Gaekwad dynasty

{{Short description|Hindu Maratha dynasty (1721–1947)}} {{More citations needed|date=August 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{redirect|Gaikwad|other uses|Gaekwad}} {{infobox royal house | surname = | coat of arms = Baroda State CoA.png | image = Baroda flag.svg | image_size = 150 | image_caption = Flag (1936–1949) | country = Baroda State | founding year = 1721 | founder = Pilaji Rao Gaekwad | current head = Samarjitsinh Gaekwad | final ruler = Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad (Baroda) Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad (Rajpramukh) | origin = Maharashtra, India | estate = | website = https://gaekwadsofbaroda.in/ | titles = *Raja of Baroda *Rajpramukh of Baroda | deposition = 1949| }}'''Gaekwads''' (also spelled as '''Gaikwads''', '''Gaekwars''') (IAST: ''Gāyakavāḍa''), a Hindu Maratha dynasty of the former Maratha Empire who later, he emerged as a prominent maratha general and military commander under Peshwa Bajirao I. Its subsequent (erstwhile) princely state of Baroda in western India from the early 18th century until 1947.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian Princes and their States |series=The New Cambridge History of India |first=Barbara N. |last=Ramusack |author-link=Barbara Ramusack |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781139449083 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA35 |page=35&36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Industrial Transition in Rural India: Artisans, Traders, and Tribals in South Gujarat |first=Hein |last=Streefkerk |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1985 |isbn=9780861320677 |url=https://archive.org/details/industrialtransi0000stre |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/industrialtransi0000stre/page/n130 111]}}</ref> The ruling prince was known as the Maharaja Gaekwad of Baroda. With the city of Baroda (Vadodara) as its capital, during the British Raj its relations with the British were managed by the Baroda Residency. It was one of the largest and wealthiest princely states of British India, with its wealth coming from the lucrative cotton business as well as rice, wheat and sugar production.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/808132672.html?dids=808132672:808132672&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+16%2C+1927&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=India+Has+Rich+State+In+Baroda&pqatl=google|title=India Has Rich State in Baroda|date=16 August 1927|work=Hartford Courant|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104084919/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/808132672.html?dids=808132672:808132672&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+16,+1927&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=India+Has+Rich+State+In+Baroda&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Laxmi Vilas Palace of the Gaekwad dynasty.]]

==Early history== thumb|left|upright|A print of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaikwad The Gaekwad rule of Baroda began when the Maratha general Pilaji Rao Gaekwad conquered the city from the Mughal Empire in 1721. The Gaekwads were granted the city as a Jagir by Chhatrapati Shahu I, the emperor of the Maratha Empire and Peshwa Bajirao I played an important role in helping Pilaji Rao Gaekwad strengthen his position in Baroda and establish his rule there. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sayajirao Gaekwad III: Baroda’s Adopted Ruler and a Connoisseur of Arts |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sayajirao-gaekwad-iii-barodas-adopted-ruler-and-connoisseur-arts |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403231207/https://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sayajirao-gaekwad-iii-barodas-adopted-ruler-and-connoisseur-arts |archive-date=2025-04-03 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

In their early years, the Gaekwads served as subordinates of the Dabhade family, who were the Maratha chiefs of Gujarat and holders of the ''senapati'' (commander-in-chief) title. When Umabai Dabhade joined Tarabai's side against Balaji Baji Rao, Pilaji's son Damaji Rao Gaekwad commanded the Dabhade force. He was defeated, and remained in Peshwa's custody from May 1751 to March 1752. In 1752, he was released after agreeing to abandon the Dabhades and accept the Peshwa's suzerainty. In return, Damaji was made the Maratha chief of Gujarat, and the Peshwa helped him expel the Mughals from Gujarat.<ref name="CAKDBP_1918">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofmaratha03kincuoft#page/2/mode/2up/search/umabai |title=A History of the Maratha People Volume 3 |author1=Charles Augustus Kincaid |author2=Dattatray Balwant Parasnis |year=1918 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=2–10 }}</ref>

Damaji subsequently fought alongside Sadashiv Rao, Vishwas Rao, Malhar Rao Holkar, Jankoji Scindia, Sidhoji Gharge-Desai (Deshmukh) and Mahadji Shinde in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). After the Maratha defeat at Panipat, the central rule of the Peshwas was weakened. As a result, the Gaekwads, along with several other powerful Maratha clans, established themselves as virtually independent rulers, while recognizing the nominal authority of the Peshwas and suzerainty of the Bhonsle Maharaja of Satara.

==British suzerainty== thumb|right|Sayajirao with Richard Temple, the Governor of Bombay and other members of the court. Circa 1880 The Gaekwads, together with several Maratha chieftains, fought the British in the First Anglo-Maratha War.

