Mal'ta–Buret' culture

{{Short description|Paleolithic archeological culture}} {{Distinguish|Republic of Malta}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Infobox archaeological culture | name = Mal'ta–Buret' culture | map = {{Location map+ |Continental Asia |overlay_image= | width=300  | float = center | border =none | nodiv = 1 | mini = 1 | relief = yes | places = {{Annotation|200|25|'''''Mal'ta–Buret'''''{{'}}|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}} {{location map~ |Continental Asia |lat=52.850045|N |long=103.517383|E |label=|position=right|label_size=0|mark=Basic red dot.png|marksize=6}} {{Annotation|272|157| ◁ ▷ |text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}} | caption= }} | mapcaption = Location of Mal'ta–Buret' | mapalt = | altnames = | horizon = | region = Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation | period = Upper Paleolithic | dates = 24,000–15,000 BP | typesite =Site of Mal'ta ({{coord|52.850045|N|103.517383|E|display=inline, title}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lbova |first1=Liudmila |title=The Siberian Palaeolithic Site of Mal'ta: A Unique Source for The Study of Childhood Archaeology |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |date=2021 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348847036|page=Fig. 1–3}}</ref> Site of Buret' (approx. {{coord|53.002647|N|103.508696|E|display=inline}}) | majorsites = | extra = | precededby = Mousterian (Denisova Cave)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fagan |first1=Brian M. |title=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology |date=5 December 1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977121-9 |page=644 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ftQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA644 |language=en}}</ref> Aurignacian? | followedby = Afontova Gora | definedby = | antiquatedby = | module = }} [[File:Engraving of a mammoth on a slab of mammoth ivory, from the Upper Paleolithic Mal'ta deposits at Lake Baikal, Siberia.gif|thumb|275x275px|Engraving of a mammoth on a slab of mammoth ivory, from the Upper Paleolithic Mal'ta deposits at Lake Baikal, Siberia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plate with the image of mammoth |url=http://malta.artemiris.org/find/view/11 |website=Art of Mal'ta |publisher=Novosibirsk State University |language=en}}</ref><ref>The mammoth engraving is item 37 in this inventory</ref> ]] The '''Mal'ta–Buret' culture''' (also '''Maltinsko-buretskaya culture''') is an archaeological culture of the Upper Paleolithic (generally dated to 24,000-23,000 BP but also sometimes to 15,000 BP).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bednarik |first1=Robert G. |title=Pleistocene Palaeoart of Asia |journal=Arts |date=2013 |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=48 |doi=10.3390/arts2020046 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307759436 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is located roughly northwest of Lake Baikal, about 90 km to the northwest of Irkutsk, on the banks of the upper Angara River.

The type sites are named for the villages of '''Mal'ta''' ({{lang|ru|Мальта́}}), Usolsky District and '''Buret' ''' ({{lang|ru|Буре́ть}}), Bokhansky District (both in Irkutsk Oblast).

