Mảng language

{{Short description|Austroasiatic language of Vietnam and China}} {{Distinguish|Maang language}} {{for|the Miao language called Mang|Mashan Miao}} {{Infobox language |name=Mảng |states=Vietnam, China |region= |ethnicity=Mảng |speakers={{sigfig|4920|2}} (2007 – 2009 census)

|date=1999 – 2007? census |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austroasiatic |fam2=Mang–Pakanic? |iso3=zng |glotto=mang1378 |glottorefname=Mang }}

'''Mảng''' (autonym: {{IPA|[maŋ35]}}; {{lang-zh|s=莽语|p=Mǎngyǔ}}) is an Austroasiatic language of Vietnam, China, and Laos. It is spoken mainly in Lai Châu Province, Vietnam and across the border in Jinping County, China. It was first documented only in 1974.

In China, the Mảng people are also called Chaman (岔满), Abi (阿比), Mengga (孟嘎), Bageran (巴格然), and Mo (莫).<ref name="Gao 2003 p1" /> They are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Bulang (布朗族) (''Jinping County Gazetteer'' 1994).

==Distribution== In Lai Châu Province, Vietnam, Mảng is spoken by 2,200 people in the districts of Sìn Hồ, Mường Tè, Phong Thổ, and in other nearby areas,<ref name="Gao 2003 p1">{{harvp|Gao|2003|page=1}}</ref> including in Nậm Ban Township, Sìn Hồ District, Lai Châu Province.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2006 |title=Người Mảng |url=http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=518 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231142/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=518 |archive-date=2013-12-02 |access-date=2013-11-27 |website=Trang tin điện tử của Ủy ban Dân tộc |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tạ Văn Thông |title=Loại từ trong các ngôn ngữ ở Việt Nam: Tập I |date=2000 |publisher=Nhà xuất bản khoa học Việt Nam |location=Hà Nội |pages=229–244 |language=vi |chapter=Loại từ trong tiếng Mảng}}</ref> In China, Mảng speakers numbered 606 people in 1999. The Mảng of China claim to have migrated from Vietnam in recent times. Gao's (2003) Mảng data is from Xinzhai (新寨), Nanke Village (南科村), and Jinshuihe Township (金水河镇<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Jīnshuǐhé Zhèn Nánkē Cūnwěihuì Nánxíng Xīnzhài Cūn |script-title=zh:金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县金水河镇南科村委会南行新寨村 |trans-title=Nanxing Xinzhai Village; Nanke Village Committee; Jinshuihe Town; Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=188178 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032647/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=188178 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-02-21 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}}</ref>).

The ''Jinping County Gazetteer'' from the Republic of China period lists 12 Mảng villages: Gongdaniu (公打牛<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Jīnshuǐhé Zhèn Wūyāpíng Cūnwěihuì Léi Gōngdǎniú Cūn|script-title=zh:金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县金水河镇乌丫坪村委会雷公打牛村|trans-title=Lei Gongdaniu Village; Wuyaping Village Committee; Jinshuihe Town; Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=188143|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305224327/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=188143|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2013-02-21|website=ynszxc.gov.cn|language=zh}}</ref>), Luowuzhai (落邬寨), Pinghe (坪河, in Xiazhai 下寨,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Jīnshuǐhé Zhèn Nánkē Cūnwěihuì Pínghé Xiàzhài Cūn |script-title=zh:金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县金水河镇南科村委会坪河下寨村 |trans-title=Pinghe Xiazhai Village; Nanke Village Committee; Jinshuihe Town; Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=188177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305224303/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=188177 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2013-02-21 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}}</ref> Zhongzhai 中寨,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Jīnshuǐhé Zhèn Nánkē Cūnwěihuì Pínghé Zhōngzhài Cūn |script-title=zh:金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县金水河镇南科村委会坪河中寨村 |trans-title=Pinghe Zhongzhai Village; Nanke Village Committee; Jinshuihe Town; Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=188176 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235900/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=188176 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2013-02-21 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}}</ref> Shangzhai 上寨), Hetouzhai (河头寨), Guanmuzhai (管木寨), Naxizhai (纳西寨), Bianjiezhai (边界寨), Longshuzhai (龙树寨), Caoguoping (草果坪), and Nanke (南科<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jīnpíng Miáozú Yáozú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn Jīnshuǐhé Zhèn Nánkē Cūnwěihuì Nánkē Lǎozhài Cūn |script-title=zh:金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县金水河镇南科村委会南科老寨村 |trans-title=Nanke Laozhai Village; Nanke Village Committee; Jinshuihe Town; Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=188182 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305233808/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=188182 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2013-02-21 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}}</ref>).

==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Mang vowels |- ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" | Front ! colspan="2" | Central ! colspan="2" | Back |- ! unrounded ! short ! rounded ! unrounded ! short ! rounded ! short |- ! Close | {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|ĭ}} || {{IPA link|y}} || {{IPA link|ɨ}} || {{IPA link|ɨ̆}} || {{IPA link|u}} || {{IPA link|ŭ}} |- ! Mid | {{IPA link|e}} || ĕ || {{IPA link|ø}} || {{IPA link|ɤ}} || {{IPA link|ɤ̆}} || {{IPA link|o}} || {{IPA link|ŏ}} |- ! Open | {{IPA link|ɛ}} || {{IPA link|ɛ̆}} || {{IPA link|œ}} || {{IPA link|a}} || {{IPA link|ă}} || {{IPA link|ɔ}} || {{IPA link|ɔ̆}} |- ! Diphthong | iə || || || ɯə || || uə || |- |} Diphthongs ''iə'' and ''ɯə'' are only found in closed syllables, while ''ua'' are more common in open syllables.<ref name="WOL-MSEA-23">{{cite book|last=Sidwell|first=Paul|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia|chapter=Northern Austroasiatic languages of MSEA|publisher=De Gruyter|date=2021|doi=10.1515/9783110558142-023|pages=499–546}}</ref>