On 15 March 1802, the British intervened to defend the Gaekwad Maharaja, Anand Rao Gaekwad, who had recently inherited the throne against rival claimants, and the Gaekwads concluded the Treaty of Cambey with the British that recognized their independence from the Maratha Confederacy and guaranteed the Maharajas of Baroda local autonomy in return for recognizing British suzerainty, though it was a result of an inability to overpower them.

Maharaja Sayaji Rao III, who took the throne in 1875, did much to modernize Baroda, establishing compulsory primary education, a library system and the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. He also encouraged the setting up of textile factories, which helped create Baroda's textile industry. He is known for offering B. R. Ambedkar a scholarship to study at Columbia University.

Upon India attaining its independence in 1947, the last ruling Maharaja of Baroda, Pratapsinhrao, acceded to India. Baroda was eventually merged with Bombay State, which was later divided, based on linguistic principle, into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960.

Gaekwad or Gayakwad also survives as a fairly common Maratha surname, found mainly in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

==Gaikwad Maharajas of Baroda== thumb|Pilaji Rao, the founder of the dynasty {{unreferenced section|date=July 2020}} thumb|Maharani Gaikwad of Baroda (1907) {{Tree list}} * Nandaji Rao Gaikwad, died May 1721 **{{Tree list/final branch}} Kerojirao ***{{Tree list/final branch}} Jhingojirao ****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''Pilaji Rao Gaikwad''', reigned from 1721, died 14 May 1732 *****15px '''I. Damaji Rao''', reigned from 1732, died 18 August 1768 ******15px '''II. Sayaji Rao I''', reigned 1768–1778, died 1792 ******15px '''III. Fateh Singh Rao I''', born before April 1751, reigned from 1778, died 26 December 1789 ******15px '''IV. Manaji Rao''', born before April 1751, reigned from 1789, died 27 July 1793 ******{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''V. Govind Rao''', born 175?, reigned from 1793, died 19 September 1800 *******15px '''VI. Anand Rao''', born 179?, reigned from 1800, died 2 October 1819 *******{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''VI. Sayajirao II''', born 3 May 1800, reigned from 1819, died 28 December 1847 ********15px '''VII. Ganpat Rao''', born 1816, reigned from 1847, died 1856 ********15px '''VIII. Khanderao II''' GCSI, born 1828, reigned from 1856, died 14 June 1870 ********{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''IX. Malhar Rao''', born 1831, reigned 1870 – 19 April 1875, died in obscurity in 1882 *****{{Tree list/final branch}} Prataprao (d. 1737 Kavlana branch) ******{{Tree list/final branch}} Kalojirao *******{{Tree list/final branch}} Gabajirao ********{{Tree list/final branch}} Bhikajirao *********{{Tree list/final branch}} Kashirao (1832-1877) **********{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''X. Sayajirao III''' GCSI, GCIE, born 10 March 1863, reigned from 1875, died 6 February 1939 ***********{{Tree list/final branch}} ''Yuvraja'' Fatehsinhrao (1883-1908) ************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''XI. Pratap Singh Rao''' GCIE, born 29 June 1908, reigned from 1939, titular Maharaja from 1949, deposed 1951, died 19 July 1968 *************15px '''XII. Fatehsinhrao II''', born 2 April 1930, titular Maharaja 1951–1971, family head: 1971–1988, died 1 September 1988 *************{{Tree list/final branch}} '''XIII. Ranjitsinh''', born 8 May 1938, family head from 1988, died 9 May 2012 **************{{Tree list/final branch}} '''XIV. Samarjitsinh''', born 25 April 1967, family head since 2012 {{Tree list/end}}

== Family tree ==

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Gaekwad dynasty and the Family tree of the Maharajas of Baroda}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Pilaji Rao''' (1) r. 1721-1732|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Damaji Rao''' (2) r. 1732-1768|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000| A02=Pratap Rao}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | |A05 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Sayaji Rao I''' (3) r. 1768-1778|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000| A02='''Fateh Singh Rao''' (4) r. 1778-1789|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF0000| A03='''Govind Rao''' (6) r. 1793-1800|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FF0000| A04='''Manaji Rao''' (5) r. 1789-1793|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FF0000| A05=Kaloji Rao}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Anand Rao''' (7) r. 1800-1819|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000| A02='''Sayaji Rao II''' (8) r. 1819-1847|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF0000| A03=Gabaji Rao}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Ganpat Rao''' (9) r. 1847-1856|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FF0000| A02='''Khande Rao''' (10) r. 1856-1870|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FF0000| A03='''Malhar Rao''' (11) r. 1870-1875|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FF0000| A04=Bhikaji Rao}}