A boy whose remains were found near Mal'ta is usually known by the abbreviation '''MA-1''' (or MA1). Discovered in the 1920s, the remains have been dated to 24,000 BP. According to research published since 2013, MA-1 belonged to the population of Ancient North Eurasians, who were genetically "intermediate between modern western Eurasians and Native Americans, but distant from east Asians",<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raghavan |first1=Maanasa |title=Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans |journal=Nature |date=2014 |volume=505 |issue=7481 |pages=87–91 |doi=10.1038/nature12736 |pmid=24256729 |pmc=4105016 |bibcode=2014Natur.505...87R |quote="In the first two principal components, MA-1 is intermediate between modern western Eurasians and Native Americans, but distant from east Asians"}}</ref> and partial genetic ancestors of Siberians, Native Americans, and Bronze Age Yamnaya and Botai<ref name="OX">{{cite bioRxiv |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |last2=Balanovsky |first2=Oleg |last3=Lukianova |first3=Elena |last4=Kahbatkyzy |first4=Nurzhibek |last5=Flegontov |first5=Pavel |last6=Zaporozhchenko |first6=Valery |last7=Immel |first7=Alexander |last8=Wang |first8=Chuan-Chao |last9=Ixan |first9=Olzhas |last10=Khussainova |first10=Elmira |last11=Bekmanov |first11=Bakhytzhan |last12=Zaibert |first12=Victor |last13=Lavryashina |first13=Maria |last14=Pocheshkhova |first14=Elvira |last15=Yusupov |first15=Yuldash |last16=Agdzhoyan |first16=Anastasiya |last17=Sergey |first17=Koshel |last18=Bukin |first18=Andrei |last19=Nymadawa |first19=Pagbajabyn |last20=Churnosov |first20=Michail |last21=Skhalyakho |first21=Roza |last22=Daragan |first22=Denis |last23=Bogunov |first23=Yuri |last24=Bogunova |first24=Anna |last25=Shtrunov |first25=Alexandr |last26=Dubova |first26=Nadezda |last27=Zhabagin |first27=Maxat |last28=Yepiskoposyan |first28=Levon |last29=Churakov |first29=Vladimir |last30=Pislegin |first30=Nikolay |last31=Damba |first31=Larissa |last32=Saroyants |first32=Ludmila |last33=Dibirova |first33=Khadizhat |last34=Artamentova |first34=Lubov |last35=Utevska |first35=Olga |last36=Idrisov |first36=Eldar |last37=Kamenshchikova |first37=Evgeniya |last38=Evseeva |first38=Irina |last39=Metspalu |first39=Mait |last40=Robbeets |first40=Martine |last41=Djansugurova |first41=Leyla |last42=Balanovska |first42=Elena |last43=Schiffels |first43=Stephan |last44=Haak |first44=Wolfgang |last45=Reich |first45=David |last46=Krause |first46=Johannes |title=Characterizing the genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia |date=23 May 2018 |biorxiv=10.1101/327122 |quote="Ancient DNA studies have already shown that human populations of this region have dramatically transformed over time. For example, the Upper Paleolithic genomes from the Mal’ta and Afontova Gora archaeological sites in southern Siberia revealed a genetic profile, often referred to as “Ancient North Eurasians (ANE)”, which is deeply related to Paleolithic/Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Europe and also substantially contributed to the gene pools of modern-day Native Americans, Siberians, Europeans and South Asians."}}</ref> people of the Eurasian steppe.{{sfn|Raghavan|Skoglund et al.|2014}}{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis et al.|2015}} In particular, modern-day Native Americans, Kets, Mansi, and Selkup have been found to harbour a significant amount of ancestry related to MA-1.{{sfn|Flegontov|Changmai et al.|2015}}

Much of what is known about Mal'ta comes from the Russian archaeologist Mikhail Gerasimov. Better known later for his contribution to the branch of anthropology known as forensic facial reconstruction, Gerasimov made revolutionary discoveries when he excavated Mal'ta in 1927. Until his findings, the Upper Paleolithic societies of Northern Asia were virtually unknown. Over the remainder of his career, Gerasimov twice more visited Mal'ta to excavate and research the site.

