{{Short description|Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens}} {{Infobox_gene}} {{Infobox rfam | Name = Conserved secondary structure in Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 | image = MALAT1_secondary_structure.jpg | width = | caption = Predicted [[secondary structure]] and [[sequence conservation]] of MALAT1 | Symbol = MALAT1 | AltSymbols = | Rfam = RF01871 | miRBase = | miRBase_family = | RNA_type = [[Gene]]; | Tax_domain = [[Eukaryota]]; | GO = {{GO|2000147}} | SO = {{SO|0001263}} | CAS_number = | EntrezGene = | HGNCid = | OMIM = | PDB = | RefSeq = | Chromosome = | Arm = | Band = | LocusSupplementaryData = }} '''MALAT1''' ('''Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1''') also known as '''NEAT2''' ('''Nuclear-Enriched Abundant Transcript 2''') is an infrequently [[Alternative splicing|spliced]] [[long non-coding RNA]], which is highly conserved amongst [[mammals]] and highly expressed in the [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]].<ref name="pmid17270048">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hutchinson JN, Ensminger AW, Clemson CM, Lynch CR, Lawrence JB, Chess A | title = A screen for nuclear transcripts identifies two linked noncoding RNAs associated with SC35 splicing domains | journal = BMC Genomics | volume = 8 | article-number = 39 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17270048 | pmc = 1800850 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2164-8-39 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It regulates the [[Expression (genetics)|expression]] of [[metastasis]]-associated [[genes]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gutschner T, Hämmerle M, Eissmann M, Hsu J, Kim Y, Hung G, Revenko A, Arun G, Stentrup M, Gross M, Zörnig M, MacLeod AR, Spector DL, Diederichs S | title = The noncoding RNA MALAT1 is a critical regulator of the metastasis phenotype of lung cancer cells | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 73 | issue = 3 | pages = 1180–1189 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23243023 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2850 | pmc=3589741}}</ref> It also positively regulates [[cell (biology)|cell]] motility via the [[Transcription (genetics)|transcriptional]] and/or post-transcriptional regulation of motility-related genes.<ref name="pmid20937273">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tano K, Mizuno R, Okada T, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Masuo Y, Ijiri K, Akimitsu N | title = MALAT-1 enhances cell motility of lung adenocarcinoma cells by influencing the expression of motility-related genes | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 584 | issue = 22 | pages = 4575–4580 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20937273 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.008 | s2cid = 207575862 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2010FEBSL.584.4575T }}</ref> MALAT1 may play a role in [[temperature-dependent sex determination]] in the Red-eared slider turtle (''[[Trachemys scripta]]'').<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chojnowski JL, Braun EL | title = An unbiased approach to identify genes involved in development in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination | journal = BMC Genomics | volume = 13 | page = 308 | date = Jul 15, 2012 | pmid = 22793670 | pmc = 3434017 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2164-13-308 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
==Expression in alcoholic brains== Transcripts of MALAT1 are significantly increased in the [[cerebellum]] of human alcoholics, as well as in similar regions of rat brains after the withdrawal of ethanol vapours. This alcohol-induced upregulation of MALAT1 may be responsible for differential expression of a number of proteins which contribute to ethanol tolerance and dependency in humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kryger R, Fan L, Wilce PA, Jaquet V | title = MALAT-1, a non protein-coding RNA is upregulated in the cerebellum, hippocampus and brain stem of human alcoholics | journal = Alcohol | volume = 46 | issue = 7 | pages = 629–634 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22560368 | doi = 10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.04.002 }}</ref>
== Prognostic potential in cancer == Elevated MALAT1 expression is correlated with poor overall survival in various types of cancer, suggesting that this gene is a prognostic factor for different types of cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tian X, Xu G | title = Clinical value of lncRNA MALAT1 as a prognostic marker in human cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 5 | issue = 9 | article-number = e008653 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26423854 | pmc = 4593150 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008653 | doi-access = free| url = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wei Y, Niu B | title = Role of MALAT1 as a Prognostic Factor for Survival in Various Cancers: A Systematic Review of the Literature with Meta-Analysis | journal = Disease Markers | volume = 2015 | article-number = 164635 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26420912 | pmc = 4572489 | doi = 10.1155/2015/164635 | doi-access = free }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Bitaraf |first1=Amirreza |last2=Zafarani |first2=Alireza |last3=Jahandideh |first3=Pardis |last4=Hakak-Zargar |first4=Benyamin |last5=Haghi |first5=Atousa |last6=Asgaritarghi |first6=Golareh |last7=Babashah |first7=Sadegh |date=2025-10-06 |title=MALAT1 as a molecular driver of tumor progression, immune evasion, and resistance to therapy |journal=Molecular Cancer |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=245 |doi=10.1186/s12943-025-02415-6 |doi-access=free |issn=1476-4598 |pmc=12502584 |pmid=41053822}}</ref> MALAT1 is implicated in multiple hallmarks of cancer, influencing cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, evasion of apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and cancer stem cell behavior.<ref name=":0" /> It exerts these effects through diverse mechanisms, including regulation of RNA splicing, modification of chromatin states, sponging of microRNAs, and remodeling of protein interactions, thereby modulating major oncogenic pathways such as PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/Smad, mTOR, and Hippo–YAP signaling. MALAT1 also shapes the tumor immune microenvironment, contributing to immune evasion, therapy resistance, metabolic reprogramming, and exosome-mediated tumor–stromal communication. Although predominantly oncogenic, it can act as a tumor suppressor in a context-dependent manner.<ref name=":0" />
== See also == * [[Long non-coding RNA]] * [[MALAT1-associated small cytoplasmic RNA]] * [[miPEP-52]]
== References == {{reflist}}