===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Labio dental ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! rowspan="2" |Velar ! rowspan="2" |Glottal |- !central !sibilant |- ! rowspan="2" | Stop/ Affricate ! {{small|voiceless}} | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | | {{IPA link|c}} | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |- ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|ɓ}} | {{IPA link|ɗ}} | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" | Fricative ! {{small|voiceless}} | | {{IPA link|θ}} | {{IPA link|s}} | | | {{IPA link|h}} |- ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|v}} | | | {{IPA link|ʑ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" | Nasal | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} ({{IPA link|ŋ̊}}) | |- ! colspan="2" | Trill | | {{IPA link|r}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Approximant | | {{IPA link|l}} | | {{IPA link|j}} | ({{IPA link|w}}) | |}

===Suprasegmentals (tone, register)=== Mang is described as having five tones distributed in unchecked sonorant-final syllables and another two tones in checked syllables.

==Lexicon== === Numerals === The basic cardinal numbers from 1 to 1000 (transcribed in IPA) are: {| class="wikitable notatypo" |- ! 1 | măk⁶ |- ! 2 | ʑɯəi² |- ! 3 | pe³ |- ! 4 | pun² |- ! 5 | hăn² |- ! 6 | ʑɔ̆m² |- ! 7 | tăm¹ py³ |- ! 8 | tăm¹ ham² |- ! 9 | tăm¹ θin² |- ! 10 | ʑi³ mɛ⁴ |- ! 100 | ran⁵~ʑan⁵ |- ! 1000 | păn⁵ |}

===Vocabulary comparison=== Comparison of some basic vocabulary words in Mảng with other branches of Austroasiatic:<ref name="WOL-MSEA-11">{{Cite book |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |title=The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia |date=2021 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=9783110558142 |location=Berlin |pages=179–206 |language=en |chapter=Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages |doi=10.1515/9783110558142-011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable notatypo sortable" ! Gloss !! Mảng !! proto-Waic / proto-Palaungic !! Khmu !! Bolyu !! Bugan !! proto-Vietic !! Mon / Old Mon |- | ‘I’ || ʔuː⁴ || *ʔɨʔ / *ʔɔːʔ || ʔoʔ || ʔaːu⁵⁵ || ɔ³¹ || *soː || ʔoa / ʔɔj |- | ‘water’ || ʑum¹ || *rʔom / *ʔoːm || ʔom || nde⁵³ || nda²⁴ || *ɗaːk || dac / ɗaik |- | ‘two’ || ʑɨəj⁴ || *ləʔar / *ləʔaːr || baːr || mbi⁵⁵ || bi³¹ || *haːr || ba / ɓar |- | ‘fire’ || ɲɛ² || *ŋɒl / *ŋal || pʰrɨə || mat³³ || a̠u³¹ || *guːs || kəmot / – |- | ‘blood’ || haːm¹ || *hnam / *snaːm || maːm || saːm⁵³ || sa⁴⁴ || *ʔasaːmʔ || chim / chim |- | ‘five’ || han² || *phɒn / *pəsan || (Tay Hat ''sɔːŋ'') || me³¹ || mi⁴⁴ || *ɗam || pəsɔn / sun |- | ‘eye’ || mat⁷ || *ʔŋaj / *ˀŋaːj || mat || mat⁵³ || mɛ̱³³ || *mat || mòt / mɔt |}

==Morphosyntax== Mảng is an analytic SVO language. However, unlike surrounding Kra-Dai and Hmong-Mien languages which are entirely absent of inflections, Mảng retains Austroasiatic derivational morphology and case-marking on nouns.<ref name="Mang">{{Cite book|last1=Enfield|first1=N. J.|last2=Comrie|first2=Bernard|title=Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia The State of the Art|date=2015|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=9781501501708|oclc=909907686}}</ref>

{{Interlinear|indent=3|θɔ cǎp ta-ɲo|dog chase ACC-cat|"The dog chases the cat."}}

{{Interlinear|indent=3|ʔu ʔo lam ʔæŋ-ciəj|1SG give rice DAT-chicken|"I give rice to the chicken."}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Nguyễn Văn Lợi |title=Tiếng Mảng |last2=Nguyễn Hữu Hoành |last3=Tạ Văn Thông |publisher=Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội |year=2009 |location=Hà Nội |language=vi |author-link=Nguyễn Văn Lợi}} * {{Cite book |last=Nguyễn Hùng Mạnh |title=Thơ ca dân gian dân tộc Mảng |date=2011 |publisher=Nhà xuất bản văn hóa dân tộc |isbn=978-604-70-0097-5 |location=Hà Nội |language=vi}} * {{Cite book |last=Gao |first=Yongqi 高永奇 |title=Mǎngyǔ yánjiū |date=2003 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:莽语硏究 |trans-title=A Study of Mang}} {{refend}}

== External links == * [http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)] * [http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F7-D@view Mang in RWAAI Digital Archive]

Category:Mangic languages Category:Languages of Yunnan Category:Languages of Vietnam