==Material culture== ===Habitation and tools=== [[File:Dwelling made with mammoth bones.jpg|thumb|275x275px|The Mal'ta-Buret' people lived in dwellings built of mammoth bones, similar to those found in Upper Paleolithic Europe.<ref name="AD">{{cite journal |last1=Dolitsky |first1=Alexander B. |last2=Ackerman |first2=Robert E. |last3=Aigner |first3=Jean S. |last4=Bryan |first4=Alan L. |last5=Dennell |first5=Robin |last6=Guthrie |first6=R. Dale |last7=Hoffecker |first7=John F. |last8=Hopkins |first8=David M. |last9=Lanata |first9=José Luis |last10=Workman |first10=William B. |title=Siberian Paleolithic Archaeology: Approaches and Analytic Methods [and Comments and Replies] |journal=Current Anthropology |date=1985 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=361–378 |doi=10.1086/203280 |jstor=2742734 |s2cid=147371671 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2742734 |issn=0011-3204|quote="The Upper Paleolithic inhabitants of the European region spanned by France, Czechoslovakia, and the Ukraine led a hunting life resembling that of the people of Mal'ta and Buret' and built similar dwellings of matching construction from the bones of extinct large mammals"|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]] Mal'ta consists of semi-subterranean houses that were built using large animal bones to assemble the walls, and reindeer antlers covered with animal skins to construct a roof that would protect the inhabitants from the harsh elements of the Siberian weather.<ref name="LAT"/> These dwellings built from mammoth bones were similar to those found in Upper Paleolithic Western Eurasia, such as in the areas of France, Czechoslovakia, and Ukraine.<ref name="AD"/>

Evidence seems to indicate that Mal'ta is the most ancient known site in eastern Siberia, with the nearby site of Buret'.<ref name="LAT"/><ref name="Jennett">{{Cite web|author=Karen Diane Jennett|title=Female Figurines of the Upper Paleolithic|url=https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/3202/fulltext.pdf|website=Texas State University|date=May 2008|access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> However, relative dating illustrates some irregularities. The use of flint flaking and the absence of pressure flaking used in the manufacture of tools, as well as the continued use of earlier forms of tools, seem to confirm the fact that the site belongs to the early Upper Paleolithic. Yet it lacks typical skreblos (large side scrapers) that are common in other Siberian Paleolithic sites. Additionally, other common characteristics such as pebble cores, wedge-shaped cores, burins, and composite tools have never been found. The lack of these features, combined with an art style found in only one other nearby site (the Venus of Buret'), make Mal'ta culture unique in Siberia.

===Art=== thumb|275x275px|Mal'ta burials, artifacts and statuettes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lbova |first1=Liudmila |title=The Siberian Palaeolithic Site of Mal'ta: A Unique Source for The Study of Childhood Archaeology |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |date=2021 |volume=3 |article-number=e9 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2021.5 |pmid=37588521 |s2cid=231980510 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348847036|pmc=10427291 }}</ref>

There were two main types of art during the Upper Paleolithic: mural art, which was concentrated in Western Europe, and portable art. Portable art, typically some type of carving in ivory tusk or antler, spans the distance across Western Europe into Northern and Central Asia. Artistic remains of expertly carved bone, ivory, and antler objects depicting birds and human females are the most commonly found; these objects are, collectively, the primary source of Mal'ta's acclaim.<ref name="LAT"/>

In addition to the female statuettes there are bird sculptures depicting swans, geese, and ducks. Through ethnographic analogy comparing the ivory objects and burials at Mal'ta with objects used by 19th and 20th-century Siberian shamans, it has been suggested that they are evidence of a fully developed shamanism.

Also, there are engraved representations on slabs of mammoth tusk. One is the figure of a mammoth, easily recognizable by the trunk, tusks, and thick legs. Wool also seems to be etched, by the placement of straight lines along the body. Another drawing depicts three snakes with their heads puffed up and turned to the side. It is believed that they were similar to cobras.