== Further reading == {{refbegin | 2}} * {{cite journal |vauthors=Rai KR, Wen F, Maarouf M, Cai M, Sun H, Yin Z, Wang Y, Chi X, Li Y, Chen Y, Shrestha P, Yang Z, Huang S, Wang S, Chen JL |title=The long non-coding RNA MALAT1 encodes a micropeptide that promotes influenza A virus replication by suppressing innate immune responses |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=302 |issue=2 |article-number=111112 |date=February 2026 |pmid=41461314 |doi=10.1016/j.jbc.2025.111112 |doi-access=free|pmc=12857292 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Guo F, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Li Y, Li G | title = Inhibition of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 in CaSki human cervical cancer cells suppresses cell proliferation and invasion | journal = Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 224–229 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20213048 | doi = 10.1093/abbs/gmq008 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Ji Q, Liu X, Fu X, Zhang L, Sui H, Zhou L, Sun J, Cai J, Qin J, Ren J, Li Q | title = Resveratrol inhibits invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells via MALAT1 mediated Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | article-number = e78700 | date = Nov 2013 | pmid = 24244343| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0078700 | pmc = 3823921 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...878700J | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Tseng JJ, Hsieh YT, Hsu SL, Chou MM | title = Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 is up-regulated in placenta previa increta/percreta and strongly associated with trophoblast-like cell invasion in vitro | journal = Molecular Human Reproduction | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = 725–731 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19690017 | doi = 10.1093/molehr/gap071 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = van Asseldonk M, Schepens M, de Bruijn D, Janssen B, Merkx G, Geurts van Kessel A | title = Construction of a 350-kb sequence-ready 11q13 cosmid contig encompassing the markers D11S4933 and D11S546: mapping of 11 genes and 3 tumor-associated translocation breakpoints | journal = Genomics | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–42 | date = May 2000 | pmid = 10843802 | doi = 10.1006/geno.2000.6194 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Koshimizu TA, Fujiwara Y, Sakai N, Shibata K, Tsuchiya H | title = Oxytocin stimulates expression of a noncoding RNA tumor marker in a human neuroblastoma cell line | journal = Life Sciences | volume = 86 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 455–460 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20149803 | doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.02.001 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Guru SC, Agarwal SK, Manickam P, Olufemi SE, Crabtree JS, Weisemann JM, Kester MB, Kim YS, Wang Y, Emmert-Buck MR, Liotta LA, Spiegel AM, Boguski MS, Roe BA, Collins FS, Marx SJ, Burns L, Chandrasekharappa SC | title = A transcript map for the 2.8-Mb region containing the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 locus | journal = Genome Research | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = 725–735 | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9253601 | pmc = 310681 | doi = 10.1101/gr.7.7.725 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Tripathi V, Ellis JD, Shen Z, Song DY, Pan Q, Watt AT, Freier SM, Bennett CF, Sharma A, Bubulya PA, Blencowe BJ, Prasanth SG, Prasanth KV | title = The nuclear-retained noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates alternative splicing by modulating SR splicing factor phosphorylation | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 39 | issue = 6 | pages = 925–938 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20797886 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.08.011 | pmc = 4158944 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Kuiper RP, Schepens M, Thijssen J, van Asseldonk M, van den Berg E, Bridge J, Schuuring E, Schoenmakers EF, van Kessel AG | title = Upregulation of the transcription factor TFEB in t(6;11)(p21;q13)-positive renal cell carcinomas due to promoter substitution | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 12 | issue = 14 | pages = 1661–1669 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12837690 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddg178 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Yamada K, Kano J, Tsunoda H, Yoshikawa H, Okubo C, Ishiyama T, Noguchi M | title = Phenotypic characterization of endometrial stromal sarcoma of the uterus | journal = Cancer Science | volume = 97 | issue = 2 | pages = 106–112 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16441420 | doi = 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00147.x | s2cid = 25815889 | doi-access = free | pmc = 11158577 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Wilusz JE, Freier SM, Spector DL | title = 3′ end processing of a long nuclear-retained noncoding RNA yields a tRNA-like cytoplasmic RNA | journal = Cell | volume = 135 | issue = 5 | pages = 919–932 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 19041754 | pmc = 2722846 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.012 | bibcode = 2008Cell..135..919W }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang W, Böing S, Metzger R, Schneider PM, Tidow N, Brandt B, Buerger H, Bulk E, Thomas M, Berdel WE, Serve H, Müller-Tidow C | title = MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer | journal = Oncogene | volume = 22 | issue = 39 | pages = 8031–8041 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 12970751 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1206928 | s2cid = 34070842 | doi-access = }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Miyagawa R, Tano K, Mizuno R, Nakamura Y, Ijiri K, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Masuo Y, Mayeda A, Hirose T, Akimitsu N | title = Identification of cis- and trans-acting factors involved in the localization of MALAT-1 noncoding RNA to nuclear speckles | journal = RNA | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 738–751 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22355166 | doi = 10.1261/rna.028639.111 | pmc = 3312561 }} {{refend}}
== External links == * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=607924 OMIM page for MALAT1]{{dead link|date=July 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * [https://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=29665 HGNC page for MALAT1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917153912/https://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=29665 |date=2013-09-17 }} * {{Rfam|id=RF01871|name=Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1}} * [https://kb.10xgenomics.com/hc/en-us/articles/360004729092-Why-do-I-see-high-levels-of-Malat1-in-my-gene-expression-data- Relevance of MALAT1 in single-cell RNA sequencing data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208202011/https://kb.10xgenomics.com/hc/en-us/articles/360004729092-Why-do-I-see-high-levels-of-Malat1-in-my-gene-expression-data- |date=2023-12-08 }}
[[Category:LncRNA]]