Malayaite

{{Infobox mineral | name = Malayaite | category = Silicate mineral | boxwidth = | image = Malayaite.jpg | caption = Malayaite found in the United Kingdom | formula = CaSnO[SiO₄] | IMAsymbol = Mly<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3 |pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W |s2cid=235729616 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | molweight = 266.87 g/mol | strunz = 9.AG.15 | system = Monoclinic | class = Prismatic (2/m) <br/><small>(same H-M symbol)</small> | symmetry = ''A2/a'' | unit cell = a = 7.15&nbsp;Å, b = 8.90&nbsp;Å, <br/>c = 6.67&nbsp;Å; β = 113.4°; <br/>V = 389.50 ų; Z&nbsp;=&nbsp;4 | color = Colorless, greenish gray, white, light yellow, orange | habit = Massive or wedge shaped | twinning = | cleavage = | fracture = | tenacity = | mohs = 3.5 - 4 | luster = Vitreous or resinuous | refractive = n_α = 1.765 n_β = 1.784 n_γ = 1.799 | opticalprop = Biaxial (-) | birefringence = δ=0.0340-0.0350 | pleochroism = x=colorless, y=colorless, z = pale yellow | streak = White | gravity = 4.3 - 4.55 | density = | melt = | fusibility = | diagnostic = | solubility = | diaphaneity = Translucent | other = Fluorescent, Short UV = bright yellowish green | references = <ref name=Mindat>[http://www.mindat.org/min-2552.html Mindat]</ref><ref name=Webmin>[http://webmineral.com/data/Malayaite.shtml WebMineral]</ref><ref name=HBM>[http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/malayaite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy]</ref><ref>Higgins, J.B., and Ribbe, P.H., (1977) ''The Structure of Malayaite CaSnOSiO₄, a tin analog of Titanite,'' American Mineralogist, 62, 801-806.</ref>}}

'''Malayaite''' is a calcium tin silicate mineral with formula CaSnOSiO₄.<ref name=Webmin/> It is a member of the titanite group.

==Discovery== Malayaite was originally found in Perak (a state in Malaysia) and was first described in literature in 1961, though it was not yet given a name.<ref>Ingham, F.T., and Bradford, E.F. (1961) First description of malayaite as an unnamed mineral. American Mineralogist, 46, 768.</ref> In 1965, the mineral was named and recognized by the International Mineralogical Association. It was named for the locality in which it was discovered; which is the Malay Peninsula in Malaysia.<ref name=Mindat/>

==Crystal structure and symmetry== This mineral is classified under the nesosilicate group for silicate minerals because the titanite group falls under this category as well. Minerals in the nesosilicate group have isolated SiO₄ tetrahedra connected to cations. In malayaite, the tetrahedra are connected to the chain of distorted SnO₆ octahedra, in which the octahedra are linked by vertex [''trans'' corners] sharing and form chains parallel to the miller index of [100]. Within the SnO₆-SiO₄ framework, the CaO₇ polyhedra form chains parallel to [101].<ref>Higgins, J.B., and Ross, F.K. (1977) The crystal structure of Malayaite: CaSnSiO₅. Crystal Structure Communications, 6, 179–182.</ref>

Malayaite belongs to the monoclinic crystal system and has a 2/m (prismatic) crystal class. According to the Hermann–Mauguin notation, the '2' refers to the two-fold axis while the 'm' refers to the presence of a single mirror plane. The '/' symbol indicates that the twofold axis is perpendicular to the mirror plane.

The space group for malayaite is A2/a. According to the Bravais lattice symbol, 'A' refers to single face centering of the motif. This means that there is one more point on the center of one face. '2' refers to the two-fold rotation axis while the '/' indicates that a mirror plane is perpendicular to the ''a''-axis, which is the last symbol on that space group notation.

==Optical properties== Malayaite exhibits anisotropy so it is doubly refractive and breaks up the light that travels through it into two distinct rays of different speeds.<ref>[http://gemologyproject.com/wiki/index.php?title=Glossary_of_Terms Gemology Project] Retrieved 2010-10-20</ref> This mineral is known to have very high optical relief and has three indices of refraction. Since it is a monoclinic mineral, Malayaite exhibits two different colors under plane polarized light making it a pleochroic mineral. Malayaite is biaxial birefringent (trirefringent).

==Functions and purposes== Malayaite has excellent thermal properties and stability making its host lattice ideal for ceramic pigmentation unlike its analogous mineral, titanite that undergoes phase transition at a higher temperature.<ref>Heyns, A.M., and Harden, P.M. (1999) Evidence for the existence of Cr(IV) in chromium-doped malayaite Cr⁴⁺; CaSnOSiO₄: a resonance Raman Study. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2, 2, 277-284.</ref> This makes chromium-doped malayaite very desirable as it provides a consistent pigment for ceramics. Malayaite contains the element tin which is sometimes doped with chromium or nickel. These chromophore elements allows the mineral to produce different pigmentation. If malayaite is chromium-doped, it produces a pink-red color<ref>Lee, H.S, and Lee B.H (2008) The development of a Chromium pink glaze coloring. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 9, 3, 286-291.</ref> while with nickel, it produces a purple<ref>Halefoglu, Y.Z., and Kusvuran, E. (2010) Preparation of ceramic pigments by sol-gel and combustion methods. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 11, 1, 92-95.</ref> color. Pink chromium-doped malayaite {{chem2|Ca(Sn,Cr)SiO5}} is among a few important minerals used in producing pigments for the ceramic industry, specifically for coloring glazes as it produces a resilient color.<ref>Costa, G., Ribeiro, M.J., Labrincha, J.A., Dondi, M., Matteucci, F and Crucian, G. (2008) Malayaite ceramic pigments prepared with galvanic sludge. Dyes and Pigments, 78, 2, 157-164.</ref>

==Occurrence== This mineral is generally found in tin-rich contact metamorphic skarn deposits. There is a possibility that malayaite is a hydrothermal altered form of cassiterite-quartz assemblage or some tin-bearing mineral. There have been specimens that were found with malayaite as a coating mineral on cassiterite.

==References== <references/>

Category:Nesosilicates Category:Calcium minerals Category:Tin minerals Category:Monoclinic minerals Category:Minerals in space group 15 Category:Minerals described in 1965