====Venus figurines==== {{Main|Mal'ta Venus|Venus of Buret'}}

{{multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 230 | caption_align = center | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = Hooded clothed figurines | image2 = Buretj_(venus_figurine).gif | image1 = Figurines from central Siberia Mal'ta No. 13 (left) and Mal'ta No. 27 (right).jpg | footer = Hooded clothed figurines with decorative stripes, ivory, from Mal'ta No. 13 (left),<ref>Photograph: {{cite web |title=Miniature sculpture of a teenager in overalls |url=http://malta.artemiris.org/find/view/37 |website=Art of Mal'ta |publisher=Novosibirsk State University |language=en}}</ref><ref name="RGB"/> Mal'ta No. 27 (center),<ref>Photograph: {{cite web |title=Figurine of dressed teenager |url=http://malta.artemiris.org/find/view/29 |website=Art of Mal'ta |language=en|publisher=Novosibirsk State University }}</ref><ref name="RGB">{{cite journal |last1=Bednarik |first1=Robert G. |title=Pleistocene Palaeoart of Asia |journal=Arts |date=2013 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=46–76 |doi=10.3390/arts2020046 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307759436 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and Buret' (right).<ref>Photograph: {{cite web |title=Anthropomphic figurine (Buret') |url=http://malta.artemiris.org/find/view/93 |website=Art of Mal'ta |language=en|publisher=Novosibirsk State University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3027/5/3027_1051-vol5.pdf#page=15 | title=Figurines referred to in discussions of venus figurines in the archaeological literature | website=etheses.dur.ac.uk | page=15}}</ref> }} Perhaps the best example of Paleolithic portable art is something referred to as "Venus figurines".<ref name="LAT"/> The Mal'ta boy (dated 24,000 BP) was buried with various artifacts and a Venus figurine.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |title=Ancient DNA from Siberian boy links Europe and America |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25020958 |work=BBC News |date=20 November 2013}}</ref> Until they were discovered in Mal'ta, "Venus figurines" were previously found only in Europe.<ref name="LAT"/> Carved from the ivory tusk of a mammoth, these images were typically highly stylized, and often involved embellished and disproportionate characteristics (typically the breasts or buttocks). It is widely believed that these emphasized features were meant to be symbols of fertility. Around thirty female statuettes of varying shapes have been found in Mal'ta. The wide variety of forms, combined with the realism of the sculptures and the lack of repetitiveness in detail, are definite signs of developed, albeit early, art.

At first glance, what is obvious is that the Mal'ta Venus figurines are of two types: full-figured women with exaggerated forms, and women with a thin, delicate form. Some of the figures are nude, while others have etchings that seem to indicate fur or clothing. Conversely, unlike those found in Europe, some of the Venus figurines from Mal'ta were sculpted with faces. Most of the figurines were tapered at the bottom, and it is believed that this was done to enable them to be stuck into the ground or otherwise placed upright. Placed upright, they could have symbolized the spirits of the dead, akin to "spirit dolls" used nearly worldwide, including in Siberia, among contemporary people.

=====Context of the Venus figurines=====

The Mal'ta figurines garner interest in the western world because they seem to be of the same basic form as European female figurines of roughly the same time period, suggesting some cultural and cultic connection.<ref name="LAT">{{cite web |last1=Tedesco |first1=Laura Anne |title=Mal'ta (ca. 20,000 B.C.) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/malt/hd_malt.htm |website=The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |date=October 2000 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> This similarity between Mal'ta and Upper Paleolithic Europe coincides with other suggested similarities between the two, such as in their tools and dwelling structures.

A 2016 genomic study shows that the Mal'ta people have no genetic connections to the Dolní Věstonice people from the Gravettian culture. The researchers conclude that the similarity between the figurines may be either due to cultural diffusion or to a coincidence, but not to common ancestry between the populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fu |first1=Qiaomei |last2=Posth |first2=Cosimo |last3=Hajdinjak |first3=Mateja |title=The genetic history of Ice Age Europe |journal=Nature |volume=504 |issue=7606 |pages=200–5 |date=2 May 2016 |doi=10.1038/nature17993 |pmid=27135931 |pmc=4943878 |display-authors=2 |bibcode=2016Natur.534..200F|hdl=10211.3/198594 }}</ref>

===Symbolism=== {{multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 230 | caption_align = center | align = right | direction = vertical | image2 = Mal'ta centrally perforated ivory plaque with three snakes.jpg | image1 = Mal'ta centrally perforated ivory plaque.jpg | footer = An ivory plaque (front and back) with circular marks, and three snakes<ref name="RGB"/> }}

