Webster-2014" />

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category-inline|Manihot|''Manihot''}} {{Wikispecies-inline|Manihot|''Manihot''}} {{Wiktionary-inline|Manihot|''Manihot''}}

Category:Manihot Category:Euphorbiaceae genera Category:Taxa named by Philip Miller