{{Short description|Ukrainian cossack}} {{Infobox military person | name = '''Maksym Kryvonis''' | birth_date = Around 1600 | death_date = November 1648 | birth_place = | death_place = [[Zamość]], [[Belz Voivodeship]], [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] | image = File:Пам'ятник Героям Визвольної війни Українського народу 1648–1654 рр Вид 185.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Statue of Kryvonis in the monument “''Heroes of the Liberation War of the Ukrainian People 1648–1654''” in [[Zhovti Vody]] | nickname = Perebyinis | allegiance = [[File:Herb Viyska Zaporozkogo (Alex K).svg|20px]] [[Zaporozhian Sich|Zaporozhian Host]] | service_years = 1648 | rank = [[Colonel]] | commands = [[Regiment (administrative unit)|Lysianka Regiment]] <br /> [[Regiment (administrative unit)|Cherkasy Regiment]] <br /> [[Regiment (administrative unit)|Korsun Regiment]] <br /> [[Regiment (administrative unit)|Bila Tserkva Regiment]] <br /> [[Regiment (administrative unit)|Uman Regiment]] | unit = | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}} *[[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] **[[Khmelnytsky's campaign of 1648|Khmelnytsky's campaign]] *** [[Battle of Zhovti Vody]] *** [[Battle of Korsuń|Battle of Korsun]] *** [[Battle of Makhnivka]] *** [[Battle of Kostiantyniv]] *** [[Battle of Pyliavtsi]] *** [[Lviv|Siege of Lwów (1648)]] *** [[Lviv High Castle|Siege of Vysokyi Zamok]] *** [[Siege of Bar (1648)]] *** [[Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle|Siege of Kamianets (1648)]] *** [[Kremenets Castle|Siege of Kremenets]] *** [[Zamość|Siege of Zamość (1648)]]{{Natural causes}} {{tree list/end}} }} | awards = | children = {{illm|Oleksandr Kryvonosenko|uk|Олександр Кривоносенко}} | other_work = }}
'''Maksym Kryvonis''' ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Максим Кривоніс, [[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Maksym Krzywonos''; literally means "crooked-nose") was one of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks|Cossack]] leaders and a commander of the [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] peasants against the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. For the first time in the [[history of Lviv]], during the siege of the city his regiment captured the [[Lviv High Castle|Vysokyi Zamok Castle]], which was defended by the strong [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish–Lithuanian]] garrison. Kryvonis was one of the most important figures during the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|Khmelnytskyi Uprising]] in 1648.
== Origins == [[File:Maxym Kryvonis (woodcut of Kryvonis's likeness, probably a Polish caricature).jpg|thumb|left|Contemporary woodcut of Kryvonis's likeness (probably a Polish caricature)<ref> {{cite web |url=http://exlibris.org.ua/wijsko/r206.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602071130/http://exlibris.org.ua/wijsko/r206.html |archive-date=2 June 2022 |title=ПОВСТАННЯ БОГДАНА ХМЕЛЬНИЦЬКОГО |language=uk |trans-title=BOHDAN KHMELNYTSKY REBELLION }}</ref>]]
The question about his origins remains unresolved. A Polish pamphlet published in 1648 claimed that he was a serf of the [[Nemyrych]] family<ref>Документы об освободительной войне украинского народа 1648-1654 г.г., Киев, Наукова Думка, 1965, p.70: "Nie gniewajac na siebie wlasnego dziedzica... cnego Niemierzyca" "Do not make your master, honorable Nemyrych, angry".</ref> (a hypothesis favoured by Soviet historiography). However, a German source about a meeting with Kryvonis in 1648 says that he is of [[Scotland|Scottish]] origin ("ein gebohrenen Schott").<ref>Дмитро НАЛИВАЙКО "ОЧИМА ЗАХОДУ: Рецепція України в Західній Європі XI-XVIII ст.", КИЇВ — «Основи» — 1998, http://litopys.org.ua/ochyma/ochrus4.htm. German anonymous pamphlet "On the new rebellion of Cossacks against Poland", 1649, possibly by polish general of German origin Christopher Houvaldt. D. Nalyvayko, however, is skeptical on the matter of Scottish origins of Kryvonis.</ref> In this case his real name may well have been not a nickname based on his crooked or broken nose, but a translation of his Scottish family name [[Cameron (surname)|Cameron]].
== Khmelnytsky Uprising == [[File:Samokysh Kryvonis.jpg|thumb|Kryvonis (right on a horse) fighting against [[Jeremi Wiśniowiecki]] as depicted on a 1934 painting by [[Mykola Samokysh]]]] Kryvonis was one of the most effective generals of the uprising. He was awarded the rank of [[colonel]] of [[Cherkasy Regiment]]. His actions in [[Battle of Korsuń|Korsun]] and [[Battle of Pyliavtsi|Pylyavtsi]] battles in 1648 led to crushing Cossack victories over the Polish armies. His actions against prince [[Jeremi Wiśniowiecki]] at [[Battle of Makhnivka|Makhnivka]] and [[Battle of Kostiantyniv|Kostiantyniv]] were also successful.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Олександр |last=Палій |title=Історія України |volume=3 |year=2017 |location=[[Kyiv]] |publisher=К.І.С |isbn=978-617-684-166-1|language=uk|page=321}}</ref>
Kryvonis perished of plague during the [[Zamość Fortress#First siege|siege of Zamość]] in November 1648.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia |author=Arkadii Zhukovsky |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CR%5CKryvonisMaksym.htm |title=Kryvonis, Maksym |year=1988 |publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref>
== Atrocities == {{Main|Khmelnytsky Uprising#Cossack massacres}} Cossacks took part in massacres and devastation of the Jewish communities during the uprising. Kryvonis led the capture of [[Tulchyn]], killing 1,500 [[Jews]] in process, but sparing [[Polish people|Poles]] in exchange for handing over Jews and their property.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Amelia M. Glaser |title=Stories of Khmelnytsky |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=2015 |page=128 |isbn=978-0804793827}}</ref> Jewish chronicles of that time portray Kryvonis as being responsible for the most brutal attacks on Jews and Poles in 1648.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Amelia M. Glaser |title=Stories of Khmelnytsky |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=2015 |page=12 |isbn=978-0804793827}}</ref> [[Leonid Plyushch]] states that Kryvonis's [[pogroms]] are often attributed to [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Leonid Plyushch |title=History's carnival |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=1980 |page=291 |isbn=0002621169}}</ref>
== Literature == Kryvonis (Polish: ''Maksym Krzywonos'') was also a character in [[With Fire and Sword]], a novel by [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]]-winning 19th-century Polish author [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]. In [[With Fire and Sword (film)|the 1999 movie]] based on the novel he was played by [[Maciej Kozłowski]].
== References == {{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |last=Крипякевич|first=Іван|date=1936|title={{langx|uk|ІСТОРІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ВІЙСЬКА|Istoriya Ukrainskoho Viyska}}|location=Kviv|publisher=Видання Івана Тиктора}}
== External links == *[http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/printable_article?art_id=65705996 Article on the Ukrainian Government Portal]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kryvonis, Maxym}} [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] [[Category:1648 deaths]] [[Category:Colonels of the Cossack Hetmanate]] [[Category:Cossack rebels]] [[Category:Zaporozhian Cossack military personnel of the Khmelnytsky Uprising]] [[Category:Ukrainian people of Scottish descent]] [[Category:Ukrainian military leaders]] [[Category:17th-century military personnel]] [[Category:17th-century military officers]] [[Category:17th-century Ukrainian people]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Ukraine]] [[Category:Ukrainian mass murderers]] [[Category:Genocide perpetrators]]