Discussing this easternmost outpost of Paleolithic culture, Joseph Campbell finishes by commenting on the symbolic forms of the artifacts found there: {{blockquote|We are clearly in a paleolithic province where the serpent, labyrinth, and rebirth themes already constitute a symbolic constellation, joined with the imagery of the sunbird and shaman flight, with the goddess in her classic role of protectress of the hearth, mother of man's second birth, and lady of wild things and of the food supply.<ref>{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Joseph|title=Primitive Mythology|year=1987|isbn=0-14-019443-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/masksofgod00camp_0/page/331 331]|publisher=Arkana |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/masksofgod00camp_0/page/331}}</ref>}}

==Gallery== <gallery widths="180" heights="130" perrow="5"> File:Mal'ta boy (MA-1) with tomb artifacts, Hermitage Museum, Saint-Petersburg.jpg|Mal'ta boy (MA-1), dated 24,000 BP, with tomb artifacts, Hermitage Museum, Saint-Petersburg.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lbova |first1=Liudmila |title=The Siberian Paleolithic site of Mal'ta: a unique source for the study of childhood archaeology |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |date=2021 |volume=3 |page=8, Fig. 6-1 |article-number=e9 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2021.5|pmid=37588521 |pmc=10427291 |s2cid=231980510 }}</ref> File:Mal'ta child (MA-1) grave artifacts.jpg|Grave artifacts of the Mal'ta boy (MA-1) File:Malta Sibirien Gravuren 1.jpg|Engraved ivory File:Venus of Malta (Siberia, RUssia), cop, 076842.jpg|Replica of the Venus figurine of Mal'ta discovered with the remains of the Mal'ta boy (MA-1, dated 24,000 BP).<ref name="BBC News"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lbova |first1=Liudmila |last2=Volkov |first2=Pavel |title=Processing technology for the objects of mobile art in the Upper Paleolithic of Siberia (the Malta site) |journal=Quaternary International |date=1 June 2016 |volume=403 |page=17 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.019 |bibcode=2016QuInt.403...16L |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.019 |language=en |issn=1040-6182}}</ref> File:Malta artefacts (reworked).jpg|Malta Buret artifacts, Moscow State Historical Museum </gallery>

==Archaeogenetics== {{main|Ancient North Eurasian}}{{anchor|ANE}}

MA-1 is the only known example of basal Y-DNA R* (R-M207*) – that is, the only member of haplogroup R* that did not belong to haplogroups R1, R2 or secondary subclades of these. The mitochondrial DNA of MA-1 belonged to an unresolved subclade of haplogroup U.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raghavan |first1=Maanasa |last2=Skoglund |first2=Pontus |last3=Graf |first3=Kelly E. |last4=Metspalu |first4=Mait |last5=Albrechtsen |first5=Anders |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Rasmussen |first7=Simon |last8=Stafford Jr |first8=Thomas W. |last9=Orlando |first9=Ludovic |last10=Metspalu |first10=Ene |last11=Karmin |first11=Monika |last12=Tambets |first12=Kristiina |last13=Rootsi |first13=Siiri |last14=Mägi |first14=Reedik |last15=Campos |first15=Paula F. |last16=Balanovska |first16=Elena |last17=Balanovsky |first17=Oleg |last18=Khusnutdinova |first18=Elza |last19=Litvinov |first19=Sergey |last20=Osipova |first20=Ludmila P. |last21=Fedorova |first21=Sardana A. |last22=Voevoda |first22=Mikhail I. |last23=DeGiorgio |first23=Michael |last24=Sicheritz-Ponten |first24=Thomas |last25=Brunak |first25=Søren |last26=Demeshchenko |first26=Svetlana |last27=Kivisild |first27=Toomas |last28=Villems |first28=Richard |last29=Nielsen |first29=Rasmus |last30=Jakobsson |first30=Mattias |last31=Willerslev |first31=Eske |title=Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans |journal=Nature |date=January 2014 |volume=505 |issue=7481 |pages=87–91 |doi=10.1038/nature12736 |pmid=24256729 |pmc=4105016 |bibcode=2014Natur.505...87R }}</ref>

The remains of the Mal'ta boy (MA-1) are currently in the Hermitage Museum (Saint-Petersburg).

The term Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) has been given in genetic literature to an ancestral component that represents descent from the people similar to the Mal'ta–Buret' culture and the closely related population of Afontova Gora.{{sfn|Flegontov|Changmai et al.|2015}}<ref name=Lazaridis>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature19310| pmid = 27459054| title = Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East| journal = Nature | date = 16 June 2016| last1 = Lazaridis| first1 = Iosif| last2 = Nadel| first2 = Dani| last3 = Rollefson| first3 = Gary| last4 = Merrett| first4 = Deborah C.| last5 = Rohland| first5 = Nadin| last6 = Mallick| first6 = Swapan| last7 = Fernandes| first7 = Daniel| last8 = Novak| first8 = Mario| last9 = Gamarra| first9 = Beatriz| last10 = Sirak| first10 = Kendra| last11 = Connell| first11 = Sarah| last12 = Stewardson| first12 = Kristin| last13 = Harney| first13 = Eadaoin| last14 = Fu| first14 = Qiaomei| last15 = Gonzalez-Fortes| first15 = Gloria| last16 = Jones| first16 = Eppie R.| last17 = Roodenberg| first17 = Songül Alpaslan| last18 = Lengyel| first18 = György| last19 = Bocquentin| first19 = Fanny| last20 = Gasparian| first20 = Boris| last21 = Monge| first21 = Janet M.| last22 = Gregg| first22 = Michael| last23 = Eshed| first23 = Vered| last24 = Mizrahi| first24 = Ahuva-Sivan| last25 = Meiklejohn| first25 = Christopher| last26 = Gerritsen| first26 = Fokke| last27 = Bejenaru| first27 = Luminita| last28 = Blüher| first28 = Matthias| last29 = Campbell| first29 = Archie| last30 = Cavalleri| first30 = Gianpiero| last31 = Comas| first31 = David| last32 = Froguel| first32 = Philippe| last33 = Gilbert| first33 = Edmund| last34 = Kerr| first34 = Shona M.| last35 = Kovacs| first35 = Peter| last36 = Krause| first36 = Johannes| last37 = McGettigan| first37 = Darren| last38 = Merrigan| first38 = Michael| last39 = Merriwether| first39 = D. Andrew| last40 = O'Reilly| first40 = Seamus| last41 = Richards| first41 = Martin B.| last42 = Semino| first42 = Ornella| last43 = Shamoon-Pour| first43 = Michel| last44 = Stefanescu| first44 = Gheorghe| last45 = Stumvoll| first45 = Michael| last46 = Tönjes| first46 = Anke| last47 = Torroni| first47 = Antonio| last48 = Wilson| first48 = James F.| last49 = Yengo| first49 = Loic| last50 = Hovhannisyan| first50 = Nelli A.| last51 = Patterson| first51 = Nick| last52 = Pinhasi| first52 = Ron| last53 = Reich| first53 = David| display-authors = 3| biorxiv=10.1101/059311 | volume=536 | issue = 7617| pages=419–424| bibcode = 2016Natur.536..419L| pmc = 5003663 |ref={{harvid|Lazaridis et al.|2016}}}}</ref>

A people similar to MA1 and Afontova Gora were important genetic contributors to Native Americans, Siberians, Europeans, Caucasians, Central Asians, with smaller contributions to Middle Easterners and some East Asians.{{sfn|Lazaridis et al.|2016|p=10}} Lazaridis et al. (2016) notes "a cline of ANE ancestry across the east-west extent of Eurasia."{{sfn|Lazaridis et al.|2016|p=10}} The "ANE-cline", as observed among Paleolithic Siberian populations and their direct descendants, developed from a sister lineage of Upper Paleolithic Europeans with significant admixture from an early East Eurasian source best represented by Upper Paleolithic East/Southeast Asians.{{sfn|Vallini|Marciani|Aneli|Bortolini|2022|loc=Supplementary Information, p. 17: "Paleolithic Siberian populations younger than 40 ky are consistently described as a mix of European and East Asian ancestries"}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Villalba-Mouco |first1=Vanessa |last2=van de Loosdrecht |first2=Marieke S. |last3=Rohrlach |first3=Adam B. |last4=Fewlass |first4=Helen |last5=Talamo |first5=Sahra |last6=Yu |first6=He |last7=Aron |first7=Franziska |last8=Lalueza-Fox |first8=Carles |last9=Cabello |first9=Lidia |last10=Cantalejo Duarte |first10=Pedro |last11=Ramos-Muñoz |first11=José |last12=Posth |first12=Cosimo |last13=Krause |first13=Johannes |last14=Weniger |first14=Gerd-Christian |last15=Haak |first15=Wolfgang |date=1 March 2023 |title=A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=7 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=597–609 |doi=10.1038/s41559-023-01987-0 |pmid=36859553 |pmc=10089921 |bibcode=2023NatEE...7..597V |issn=2397-334X |quote=This is because the ancestry found in Mal’ta and Afontova Gora individuals (Ancient North Eurasian ancestry) received ancestry from UP East Asian/Southeast Asian populations54, who then contributed substantially to EHG55.}}</ref><ref name="Springer International Publishing">{{Citation |last1=Grebenyuk |first1=Pavel S. |title=Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia |date=2022 |url=|work=Humans in the Siberian Landscapes: Ethnocultural Dynamics and Interaction with Nature and Space |pages=89–133 |editor-last=Bocharnikov |editor-first=Vladimir N. |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-90061-8_4 |isbn=978-3-030-90061-8 |last2=Fedorchenko |first2=Alexander Yu. |last3=Dyakonov |first3=Viktor M. |last4=Lebedintsev |first4=Alexander I. |last5=Malyarchuk |first5=Boris A. |series=Springer Geography |editor2-last=Steblyanskaya |editor2-first=Alina N.}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{harvnb|Vallini|Marciani|Aneli|Bortolini|2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang X, Ji X, Li C, Yang T, Huang J, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Ma S, Pang Y, Huang Y, He Y, Su B |date=July 2022 |title=A Late Pleistocene human genome from Southwest China |journal=Current Biology |volume=32 |issue=14 |pages=3095–3109.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.016 |pmid=35839766 |s2cid=250502011|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CBio...32E3095Z }}</ref>

MA1 is also related to two older Upper Paleolithic Siberian individuals found at the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site called Ancient North Siberians (ANS).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sikora |first1=Martin |last2=Pitulko |first2=Vladimir V. |last3=Sousa |first3=Vitor C. |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten E. |last5=Vinner |first5=Lasse |last6=Rasmussen |first6=Simon |last7=Margaryan |first7=Ashot |last8=de Barros Damgaard |first8=Peter |last9=de la Fuente |first9=Constanza |last10=Renaud |first10=Gabriel |last11=Yang |first11=Melinda A. |last12=Fu |first12=Qiaomei |last13=Dupanloup |first13=Isabelle |last14=Giampoudakis |first14=Konstantinos |last15=Nogués-Bravo |first15=David |last16=Rahbek |first16=Carsten |last17=Kroonen |first17=Guus |last18=Peyrot |first18=Michaël |last19=McColl |first19=Hugh |last20=Vasilyev |first20=Sergey V. |last21=Veselovskaya |first21=Elizaveta |last22=Gerasimova |first22=Margarita |last23=Pavlova |first23=Elena Y. |last24=Chasnyk |first24=Vyacheslav G. |last25=Nikolskiy |first25=Pavel A. |last26=Gromov |first26=Andrei V. |last27=Khartanovich |first27=Valeriy I. |last28=Moiseyev |first28=Vyacheslav |last29=Grebenyuk |first29=Pavel S. |last30=Fedorchenko |first30=Alexander Yu |last31=Lebedintsev |first31=Alexander I. |last32=Slobodin |first32=Sergey B. |last33=Malyarchuk |first33=Boris A. |last34=Martiniano |first34=Rui |last35=Meldgaard |first35=Morten |last36=Arppe |first36=Laura |last37=Palo |first37=Jukka U. |last38=Sundell |first38=Tarja |last39=Mannermaa |first39=Kristiina |last40=Putkonen |first40=Mikko |last41=Alexandersen |first41=Verner |last42=Primeau |first42=Charlotte |last43=Baimukhanov |first43=Nurbol |last44=Malhi |first44=Ripan S. |last45=Sjögren |first45=Karl-Göran |last46=Kristiansen |first46=Kristian |last47=Wessman |first47=Anna |last48=Sajantila |first48=Antti |last49=Lahr |first49=Marta Mirazon |last50=Durbin |first50=Richard |last51=Nielsen |first51=Rasmus |last52=Meltzer |first52=David J. |last53=Excoffier |first53=Laurent |last54=Willerslev |first54=Eske |title=The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene |journal=Nature |date=June 2019 |volume=570 |issue=7760 |pages=182–188 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z |pmid=31168093 |pmc=7617447 |bibcode=2019Natur.570..182S |hdl=1887/3198847 |s2cid=174809069 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448829v1.full.pdf }}</ref>

{{multiple image | perrow = 3 | total_width = 1000 | caption_align = center | align = center | direction = horizontal | image1 = Principal component analysis of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations (with Ancient North Eurasians highlighted).png | caption1 = Genetic proximity of Mal'ta to other Ancient North Eurasian populations (Yana and Afontova Gora), but also to Ust-Ishim, Sunghir and European populations, within a principal component analysis of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations.<ref name="TG">{{cite journal |last1=Gakuhari |first1=Takashi |last2=Nakagome |first2=Shigeki |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Simon |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten E. |title=Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations |journal=Communications Biology |date=25 August 2020 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=Fig.1 A, B |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 |pmid=32843717 |pmc=7447786 |language=en |issn=2399-3642}}</ref> | image2 = Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree (Mal'ta highlighted).png | caption2 = Mal'ta Ancient North Eurasian population within a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree.<ref name="TG"/> | image3 = ANE dispertion.jpg | caption3 = The "Ancient North Eurasian" (ANE) network, corresponding to the Mal'ta–Buret' and the closely-related Afontova Gora cultures, contributed ancestry towards later Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) and Native Americans, as well as indirectly towards later Steppe pastoralists (specifically the Yamnaya culture).<ref name="OX"/> | footer = }}

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== External links == {{Commons category|Mal'ta-Buret' culture}}

* [http://malta.artemiris.org/ Mal'ta–Buret' culture] * [http://kunstkamera.ru/en/temporary_exhibitions/virtual/gerasimov/ "Faces of our Ancestors: A centenary celebration of M. M. Gerasimov." Кунсткамера - Новости] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720072147/http://kunstkamera.ru/en/temporary_exhibitions/virtual/gerasimov/ |date=20 July 2017 }} * [https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/11/ancient-siberians-skeleton-yields-links-to-europe-and-native-americans/ Ancient Siberian’s skeleton yields links to Europe and Native Americans] peene

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mal'ta-Buret' culture}} Category:Upper Paleolithic cultures Category:Archaeological sites in Siberia Category:Archaeological cultures of Siberia Category:Cultural heritage monuments in Irkutsk Oblast